The development of multifunctional photocatalysts capable of simultaneously addressing solar energy conversion, carbon-neutral fuel production, and environmental remediation remains a significant challenge due to rapid charge carrier recombination and limited visible-light utilization. In this study, a novel CoFe₂O₄/BiVO₄/Bi₂WO₆/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme multi-heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a combination of hydrothermal and in situ deposition methods to achieve highly efficient solar-driven photocatalytic performance. Structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterizations confirmed the successful construction of a tightly integrated multi-heterojunction with intimate interfacial contact among all constituent phases. The engineered Z-scheme architecture significantly enhanced visible-light harvesting, facilitated rapid spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and suppressed electron–hole recombination. Electrochemical analyses further verified reduced charge-transfer resistance and improved interfacial charge transport. Under simulated solar irradiation, the optimized photocatalyst exhibited outstanding photocatalytic performance, achieving hydrogen evolution at a rate of 2138 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹, while CO₂ photoreduction generated CO (18 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and CH₄ (16 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) as the major solar fuels. Simultaneously, the composite demonstrated 98.4% degradation of representative organic pollutants with 86.7% mineralization efficiency, highlighting its excellent capability for wastewater purification. Radical trapping experiments and band structure analysis revealed that photogenerated electrons together with •OH and •O₂⁻ radicals were the dominant reactive species governing the enhanced photocatalytic activity. The superior performance was attributed to the synergistic interaction of CoFe₂O₄, BiVO₄, Bi₂WO₆, and g-C₃N₄, which provided broad-spectrum solar absorption, abundant active sites, enhanced redox capability, and efficient charge migration through the direct Z-scheme pathway. Furthermore, the photocatalyst retained 94.6% of its initial activity after five consecutive photocatalytic cycles, confirming its excellent structural stability and long-term durability. This work presents an effective strategy for designing advanced Z-scheme multi-heterojunction photocatalysts that integrate solar energy conversion, CO₂ utilization, hydrogen production, and environmental remediation within a single high-performance platform, offering considerable potential for sustainable energy and environmental applications.

Background: Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a valuable technique for uterine evacuation for early pregnancy loss and post-abortion care, especially in situations where portability, low equipment needs and the avoidance of general anaesthetic are beneficial. Objective: To describe the volume of MVA procedures, indications, patient characteristics and documented complications at Madonna University Teaching Hospital (MUTH), Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study, where the records of women who had MVA in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology were reviewed during the study period (2013-2023). Structured proforma was used for the extraction of sociodemographic, obstetric and procedural variables. Frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations and medians and interquartile ranges were reported. The prevalence of MVA was determined by dividing the number of MVA procedures by the number of gynaecology visits in the same period, and then multiplying by 100. Results: 173 MVA procedures were documented in 983 gynaecology visits, resulting in a prevalence of 17.6% at the institution. Most patients were aged 20–34 years (71.1%), married (81.5%) and had secondary education (84.4%). The majority of procedures were carried out prior to 13 weeks' gestation (74.6%) and by medical officers (83.8%). The most common indication was incomplete miscarriage (161, 93.1%) followed by missed miscarriage (6, 3.5%), retained products of conception (4, 2.3%) and other indications (2, 1.2%). Five adverse outcomes were documented: uterine synechia in three patients (1.7%) and post procedure vaginal discharge in two patients (1.2%). The mean estimated blood loss was 133.3 ± 102.6 mL, with five patients (2.9%) receiving one unit of blood. The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (IQR 1–3) with 47.4% having a 1 day stay. Conclusion: MVA was used in the majority of cases of incomplete miscarriage accounting for 17.6% of gynaecology visits at MUTH. Blood loss, documented complications and hospital stay were minor, and most procedures were performed in the first trimester by medical officers.

