EDTA-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) is the phenomenon of a low platelet count due to EDTA-induced aggregation of platelets. Since the failure to recognize EDTA-dependent PTCP may result in incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment, the recognition of this phenomenon is very important in managing the patient and giving correct treatment. We here by discuss about a case of, A 21 year old male admitted for fever for evaluation showed severe thrombocytopenia by automated 5 part Mindray analyser. Manual count and peripheral smear done revealed higher count and small platelet aggregates. Following which citrated sample was collected and manual counting done both showed similar values, low count in singles without aggregation when compared to EDTA sample. EDTA induced platelet aggregation was thus conformed.

This case report concerns a patient, presented unusually with an ulcero proliferative parotid tumor; diagnosed histologically as polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. (PLGA) Its rare association with a collision tumor of squamoid sebaceous carcinoma; arising from overlying adnexal elements is previously unreported. Controversies in the histological diagnosis of this entity; particularly in relation to its prognosis are emphasized and discussed, drawing comparison of similar tumors occurring elsewhere.

Bone is the host to many diseases. Diagnostic biopsies of bone lesions are generally done in two forms i.e. Percutaneous core needle biopsy or open surgical biopsy. Core needle biopsy is initial method of tissue diagnosis in bone tumours. To study the adequacy and accuracy of core needle biopsy in diagnosing bone lesions. To establish definitive diagnosis of bone pathology. The study was conducted in department of pathology, MNJ Cancer Institute and TB & Chest hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad. A total of 53 cases were analyzed prospectively for a period of two years from October 2015 to September 2017. Female to Male ratio was 1.1:1, Average age 3 to 70 years. Out of 53, 26 cases were primary malignant bone tumors, 12 were metastatic deposits, 10 were benign tumours (9 -Giant cell tumors,1- osteo chondroma) 2 were chronic osteomyelitis,3 were not adequate. In 26 cases of primary malignant tumours 10 - osteosarcoma, 6 - ewings sarcoma, 4 - chondrosarcoma, 2 - plasma cell neoplasm, 1 case was high grade NHL, 1 - chordoma, 1 synovial sarcoma,1 germ cell tumour. Adequacy rate (94.6%) in our study is in concordance with the similar study of Amit Joshi et al., (2013) where adequacy rate was 92%.present study is also in concordance with study of Logon et al with adequacy rate of 97.8%. It has demonstrated that the Core needle biopsy is a safe, easy, and effective technique for the evaluation bone tumours, with a high rate of diagnostic yield and accuracy.

Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection with a worldwide distribution, is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. This infection can lead to serious health problems when the organism is contracted congenitally or reactivated in immunosuppressed patients. This study included a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the seroprevalence rate of Toxoplasma infection in immunocompromised patients in Turkey. Electronic English and Turkish databases [PubMed, ISI (Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, Scopus and local databases (Turkish Citation Index and Council of Higher Education (CoHE) thesis center)] between January 2007 and January 2017 were systematically reviewed. Analyses of seroprevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. A total of 34 publications, comprising 114496 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis. The most commonly used methods for screening toxoplasmosis in publications were CLIA (chemiluminescence immunoassays) in 13 studies and ELFA in 7 studies. In 4 studies, no information was available about the used serologic methods.

Dengue, one of the world’s major emerging tropical viral disease, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world including India. The study is undertaken to study prevalence of dengue and its corelation with various pathological parameters. 592 clinically suspected cases of dengue fever from November 2015 to July 2018 were included in the study. Blood samples for dengue serology, serum transaminases and platelet count (PC) were drawn in plain and EDTA test tubes. Dengue serology was performed by IgM MacElisa and NSI Antigen ELISA depending upon the duration of onset of fever. Platelet count was carried out on fully automated three part cell counter and serum transaminases study done on semi automated biochemistry analyser. Out of 592, 319 serum samples were tested for dengue NS1 ELISA and 54 samples were positive. 273 samples were tested for dengue IgM ELISA and 31 samples were positive. So prevalence rate of dengue was 14.36%. Majority of positive cases were males, having sex ratio of 1.93:1. Among dengue positive cases, 62.35% cases were found in 15-44 age group years. Varying degree of thrombocytopenia was seen in 87.05% positive cases. Serum transaminases level with normal acceptable range was noticed in 75.93% of dengue NS1 positives cases compare to elevate level in 77.42% of dengue IgM positive cases. The study draws attention toward the male, young adult age group. The overall significant increase in dengue IgM and dengue NS1 seropositivity among suspected cases in last few years indicates an increase in dengue virus activity. This study results indicate that dengue infection is not going to wane away but is going to stay and will play havoc if immediate control measures are not taken. The need of the hour is long-term vector control strategy; so that the outbreaks can be prevented.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), transmitted through the fecal–oral route is a common cause of self-limiting acute viral hepatitis in India with poor sanitation and hygiene and poses a major public health problem in India. This study was undertaken to determine seroprevalence of HEV in patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis. A retrospective study was conducted in Central Laboratory, General Hospital, Palanpur, North Gujarat from October 2016 to July 2018. A total of 164 serum samples of suspected patients of HEV were tested for IgM HEV antibody using ELISA method. Seroprevalence of HEV was 62.20%. Out of 102, 70 (68.63%) males were affected more than females (31.37%). HEV infection was more common in 16-25 years age group (38.24%) followed by 26-35 years age group(24.51%). To reduce the prevalence of HEV infection, health and civic authorities should make an effort to increase the awareness among general public, to facilitate the timely preparation and make necessary arrangement for efficient response to encounter outbreak or epidemic caused by HEV virus, thus reduce morbidity, mortality and economic burden.

