This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics and anatomical variations of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) in the North-East Bihar population to support safer surgical interventions at the craniovertebral junction. A descriptive cross-sectional osteological study was conducted on 70 dried, intact adult atlas vertebrae using a Vernier caliper for precise measurements. Parameters assessed included vertebral canal dimensions, superior and inferior articular facets, and anterior and posterior arch heights. The results demonstrated a mean atlas width of 69.03 mm, with consistent vertebral canal dimensions indicating adequate space for neurovascular structures. Most parameters showed bilateral symmetry, except for the transverse diameter of the superior articular facet, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings revealed low variability and a homogeneous pattern, suggesting structural stability with minor functional adaptations. These morphometric insights are clinically relevant for surgical planning and instrumentation at the craniovertebral junction.

Background: Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan (anatomy) occupies a foundational position in the Unani system of medicine. Although the anatomical framework of this system is rooted in classical Greek traditions, it has undergone significant expansion, empirical critique, and refinement within the Greco-Arabic medical paradigm during the Islamic Golden Age. Objective: This study systematically examined the historical evolution of anatomical knowledge within the Unani system of medicine by analyzing how classical texts prescribed the operationalization of this knowledge in diagnostic reasoning, therapeutic interventions, and surgical procedures. Methods: This study employed a structured qualitative historical review methodology underpinned by systematic textual analysis of classical Greco-Arabic medical literature. The systematic nature involved defined criteria for primary source selection, a multi-stage content analysis framework including open coding and thematic synthesis, and a comparative evaluation strategy to ensure robust interpretation. Findings: The analysis revealed three interrelated themes concerning Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan: foundational Greek influence, critical refinement by Arabic physicians, and continuous integration into diagnostic and surgical practice. Evidence from the literature demonstrates how historical scholars have envisioned anatomical knowledge that actively guided clinical reasoning and operative procedures. Conclusion: Canonical texts meticulously prescribed Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan as an operational clinical science rather than a static theoretical discipline. This advanced anatomical framework was designed to directly inform diagnostics, therapeutic strategies, and surgical interventions, highlighting the profound clinical sophistication championed by Greco-Arabic medical scholarship. This demonstrates a commitment to anatomically informed practice that resonates with the spirit of rigorous clinical anatomy in modern medicine, despite differing methodologies and technological capabilities.

The vitality of a nation is deeply intertwined with the vigor of its youth, making youth affairs a strategic priority. Since China entered a new era, its youth have engaged with the world with unprecedented breadth and depth. They actively participate in international affairs, demonstrating a level of rationality, tolerance, confidence, and self-reliance seldom seen before. This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating pragmatics with news discourse. Employing a literature review and a mixed-methods design that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis, it examines how language is employed in China Daily to construct and project the image of Chinese youth. The study finds that the newspaper’s discourse strategically adheres to collaborative and appropriateness principles to foster a positive and influential youth image. In the process of adhering to pragmatic principles, news reports have successfully shaped multiple positive images of contemporary Chinese youth: they are not only deeply engaged in social affairs and shoulder the responsibility of promoting national development, but also play the role of cooperators in international exchanges.

Dental luting cements are essential materials used for the retention of indirect restorations and prevention of microleakage. Over the years, these materials have evolved from conventional non-adhesive cements to advanced adhesive resin-based systems. This review discusses the classification, properties, composition, and clinical applications of various luting cements along with their advantages and limitations, emphasizing evidence-based selection for optimal clinical outcomes [1].

The rapid penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power into modern power grids introduces significant operational challenges, including intermittency, voltage instability, harmonic distortion, and fault vulnerability. Conventional control strategies are often insufficient for handling dynamic grid disturbances and nonlinear system behavior. This study proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced control framework for grid-connected renewable energy systems to enable adaptive control, predictive fault detection, and resilient operation. The proposed architecture integrates machine learning-based fault classification, adaptive inverter control, and real-time grid condition monitoring. A hybrid dataset composed of simulated grid disturbances and real operational parameters is used to train and validate the AI model. Results demonstrate improved fault detection accuracy, reduced system recovery time, enhanced voltage stability, and improved power quality under dynamic grid conditions. The proposed AI-driven framework enhances grid reliability, supports high renewable penetration, and contributes to resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.

This research investigates the impact of an AI adaptive language assessment system, when combined with special education principles, on neurodiverse students in TESOL contexts. Although adaptive systems have been extensively debated in language learning, there has been remarkably little attention paid to students with autism spectrum disorder, dyslexia, or ADHD. To fill this research void, the study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach. In the quantitative component, 120 students were included in a 12-week quasi-experimental design comparing the impact of AI adaptive assessment with traditional testing modes. The data included standardized English proficiency test scores, test anxiety, engagement, and psychometric statistics using Item Response Theory and differential item functioning. The results demonstrated greater proficiency achievement, reduced anxiety, and increased engagement among students using the adaptive system. Reliability coefficients were high, and subgroup analysis revealed little measurement bias. In the qualitative component, teacher interviews shed light on usability and integration in the classroom. In general, the results of this study indicate that by combining adaptive assessment with organized special education principles, students with diverse cognitive abilities can be treated equitably and meaningfully in language assessment, while also offering a roadmap for future research on transparency and long-term implementation.

This study analyzes the philosophical values embedded in Ho Chi Minh’s thought on building the Vietnamese people’s armed forces. From a philosophical perspective, Ho Chi Minh’s ideas transcend the scope of political or military doctrines; they represent a profound dialectical reflection on the relationships between human beings and community, politics and ethics, national independence and humanistic ideals. Grounded in Marxist–Leninist philosophy, Ho Chi Minh creatively developed a distinctive ideological model in which the strength of the armed forces originates from the people and ultimately serves the people. The core philosophical value in Ho Chi Minh’s thought is reflected through his humanistic worldview, moral rationality, and the unity between theory and practice affirming the ontological role of the people as the foundation of national strength. In today’s context, this research seeks to elucidate the enduring significance and contemporary relevance of Ho Chi Minh’s philosophical thought in developing a “revolutionary, regular, elite, and gradually modernized” armed force aimed at safeguarding the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.