The study examined the impact of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the livelihood of the rural dwellers in the southern zone of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three villages from within the vicinities of each of the three major towns in Ekiti South West Local Government area were randomly selected for this study. Fifty households in each village were randomly selected making a total of 450 households sampled in the study. Primary data were collected through semi structured questionnaire matrix administered to the head of each selected household. The results obtained revealed that the respondents were diverse and cut across the socio-economic classifications. These classifications were not pre-requisites to their consciousness on NTFPs. Eight important NTFPs were identified in the study area and valued for foods, soup or soup ingredients or spices or condiments, medicine, fuel wood, weaving, wrapping and sweeteners. A tripartite mode of NTFPs utilization was established in this study. While 14% of the respondents claimed exclusive consumption of the products, 7% claimed exclusive use of the products as sources of income while a vast majority of the respondents used the products for both subsistence and economics as sources of income. Three levels of respondents’ involvements were observed for NTFPs in the study area. These included collections, processing and marketing, each of which was dominated by females. Though the amount of income generated by considerable proportion of the respondents in this study is low compared to the national minimum wage yet serve as safety net for the poor and offer opportunity for employment. Diverse sources, including household area, household farms free area, and forest, abound for NTFPs species in the study area. Most of the species domiciled in the household farms were cultivated while those of free areas and forest were mostly wildlings. Constraints abound on transportation, storage and spoilage that greatly affect the contributions of the NTFPs in the study area, sustainable strategies that could ameliorate these problems and further boost the contributions of NTFPs were proposed.

Immune activation has been proved as a significant contributing factor to HIV disease progression. Serum hs-CRP increase and albumin decrease in HIV infected individuals as a response of immune activation through cytokines. In this study we estimated serum hs-CRP and albumin levels and hs- CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive and control groups. This is a case control study having 40 HIV patients with age, sex matched 40 controls. In our study we observed statistically significant difference in serum hs-CRP, albumin and hs-CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive compared to control group (p<0.001).This made us to propose that serum hs-CRP , albumin and hs CRP /Albumin ratio can be used as prudent prognostic markers in HIV infection and predictor of mortality.

The effect of extraction solvents (water, ethanol and hexane) on the content of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in three selected medicinal ferns (Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl, Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott and Pneumatopteris afra (Christ) Holttum) in Ekiti State, Nigeria was investigated. Matured leaflets were collected from healthy plants in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Extracts from shade dried and powdered leaflets of each of the ferns were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods. The results showed the presence of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in all the extracts of the ferns while saponin was present only in water extracts. Hexane was not able to extract alkaloids and saponins in the three ferns. The results showed that extraction solvents significantly affected the phytochemical composition of the ferns. The water and ethanol extracts had higher content of the phytochemicals than the hexane extracts. The diversity of phytochemicals found present suggests that the ferns could serve as sources of useful drugs.

According to World Health Organization, Mosquito borne diseases are the fast emerging viral diseases in many areas of the world. Mosquito borne diseases affects in the tropical and sub tropical regions in the world (Arunachalam, N., Tana, S., Espino, F., Kittayapong, P., Abeyewickrem, W., Wai, K. T., & Petzold, M. 2010). In Rural area of Lahore Mosquito Born Diseases is a big public health issue because in the developing countries they cause a large scale of morbidity and mortality due to poverty. The aim of this study is to evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and practices related to improve sanitation conditions of the rural community and prevention from Mosquito Born diseases. A Cross-sectional descriptive research design was used knowledge, Attitude, Practices and prevention of Mosquito Born diseases of 100 people was collected door to door through questionnaire. Age group of participants was 15-50 years old. The respondents about (97%) have awareness about mosquito borne diseases, attitude of respondents was (67%) about the mosquito born diseases and practices of respondent (56%) The knowledge of respondent regarding mosquito borne diseases was found good in spite of good knowledge the respondent have poor implementation.

Coconut oil also commonly known as Copra oil is edible oil obtained from the kernel of harvested mature coconuts of the coconut palm .In recent years this oil has attained superstardom in the health food world. Celebrities are adopting its use, nutritionists advocating it, and patients acclaiming its many virtues. A number of health benefits have been attributed to this oil. These include benefits in skin care, hair care, stress relief, weight loss and cholesterol level maintenance, immunomodulatory effects, cardiovascular uses, and more recently in Alzheimer‘s disease .However for several years, coconut oil was demonized and consumers were made to believe that coconut oil is deleterious to health as it would block the arteries and cause heart disease. The tide has turned and in recent times recognition of the positive health effects of coconut oils have emerged stronger. The use of coconut oil, especially virgin coconut oil is in vogue, though some people still remain skeptical. This article attempts to scientifically review the therapeutic benefits of this oil.

