Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) is a prevalent enamel defect affecting both permanent and deciduous teeth, posing significant clinical challenges. This literature review aims to comprehensively evaluate the etiology, prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies of MIH in permanent and deciduous dentitions, while identifying current knowledge gaps and suggesting directions for future research. The prevalence of MIH varies globally, ranging from 3% to 40%, with the highest rates observed in South America (7-40%) and Africa (10-30%), compared to Europe (8-25%) and Asia (3-20%). Gender distribution is nearly equal, though some regions report a slight female predominance. Genetic factors, prenatal and perinatal complications, childhood illnesses, and environmental exposures such as dioxins significantly contribute to MIH etiology. Clinically, MIH presents as demarcated opacities, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, and increased caries susceptibility, affecting approximately 70% of affected first permanent molars and 60% of incisors. Management strategies vary based on severity, with mild cases managed through preventive measures like fluoride varnish, while severe cases often require restorative interventions such as resin composites and stainless steel crowns. The economic burden is substantial, with affected individuals necessitating frequent and costly dental treatments, and MIH adversely impacts quality of life by increasing dental anxiety and affecting aesthetics. MIH is a widespread and multifactorial dental condition with significant clinical and socioeconomic implications. Effective management necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, and further research is essential to elucidate its etiology and develop robust preventive and therapeutic strategies.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Feb. 20, 2025
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental Curriculum Achievement by Undergraduate Dental Students in Taif University
Dr. Mohammed K. Fahmi, Dr. Amith V Holenarasipur
Page no 125-131 |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjodr.2025.v10i02.004
Purpose/Objectives: The Bachelor of Dental Medicine and Surgery program at Taif University is a comprehensive six year program with one year of compulsory Field Experience. Many of the courses and Preclinical/clinical activities were conducted online in the academic year 2020-21 due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Aim of this study was to identify the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental curriculum achievement at Taif University. Methods: The scores and passing percentage of undergraduate dental students for the Academic year 2019-20 and 2020-21 were compared and analyzed. All courses were grouped into five categories- theoretical, theoretical-practical, theoretical-clinical, pure clinical and Interactive learning courses. A minimum of 60% aggregate score in each course was mandatory for a student to pass in the exam. Results: The results of all the exams were entered in SPSS, Version 21.0. The performance of the students were assessed and compared for both academic years using Chi square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Considering the passing percentage of students, the performance of students in ‘Clinical’ courses was better in AY 2019-20 as compared to AY 2020-21. The difference in the mean scores for these two years was statistically significant across ‘theory+clinical’ category. Conclusion(s): The performance of students was much affected after the imposition of Covid-19 pandemic restrictions, where the courses had clinical component. In rest of the categories, students performed better in AY2020-21. A hybrid mode of Dental Education may be beneficial.
Stem cells are partially differentiated cells in multicellular organisms that can change into various types of cells and increase indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell which is considered as the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. Treatment with those cells is regarded as an innovative approach in regenerative medicine, offering promising capabilities for healing and restoring damaged tissues and organs. Mesenchymal stem cells, derived from different sources like bone marrow, fat, and dental pulp, are highlighted for their self-renewal, immune-modulation, and regenerative abilities. Regenerative medicine is one of the more recent fields or methodologies that revolutionizes the path for upgrading human health and quality of life, relying on the use of stem cells. The process of using stem cells indicates marvelous capabilities for healing and restoring damaged tissues and organs. The current overview examines the science or biology of stem cells, showing their various sources, and their potential applications across a wide range of medical fields, carried by discussing multiple studies exploring the stem cells. The review further explores the potential of stem cell therapy for treating neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular conditions, liver diseases, ophthalmic conditions, bone injuries, kidney disorders, and dental issues.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Feb. 19, 2025
Biochemical and Histomorphological Assessment of Lead-Induced Renal Damage in a Male Wistar Rat Model
Opeyemi A. Adetunji, Oluwapelumi M. Ajiboye, Bayo O. Adeoye, Oyedayo P. Akano, Kehinde A. Ademoye, Halliyah C. Adeshina, Ayodeji D. Adeoye, Nnenna L. Nwobi, Sanmi T. Ogunsanya, Chigbogu J. Nwobi, Iyanuoluwa O. Adebayo, Adetomiwa E. Adeogun, Samson O. Oyewumi, Omowumi O. Akinnawo, Cornilluis B. Achor, Sandra O. Ajaere, Akin-Akanbi Funmilayo Bimbola, Osundina Oluwaseun Babatunde
Page no 34-43 |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjls.2025.v10i02.003
Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a hazardous metal that presents substantial health hazards to both humans and animals. Extended exposure to lead can result from various causes, such as contaminated water, soil, and industrial emissions, causing nephrotoxicity and kidney damage. Methods: This study investigated the long-lasting impact of lead acetate on the kidneys of Wistar rats. The rats were categorized into four distinct experimental groups, consisting of one control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups were exposed to varying amounts of lead acetate (2.5%, 3.0%, and 3.5%). The rats had a 35-day treatment period during which their weights was closely monitored, and after sacrificing, kidney function, and histological alterations were assayed. Findings: The data revealed a significant increase in weight among the groups receiving therapy, which can be attributed to the accumulation of water and edema. The 2.5% lead acetate treatment group exhibited higher creatinine levels, suggesting kidney damage. The histological examination showed evidence of kidney injury, including glomerular lesions, fibrotic lesions, and the buildup of leukocytes. Conclusion: Lead acetate induces nephrotoxicity and weight gain in Wistar rats, resulting in a substantial effect on both kidney function and structure. The study emphasizes the significance of taking into account several biomarkers and histological observations in order to comprehend the effects of toxic chemicals such as lead acetate. The results indicate that exposure to lead acetate can result in the development of chronic kidney disease, highlighting the importance of appropriately managing and disposing of items that contain lead.