This study investigated the influence of cartoon viewing on English language proficiency among children aged 4 to 8 years in Nairobi City County. Recognizing the importance of English as the official language and medium of instruction in Kenyan educational institutions, this research addressed the challenges of English language acquisition in a culturally and linguistically diverse environment. Using an experimental research design, the study evaluated the impact of cartoon viewership on speech proficiency, focusing on four key components: watching and listening to cartoons, cartoon imitation, preference for specific cartoon programs, and cartoon viewership patterns. The target population comprised both public and private primary schools, reflecting Nairobi's varied socio-economic landscape. Participants were divided into experimental and control groups, with pre-test and post-test assessments conducted to measure changes in speech proficiency. Additionally, in-depth interviews with teachers of Grades 1 to 4 provided qualitative insights. Quantitative data were analyzed using paired t-tests, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. The study found that cartoons significantly enhance speech proficiency in children when integrated with active participation like singing, drawing, and role play. Imitating cartoon characters' speech and gestures improved vocabulary, sentence structure, and expressive communication. Children’s preferences, such as genre, language, and character type, also influenced speech development, with dialogue-rich, English-language cartoons proving most effective. In addition, viewing patterns like time of day, frequency, and duration impacted outcomes, with consistent, structured exposure yielding better results. The study recommends that practitioners use cartoons intentionally to enhance speech development in children by encouraging active engagement and imitation of characters’ speech and gestures. Educators should integrate dialogue-rich, age-appropriate content into lessons and tailor it to children’s preferences. Viewing should be structured, preferably in the morning, and should exceed one hour to ensure effective learning. Policymakers are urged to embed cartoon-based learning in early education frameworks aligned with the Competency-Based Curriculum. Communities and caregivers should support educational cartoon viewership at home and in communal settings, fostering shared learning and reinforcing communication skills beyond the classroom.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vaso-proliferative disorder of the immature retina and a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness. Multiple risk factors have been implicated in its development, including oxygen therapy, sepsis and blood transfusion. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the association between blood transfusion and ROP among preterm neonates and to assess the effect of early erythropoietin (EPO) administration on anemia correction and transfusion requirement. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU) and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital from July 2018 to June 2020. A total of 60 preterm low-birth-weight neonates (<34 weeks gestation, <1800 gm birth weight) were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups: the EPO group (n=30) and the control group (n=30). The EPO group received recombinant human erythropoietin (400 IU/kg subcutaneously, thrice weekly for two weeks), along with oral iron and folic acid supplementation. Hematologic parameters, blood transfusion requirements and ROP development were evaluated and compared between groups. Results: EPO administration significantly increased hemoglobin, hematocrit and reticulocyte counts and reduced the need for blood transfusion (23.3% vs. 53.3%; p= 0.017). The overall incidence of ROP did not differ significantly between the groups (26.7% vs. 36.7%; p= 0.405). However, a strong association was observed between blood transfusion and ROP development (p= 0.026). Conclusion: Early erythropoietin therapy effectively reduced blood transfusion requirements without increasing ROP risk. Blood transfusion was significantly associated with ROP development, suggesting that restrictive transfusion strategies and early anemia management may help reduce ROP incidence among preterm neonates.

Introduction: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are common complication following any type of surgery. Orthopedic surgeries have a risk higher than 10% of developing PTE. Therefore, a 2 to 5 weeks is given after the surgical procedure. The Aim: of this study was to present a case of PTE, preceded by local DVT, preceded by orthopedic surgery despite of prophylaxis with 4000 I.U of LMWH for 21 days and the 1year outpatient follow up afterwards. Materials and Methods: A full clinical analysis of a 20 years-old male athlete treated for PTE, DVT and Pleuropneumonia from 22.06.2024 to 05.07.2024 in inpatient setting and a follow up treatment in outpatient setting for 1 year. Results: The patient was admitted with d-dimer count of 3900ng/L, S1Q3T3 ECG pattern highly suspected of underlying PTE. What followed was 2 week long inpatient treatment and stabilization and 1 year-long outpatient treatment, evaluation and finally permanent discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Discussion: In an inpatient setting the treatment with LMWH is safer than any other type of anticoagulation for PTE when the right conditions are met and no imminent hemodynamic instability is present. DVT and PTE remain common complications of surgeries especially orthopedic ones. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of circulatory complications related to surgeries, especially orthopedic ones and how sometimes the given prophylaxis can fail.

Meningococcal meningitis remains a public health problem and threats to a number of populations associated with high mortality rates especially in Sub-Saharan Africa regions. Climate change and weather conditions are important factors influencing the occurrence, incidence, and transmission of meningitis. This review paper aims at evaluating the role of ambient temperature and humidity in the incidence and spatiotemporal distribution of meningococcal meningitis. The effects of temperature and humidity on the occurrence, incidence, and transmission of meningococcal meningitis were searched from the relevant literatures and documented. The relevant literatures were searched through ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, MDPI, Scopus, and Medline. It was found from the relevant literatures reviewed that temperature and humidity significantly influenced the occurrence, incidence, and transmission of meningococcal meningitis. High temperature and low humidity significantly increased the incidence and transmission of meningococcal meningitis. Thus, based on the available data and information in the literatures reviewed temperature and humidity are significantly associated with the incidence and spatiotemporal distribution of meningococcal meningitis.