The major objective of this study was to know about the efficacy of neural and spinal mobilization in patients with cervical radiculopathy and difference between the end results of both techniques. The sample population included participants with cervical radiculopathy, who followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Simple Random sampling method was used for sample size of 30 participants. Sample design was Experimental Comparative study. This study used assessment forms, Consent forms, Examination couch, Goniometer, Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Scale and Hot pack. Two groups were arranged including 15 participants each receiving Hot pack and Manual traction in common but Group A in addition received Butler’s neural mobilization while Group B received Maitland’s spinal mobilization. After the treatment participants were evaluated for their pain profile using VAS, their ROM using the universal Goniometer and neck disability using NDIS. Time Frame for this study and data collection was one year and the source of data was Liaquat National Hospital Physiotherapy Out Patients Department, Karachi, Pakistan. Ethical and human subject’s issues were resolved by consent forms, signed by every single participant. The results indicated that both technique produced a hypoalgesic effect as revealed by improved NDIS and decreased VAS. Both the techniques when compared with each other with respect to post treatment NDIS, VAS and ROM, showed no significance difference (VAS P= 0.222, NDIS P= 0.324, Cervical Ranges > 0.05).The combination of all findings has supported the use of both techniques in C5-C8 cervical radiculopathy.

PCR has been commonly used for genomic viral diagnosis for its sensitivity and accuracy. It showed a higher sensitivity when compared to virus isolation in tissue culture and also in antigenemia detection. Definitely, DNA samples are critical factor in PCR validity. Out of 167 serum samples subjected to this study and extracted by Wizard® DNA purification mini kit, 47 samples (28.1%) were positive PCR. While, 21 samples (12.6%) only out of the same population study (167) were positive PCR for EBV DNA in native serum samples (without DNA extraction). This result was confirmed the importance of DNA extraction from serum samples for detection of EBV which, subsequently lead to more sensitive diagnostic tool of an ongoing EBV infection.

This research was designed to assess the effects of oral administration of varying doses of ground Nutmeg seed on the histomorphology of the testes and the hormonal profile of thirty adult male albino wister rats weighing between 140 g and 250 g. The rats were divided into six equal groups, namely A,B,C,D,E and F. Group A served as the control and were administered only water and 100 g of rat feed; while groups B,C,D,E and F, the treatment groups, were administered varying doses (1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/kg body weight, respectively) of the ground Nutmeg seed, mixed with 100 g of rat feed, respectively, for 26 days. The weight measurement was done every seven days. The testes were harvested immediately after sacrifice, fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, and was later made to undergo Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for serum testosterone analysis. Data were expressed as Mean + standard error of the Mean and subjected to one way analysis of variance. Significance different between mean was assessed by student-New-Man-Keuls post hoc test. 95 % level of significance (P = 0.05) was used for statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel 2010 package was used for graph and error bars. The histopathological results revealed no structural defect on the testes of rats administered 1 g and 5 g of ground nutmeg. There was dose dependent alteration of the histomorphology of the testes of rats given 10 g and above. There was also persistent elevation in serum testosterone level in treatment groups B to F, compared to the control Group A. Hence, consumption of high dose of nutmeg is toxic to the testes.

In last few decades, though significant progress has been made in the treatment and control strategies of tubercular infections by introducing new diagnostic and monitoring tools and combination therapy, it still continues to be severe problem. Thus with the aim of developing novel molecule with improved potency for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain infections and with decreased probability of developing drug resistance, herein we report the synthesis of isatinyl thiazole derivatives, starting from ethyl acetoacetate , by microwave organic reaction enhancement method (MORE) and results of investigations of their antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities. Many compounds have shown promising activity while others were inactive.

To determine antimycobacterium and dTDP rhamnose inhibitor activity of the synthesized azetidinone, thiazolidinone derivatives of thiazole, we studied different derivatives for the activity. One pot synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester has been carried out and synthesized different derivative compounds. Compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different strains of microorganism and antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7i, 8d, 8e, 8g and 8h, were showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa using Gentamycin as standard, while 7b, 7e, 7f, 7i, 8b, 8e, 8f and 8i showed very strong antimycobacterial activity using rifampicine as a standard. Thiazole derivatives especially with carbonyl group scaffold inhibit an enzyme RmlC, which is an essential component for the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose and produce good antimycobacterium and antimicrobial activity.