Background: Cataract remains a leading cause of avoidable blindness worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite advances in surgical techniques, millions, especially in rural and underserved areas, remain visually impaired due to inadequate access to cataract surgery. In Bangladesh, cataract-related blindness is a significant public health concern, particularly in the southern regions where access to specialized healthcare is limited. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of cataract-induced visual impairment and blindness among adults aged ≥50 years in the southern region of Bangladesh. It further evaluates the coverage and barriers to cataract surgical services to inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing avoidable blindness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology. A total of 4,868 individuals were selected through probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity and lens status assessments, were performed following standardized protocols. Cataract surgical coverage was calculated, and the primary causes of visual impairment were identified. Data were analyzed using RAAB V.3.1 software. Results: The prevalence of bilateral severe visual impairment (visual acuity <6/60) was 1.6%, and bilateral visual impairment (<6/18) was 8.4%. Cataract was responsible for 79% of bilateral blindness cases, 78.2% of severe visual impairment, and 41.9% of visual impairment. Cataract surgical coverage for individuals with a visual acuity <3/60 was 60.9%, indicating moderate access to surgical services. The main barriers to surgery included financial constraints, lack of awareness, and fear of surgery. Conclusion: Cataract remains the primary cause of avoidable blindness in the southern region of Bangladesh, with significant gaps in surgical coverage. Addressing barriers to cataract surgery through enhanced outreach programs, financial assistance, and community education is crucial in reducing the burden of blindness. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and increasing the availability of ophthalmic professionals can further improve access to timely cataract treatment.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Feb. 19, 2025
Association of Thyroid Disorders with Glycemic and Lipid Profiles in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Amrita Bhowmik, Shahnaj Begum, Muhammad Saiedullah
Page no 76-80 |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbr.2025.v10i02.001
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) share an underlying pathology with thyroid dysfunction, affecting glycemic and lipid profiles, particularly in rapidly transitioning populations. This study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, explored the association of thyroid disorders with glycemic and lipid profiles in subjects with T2DM. Blood samples from 172 subjects (75% male and 25% female) were analyzed for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), plasma glucose after breakfast (PGABF), glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), lipid profiles, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Subjects were categorized as euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups according to TSH levels. The euthyroid group had FPG 6.1±0.8 mmol/L, PGABF 7.5±1.3 mmol/L, and HbA1c 6.2±0.5%, while higher FPG was observed in hypothyroid [10.3±4.2 (p < 0.001)] and hyperthyroid [10.3±4.6 (p = 0.001)] groups, along with increased PGABF and HbA1c levels. The euthyroid group presented with 52% elevated total cholesterol, 45% elevated triglycerides, 41% low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and 51% elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Notably, the hyperthyroid group showed 87% elevated serum triglycerides (p < 0.001), whereas the hypothyroid group had 23% elevated serum total cholesterol (p < 0.001). Findings indicate thyroid disorders are linked to elevated plasma glucose and HbA1c, with hyperthyroidism potentially elevating triglycerides in T2DM.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Feb. 19, 2025
The Integral Influence of Mental Health on Employee Well-being and Organizational Productivity in Dubai Government Companies
Sheikha Abdulla Ali Sultan, Layla Abdulla Ali Sultan
Page no 75-84 |
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbms.2025.v10i02.002
Mental health significantly influences employee outcomes and organizational performance, particularly in high-pressure environments such as government organizations. Mixed-method research incorporating structured questionnaires and interviews with 30 employees across hierarchical levels in Dubai highlights key challenges and opportunities. Quantitative findings reveal stress and anxiety as major concerns, with absenteeism (20%) and presenteeism causing substantial productivity losses. Turnover rates among untreated employees with poor mental health were 15% higher, supported by regression models linking poor mental health to low performance. Cultural stigma emerged as a barrier, with 60% avoiding support. Organizations with mental health programs demonstrated 30% higher employee satisfaction and a 4:1 ROI. Addressing these challenges through tailored interventions can enhance well-being and drive organizational success.