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor is a rare tumor constituting 3-7% of all odontogenic tumors. It is a benign neoplasm which arises from the odontogenic epithelium. We present a case of 22 year female patient with a well defined, unilocular radiolucent lesion containing an impacted tooth seen radiographically. On microscopic examination, sections comprise of cyst wall composed of fibrous connective tissue with areas of haemorrhage. Whorls and lobules of spindle shaped cells were seen on luminal aspect with interspersed duct like structures. Based on the above histopathological features final diagnosis of Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor was made. The treatment of choice is conservative surgical removal through simple curettage or enucleation. Recurrence is very rarely seen.

Periductal stromal sarcoma is a rare lesion. It was considered to be a variant of phyllode tumor whereas they are morphologically different. Our patient was a 39 years old, with no previous history, who presented a nodular formation at the level of the inferior-internal quadrant of the right breast operated in 2015 with the realization of a nodule excision. The histological examination carried out was in favor of the diagnosis of a periductal stromal sarcoma with tumoral surgical excision limits. 2 years later, she presented a recurrence at the level of the tumor scar. A bilateral digital mammography was performed which showed an appearance in favor of a tumor recurrence of 63 mm of major axis at the level of the inferior-internal quadrant of the right breast. She was given a biopsy excision communicated to our structure. The diagnosis of the recurrence of a periuctal stromal sarcoma has been retained. The number of studies available on periductal stromal sarcoma (SPP/PSS) is currently limited and a therapeutic strategy for the PSS has not yet been determined. The histological diagnosis of PSS is based on the criteria established by the AFIP, and surgery with significant margins is the cornerstone of treatment.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous bacterium causing nosocomial infections and difficult to treat because of its broad resistance to antibiotics. Siwak sticks, root of Arak tree (Salvadora persica) has been widely used since 7.000 years ago and has many benefits including antibacterial effect. Thus, research on whether siwak (Salvadora persica) stick extract has antibacterial effects need to be done by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). This experimental research was intended to explain such effect. This research used the dilution test of siwak (Salvadora persica) ethanol extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth of bacteria on eleven different concentrations of each tube (80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1:25%, 0.625%) was observed by viewing tube clarity after incubation at 36 oC for 24 hours to measure the MIC. MBC was measured by the growth of bacteria on plates as a result of the bacteria cultivation from each tube. Replication was performed four times and the results were analyzed descriptively. In the MIC test, tubes with concentration of 80% to 20% were clear and tubes of 10% to 0.625% were cloudy. In MBC test, tube with concentration of 80% to 60% were not overgrown with bacteria and tube of 50% to 0.625% were overgrown with bacteria. In conclusion, MIC of siwak (Salvadora persica) stick extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 20% and the MBC value of siwak (Salvadora persica) extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 60%.

Herpes viruses as CMV, EBV and HHV-6 are the most common cause severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Reactivation of the virus is seen during periods of down-regulation of the immune system, such as coinfection with other pathogens. So, this study was conducted to detect the presence of Human herpes virus-6 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to point out the effect of HHV 6 -HCV co-infection on Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) liver enzymes. Nested polymerase chain reaction was carried out on extracted DNA from sera of both groups with hepatitis C and control group. Serological investigations were carried out as well. Fifty-three serum samples with HCV-RNA were examined, (25%) were positive HHV-6 DNA, (82%) were positive for HHV-6 IgG antibodies and (22%) were positive for HHV-6 IgM antibodies; among control specimens (18.5%) were positive for HHV-6 DNA infection, (61%) were positive for HHV-6 IgG antibodies and (14.5%) were positive for HHV-6 IgM antibodies. Moreover, the activity levels of ALT and AST liver enzymes were significantly higher in HHV-6 positive patients than that of HHV-6 negative patients. This indicates to the prevalence of HHV-6 infection is common in chronic HCV patients, that increase the severity of liver inflammation.