The search for alternative protein food source coupled with the cost of affordability and the ever increasing human population has become a serious problem. This research was aimed at exploring other protein food sources than meat, using an arthropod of the class insecta, Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman), (termite). The nutrient content of the termite, an edible insect, and beef of the Bos taurus species was determined through various laboratory procedures including titration, digestion and distillation of the various samples. Termites used in the study triumphed over beef in terms of carbohydrate content (termites 22.4 ± 0.01, beef 1.34 ± 0.01) and there was only a slight difference in protein content of beef when compared to termites (beef 10.41 ± 0.01, termite 10.06 ± 0.01). The research revealed that beef contains more lipid (beef 25.0 ± 0.05, termite 20.0 ± 0.05), which can be detrimental to human health. Insects can be used as an alternative source of protein to effectively replace the expensive available source (meat) and solve malnutrition in the ever-growing population of mankind. There should be more enlightenment of the general public on the great benefits of insects consumption to avoid the under usage of this food resource.

Preconception and pregnancy care is important for better pregnancy outcome. Awareness of both male and female is necessary for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country like Nepal. The objective was to find out level of awareness on preconception and pregnancy care among bachelor level students of Dharan. Descriptive design was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 50 students from each college. Four colleges were selected through simple random sampling from 16 colleges and a total of 200 students who were studying bachelor final year were selected for study. Data were collected by self-administered Semi structured questionnaires. The result shows that 24.5% of total respondents heard about folic acid. Among them 7% were male respondents and 17.5% were female respondents. Majority (89%) of respondents accepts that male’s awareness is important for better pregnancy outcome. Female (mean awareness=55.2) were more aware than male (mean awareness=52.61) respondents on preconception and pregnancy care. Female were more aware on both preconception and pregnancy care. The source of information (media, newspaper) is associated with level of awareness. (p=0.010). Awareness level is related to employment status with higher proportion of employed individuals showing average awareness level (p=0.014). An equal to half (50.5%) of respondents have average awareness level on preconception and pregnancy care. The study concludes female (17.5%) have more good awareness level than male (7%) respondents.

The concept of sexuality education has been a topical issue and its inclusion in the school curriculum has generated and is still generating a lot of interest in Nigeria. The controversy around sexuality education stems from the fact that most people do not have an accurate understanding of what sexuality education is all about and the benefits that could be derived from it. Sexuality education is an education and moral process designed to assist young people in their physical, social, emotional and moral development as they prepare for adulthood, marriage, parenthood and ageing, as well as their social relationship in the socio- cultural context of family and society. Functional education, a major factor in the development process, to be relevant, must help appropriately an individual to understand his/her own culture and integrate into the other cultures, foreign or local, for the proper enhancement of his/her ways of life. The objective of sexuality education is to promote the proper development of personality, sexual well-being and quality of life of the population as a whole and thus implies that its contents cover all aspects of life in society, namely economic, political, social, legal, health, cultural and spiritual, making sure that both individual and collective interests work in harmony for the goodness of individuals and the society as a whole.

Implementation of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is associated with several complications that can be divided into early complications and late complications. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the different complications related to TIVADs in a single center in Morocco. Our study is based on a prospective analysis, which took place over a period between September 2015 and March 2016 in oncology department of the Avicenne military hospital in Marrakech, in collaboration with thoracic surgery department and vascular surgery department. 36 patients benefited from the placement of TIVADs, with 18 men and 18 women, with a mean age of 55.5 years (from 22 to 71 years). The type of anesthesia was local anesthesia (LA) in 97% of cases with 3% of cases requiring a slight associated sedation. The preferred route was a percutaneous approach. The surgical approach by surgical dissection of the cephalic vein was used only in 2 patients, in 6% of cases after failure of the percutaneous route. The most used vein in our series was the right subclavian vein (RSCV) in 69% of cases, followed by the left internal jugular vein (LIJV) which presents 14% of patients. All patients received a control x-ray after procedure. 50% of the indications were for breast cancers and digestive cancers. Intervention was difficult in 11% of cases. In our series 3 patients who presented complications: 1 case of pneumothorax (3%), 1 case of thrombophlebitis (3%) and 1 case of costo-clavicular clamp syndrome (3%). Elimination of risk factors such as the choice of a technique, the handling of CCI, the use of echo-guidance, aseptic measures can reduce certain complications and their early and adequate management.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption. This may be due to appropriate antioxidant activity and phenolic contents.