Background: Adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications because of impaired cell-mediated immunity, chronic hyperglycemia, and multiple comorbidities. Despite the availability of highly effective recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV), vaccine uptake remains suboptimal among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia. This consensus statement was developed to provide evidence-based recommendations for HZ vaccination in adults with DM within the Saudi healthcare setting. Methods: A multidisciplinary expert panel convened under the auspices of the Saudi Society of Diabetes conducted structured evidence review and consensus process. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed to identify studies published during the previous 10 years on HZ epidemiology, vaccine efficacy and safety, and vaccination strategies in adults with diabetes. Evidence was critically appraised and integrated with expert opinion using a modified Delphi-informed consensus approach. Recommendations were categorized according to evidence strength (Level A–C) and aligned with national immunization policies. Results: Available evidence consistently demonstrates that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of HZ, postherpetic neuralgia, hospitalization, and other complications. Saudi epidemiological data identified 1,019 HZ cases over a 6-year period, with 31.3% developing complications, 12.5% requiring hospitalization, and 1.2% requiring intensive care. Randomized trials and real-world studies demonstrate that RZV provides approximately 94% efficacy against HZ with durable protection and an acceptable safety profile. The expert panel developed 10 evidence-based recommendations addressing patient selection, vaccination timing, immunocompromised populations, co-administration with other vaccines, risk stratification, healthcare provider education, patient awareness, electronic reminder systems, equitable vaccine access, and pharmacovigilance. The panel emphasized routine assessment of vaccination status during diabetes care and strong physician recommendation as key strategies to improve vaccine uptake. Conclusion: Adults with diabetes represent a high-risk population for herpes zoster and should be prioritized for recombinant zoster vaccination according to current national recommendations. Integrating vaccination assessment into routine diabetes care, strengthening healthcare provider engagement, and implementing system-level interventions may substantially improve vaccination coverage and reduce the burden of HZ among adults with diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a highly efficient agro-industry plant with known ability to accumulate biomass and produce sucrose sugar, making it an essential cash crop globally. This also results in the environmental pollution due to the accumulation of sugarcane biomass, the plant residues. left behind after extraction of sugar. This study was conducted to determine the phytochemicals contents, proximate, mineral, and antioxidant activities of sugarcane and its biomass, with a focus on their sustainable utilization through agricultural, therapeutic and industrial application. The samples were collected from Sharada market, Kano State, Nigeria, and analyzed for phytochemical using quantitative and qualitative method and antioxidant activities using the (DPPH, FRAP) method, proximate using standard Association of Analytical Chemistry (AOAC) methods and mineral using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).The results revealed that sugarcane biomass had higher fiber and carbohydrate content (26.01±0.02% and 79.34±6.96%, respectively) compared to raw sugarcane (19.19±0.02% and 62.75±0.96%). However, sugarcane had a higher moisture (2.41±0.34%), fat (1.52±0.64%), and protein content (0.42±0.01%) than the biomass. In terms of mineral composition, sugarcane exhibited higher iron (5.59±0.17 mg/l), manganese (0.20±0.002 mg/l), and calcium concentration (14.10±0.03mg/l), while the biomass contained more potassium (207.5±0.24 mg/l). The result revealed that sugarcane had higher total phenolic content (279.92±3.66), compared to sugarcane biomass (255.65±9.48), also contains higher total flavonoids content (95.90±2.04) compared to sugarcane biomass (88.79±1.33). However, sugarcane had a higher antioxidant activity in term of the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of (774.28±5.60) higher than the biomass which has (1234.64±8.03). In terms of Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) Sugarcane exhibited higher antioxidant activity at higher concentration while the biomass shows higher antioxidant activity at low concentration. Sugarcane and sugarcane biomass has strong antioxidant activity, this indicate that the sugarcane and sugarcane biomass are effective in giving antioxidant protection at various levels, inhibition of radical formation (by reducing iron complexes). These findings suggest that sugarcane and sugarcane biomass are richer in phytochemicals which makes it suitable for the treatment of several ailments. Also, that sugarcane is nutritionally richer in proteins and essential trace minerals, whereas the biomass is an excellent source of dietary fiber and macro minerals, making it suitable for bio-fuel production, animal feed, and soil enrichment. The utilization of sugarcane biomass as a renewable resource could alleviate environmental pollution caused by waste disposal while promoting sustainable agriculture and energy solutions. Therefore, utilizing the full potential of sugarcane