It is well known that nuclear grooves play a major role in the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma thyroid. Also grooves are found in many non- neoplastic lesions of thyroid. To calculate the percentage of nuclear grooves in histopathologically proven cases of papillary carcinoma and non –neoplastic lesions (hashimoto’s thyroiditis and colloid goiter). This retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the data and cytology smears of 21 histopathologically confirmed cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid and 10 cases each of hashimoto’s thyoiditis and colloid goitre. The percentage of nuclear grooves was calculated in oil immersion by counting 100 to 500 cells depending on the cellularity. The percentage of nuclear grooving ranged from 15% to 85% in the papillary carcinoma cases. Greater than 20% nuclear grooves were observed in 19(90.4%) of the cases. Nuclear crowding and overlapping, pale chromatin, nuclear grooves, nuclear enlargement and prominent nucleoli were seen in all (100%) the cases. Intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were seen in only 5(23.8%) of the cases. Histiocytes, metaplastic cells and multinucleated giant cells were seen in 12(57.1%), 10(47.6%) and 6(28.5%) of the cases. The percentage of nuclear grooves in non neoplastic cases overall observed was <10%. The sensitivity and specificity of grooves for PCT at >=20% were 90.5% and 100% respectively. Whenever in doubt, a diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be offered confidently by this semiquantitative approach for grooves in combination with other features.

Measles virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Measles virus is transmitted by aerosolized secretion deposit on upper respiratory tract mucosal surfaces. Measles is a highly infectious disease characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, redness of eyes & maculopapular rash. The study was conducted in tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. Children’s 0-15 years of age with suspected case of measles symptoms like fever, cough, redness of eyes & maculopapular rash attending at Hospital which included in the study. Serum samples were screened for measles IgM by ELISA method. Out of 143 samples, total 18 (12.59%) were positive for measles IgM Ab. among this 10 (55.56%) male and 08 (44.44%) female and 13 (72.20%) were 0-5 years of age and 05 (27.80%) were 5-20 years of age. This study recognized age, nutrional status of children, socioeconomic status vaccination status of children as important demographic and risk factor of measles virus infection in children.

Fine needle aspiration cytology is a fast and easy method for diagnosing any accessible lesion. The majority of head and neck mass are usually superficial and easily accessible to needle biopsy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in palpable lesions of head and neck along with an analysis of age, sex, anatomical site of distribution and histopathological correlation. It was an institution based descriptive study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal. A total of 3670 patients were included in the study. A brief history and physical examination was taken from the patients. FNAC smears were stained with Leishman-Geimsa and Papaniculaou stain. Zeihl-Neelsen stain was done in suspected cases of tuberculosis. Surgically excised specimens were available in 142 cases, which were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Majority age group was 21-40 years and male to female ratio was 1ː 1.2. The site of lesion were distributed according –Lymphnode (46.83%), Thyroid (30.5%), Salivary glands (6.64%), and Miscellaneous (16.02%). Histopathological correlation was done in 142 cases and overall accuracy rate of FNAC was 90.14% with sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 86.66%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 90.47% and 89.65% respectively. Palpable lesions of head and neck are readily accessible for FNAC, which aid in our diagnosis and hence proper treatment and management of the patient. Supplementation by a histological diagnosis often comes as an additional boon especially in suspicious and malignant cases.

The Black Hairy Tongue (BHT) is characterized by a hypertrophy of lingual papillae in the posterior part of the back of the tongue which often take a brown to black coloration; its etiology is unknown but probably multifactorial: alcohol-smoking, poor hygiene prolonged use of antiseptics or oral antibiotics, digestive and metabolic disorders, etc. We report two observations of BHT where the diagnosis of candida was retained following the detection on several samples of the same species and the good clinical evolution under suitable antifungals. P atient aged 53 years, having as antecedent pathological a taking of cortico therapy for an eczema problem in the feet, the port of dentures with bad oral hygiene that presents itself for a brownish color in the tongue with no functional discomfort, no feeling of impasto or itching. The patient was put under Flagyl, canaflucan and protected amoxicillin without clinical improvement. Microbiological examination was performed, direct examination after culture showed the presence of yeasts. The culture on Sabouraud medium made it possible to isolate a candida. The identification using the gallery 20 C AUX objectified candida glabrata. The patient is put under Nystatin with a good clinical and biological evolution. P atient 67 years old, diabetic, chronic smoking, checked up for heart failure under stent, with dentures and excessive hygiene of the oral cavity. The one whounderwent a dermatological consultation for brownish coloring of the tongue, the diagnosis of BHT is retained. The mycological study confirmed the diagnosis of candida lusitaniae. The patient was put on nystatin tablet with good clinical progress. The purpose of our work was not to highlight a causal link between candida and the occurrence of this pathology but its incrimination in the process or maintenance of this lesion.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of Blood Stream infections (BSI), skin and wound infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSI), and continue to be a major cause of community-acquired infections. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of community and hospital acquired infections. MRSA are mainly nosocomial and are increasingly reported from many countries worldwide. The purpose of present study was to determine the sensitivity of S. aureus isolated from infected patients to methicillin and to evaluate the possible presence of VRSA in our tertiary care hospital. Staphylococci were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Methicillin resistance was detected by using cefoxitin (30 µgm) by disc diffusion method. MRSA strains detected were then subjected to vancomycin agar screen test and E test to detect vancomycin resistance. Out of the total 500 S.aureus isolates, methicillin resistance was observed in 47.4% of isolates. . By E-test, 24.1 % MRSA isolates had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.75 and 21.9% of MRSA had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.5. Only one isolate had MIC value of 2.

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy. The present study was conducted to assess clinical and pathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The present study was conducted on 520 specimens submitted to the department. All slides were reviewed and given the WHO classification of thyroid tumors, each case was reassigned accordingly. Clinical features were also recorded. Males were 280 and females were 240. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). <20 years had 90 cases, 20-40 years had 190 cases, 4060 years had 160 cases and >60 years had 80 cases. Common clinical findings in patients were neck mass (90%), dysphagia (42%), dysphonia (25%), weight loss (18%), lymphadenopathy (12%) and hyperthyroidism (7%). Metastatic type of PTC was seen in 220 cases and nonmetastatic type in 300 cases. Maximum cases were seen in age group 20-40 years. Males showed higher prevalence than females.

Prevalence of air borne Nosocomial infection is a major attribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Two methods are commonly used for measurement of bacterial density in hospital environment particularly Operation theater. Air samples from conventionally ventilated operating rooms and intensive care units were taken simultaneously by the sedimentation method (settle plate) and with the HiAir petri air sampler. Bacterial density was calculated in form of colony forming unit (cfu). The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional methods. The investigations showed that the number of colony forming units per cubic metre obtained with the sedimentation method was, on an average, higher than those found with the HiAir petri air sampler from the same area. The most common isolate from settle plate method was Bacillus subtilis (54.91%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.09 %), Co-agulase negative staphylococcus (30.12%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.85%), Acinetobacter baumanii (23.12 %), Escherichia coli (10.22 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.32%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.72%). Settle plate method was found to be more informative than the air sampling system for bacteriological analysis of air in present study.

The development of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics and increasing popularity of traditional medicine has led researchers to investigate the antibacterial compounds in plants. One traditional medicine in that category is turmeric (Curcuma longa) which belongs to the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Its major constituents are fat soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids which give turmeric its unique aroma, flavour and medicinal properties. In this study, the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome was investigated against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6571), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Bacillus subtilis (6633) using the agar well diffusion method. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared ranging from 12.5 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 13 mm to 27 mm. Escherichia coli was the least sensitive with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 22 mm. Mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were as follows: S. aureus (12.5 mg/ml), E. coli (25 mg/ml), S. typhi (50 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/ml) and B. subtilis (12.5 mg/ml). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins.

Isolation of microorganisms is very important for accurate treatment and is one of the important concerns for clinical microbiologists. The accuracy and rapidity of treatment are critical for successful treatment. The present study was undertaken to find the time duration for detection of various microorganisms with BACTEC 9050 system. Methods: The present study was done on inpatients the Thumbay New Life Hospital, Chaderghat road, Hyderabad from the period of June 2016 to June 2017. Samples are drawn from the patient and injected directly into BACTEC 9050 culture vials. Positive cultures are immediately flagged by an indicator light on the front of the instrument and displayed on the monitor. When positive vials are identified, it is removed and isolated for identification of organisms. Results: Out of total 475 samples collected during this duration 315 samples were from male patients and 160 from female patients. Out of 315 male samples, 69 were found to have a positive culture in 69 (21.9%) samples. Similarly out of 160 samples from females 41(25.62%) were found to have a positive culture. The most common organism detected by BACTEC in positive cultures Enterobacteriaceae in 39 (35.45%) out of 110 samples Staphylococcus aureus in 21 (19.09%), Streptococcus spp in 15 (13.63%), CoagulaseNegative staphylococci in 13 (11.81%). The conventional method showed the growth only in 77 (16.21%) of the total 475 samples during the study period however the same samples in BACTEC showed 110 (23.15%) growth Average time to detection was highest in Cryptococcus spp in 78.9 hours, Corynebacterium spp 72.1 hours, Candida spp 65.5 hours. Least time to detection Enterobacteriaceae was 14.9 hours. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the BACTEC culture method is superior to the conventional method as it detects the presence of bacteria faster and it is not affected by patient's use of antibiotics and it is also economical. Hence BACTEC culture methods must be used whenever it is feasible.