Kabaddi is a physically demanding team sport that requires a combination of speed, agility, muscular strength, explosive power, flexibility, and endurance for successful performance. The intermittent nature of the game involves repeated bouts of high-intensity activities such as sprinting, sudden changes of direction, tackling, raiding, jumping, and rapid recovery. Therefore, well-developed biomotor abilities are essential for kabaddi players to perform technical and tactical skills effectively throughout a match. In particular, speed and agility enable players to execute rapid movements and evasive actions, while muscular strength and explosive power contribute to effective tackling, blocking, jumping, and raiding. Flexibility supports efficient movement and may help players perform technical skills with greater range of motion, whereas endurance is necessary to sustain performance during prolonged competitive activity. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a varied structured training programme on selected biomotor variables among men kabaddi players of engineering colleges. Sixty male kabaddi players studying in engineering colleges, aged between 18 and 25 years, were selected as subjects for the study. The subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups, namely the Experimental Group (n=30) and the Control Group (n=30). The Experimental Group underwent a varied structured training programme consisting of systematically planned exercises designed to develop essential biomotor abilities required for kabaddi, while the Control Group participated in their regular physical activities. The training programme was administered for a period of 12 weeks, with three training sessions per week. Selected biomotor variables such as explosive power were assessed before and after the training programme using standardized tests. The collected data were statistically analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significance of differences between the groups. The results were expected to demonstrate significant improvements in the selected biomotor variables among the Experimental Group compared with the Control Group. The findings suggest that a systematically designed varied structured training programme can be an effective method for enhancing the physical and biomotor fitness components essential for improved performance among engineering college men kabaddi players.

The present study was designed to examine the effects of three differentiated handball training interventions on dribbling ability and skill performance among male collegiate handball players. Sixty male college handball players aged 18–24 years were assigned to four groups: Fitness Handball Training (FHT), Technical Handball Training (THT), Integral Handball Training (IHT) and Control Group (CG), with 15 participants in each group. The experimental programmes were structured to emphasize physical conditioning, technical execution or an integrated combination of physical and handball-specific skills. The intervention was planned for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, each lasting 60 minutes. Dribbling ability was evaluated using a standardized handball dribbling obstacle-course test, in which lower completion time represented superior performance. Pre-test and post-test measurements were obtained before and after the intervention. The statistical plan consisted of descriptive statistics, paired-samples t-tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Scheffe’s post-hoc comparisons, with statistical significance established at the 0.05 level. The intervention framework was informed by evidence indicating that handball performance depends on repeated acceleration, sprinting, changes of direction, technical execution and rapid transitions between physical and skill demands [1–8]. Previous intervention research has also shown beneficial effects of small-sided games, high-intensity training, plyometric training, resistance training and integrated handball-specific conditioning on selected performance characteristics [9–18]. The proposed study therefore examines whether integrating physical and technical stimuli produces greater improvement in dribbling ability than isolated fitness- or technique-oriented training. The expected practical implication is that an appropriately structured integrated handball programme may provide a more ecologically valid stimulus for improving ball-control performance under movement constraints.

Translanguaging is an emerging pedagogical strategy that is relevant for English as second language Classrooms. Initially this term is originated to revitalise the Welse language along with English. This term was explained by Garcia as a discursive practice in general. Later this is extended by him as a pedagogical practice for ESL learners. The paper does not study the linguistic imperialism in general but focusing on the Philipson’s idea of linguicism in which he developed fallacies of why English language should be used in higher education and why the medium of instruction should be used as English one. The idea of linguistic imperialism in the multilingual context of India, English is often treated as the dominant language of education, social mobility, and academic success, while students’ mother tongues and regional languages are frequently marginalized. Such classroom practices reflect linguistic imperialism or linguistic dominance where English gains superiority over local languages and creates unequal linguistic hierarchies. The emphasis on English-only instruction and native-like competence often limits learners’ participation and suppresses their multilingual identities. The study argues that translanguaging pedagogy offers a more inclusive and democratic approach to English language teaching by allowing learners to utilize their complete linguistic repertoire for communication, interaction, and meaning-making. The methodology of this paper is quantitative in nature. Data were collected from an M.A and PhD students from Aligarh Muslim University. It concludes that translanguaging can promote linguistic harmony, classroom participation, and inclusive education in the Indian context.

Background: Carcinoma of the cervix remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women in developing countries, where organized screening coverage is limited and most patients present only after the disease becomes symptomatic. Objective: To describe the pattern of clinical presentation, disease stage and clinical findings among women with histologically confirmed carcinoma cervix attending a tertiary-level teaching hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, over one year. Fifty consecutive patients diagnosed with carcinoma cervix who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled after informed consent and data on presenting symptoms, clinical stage, general and local examination findings and imaging correlates were recorded on a structured questionnaire and analyzed as frequencies and percentages. Results: Most patients (60%) were 41-50 years old. Blood-stained per-vaginal discharge (94%), foul-smelling discharge (50%) and post-coital bleeding (50%) were the commonest complaints. Forty-eight patients (96%) presented in stage IIB or beyond. Nearly all patients (100%) were anaemic, 80% had a cauliflower-like cervical growth and 92% had squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology. Ultrasonography showed cervical growth in 52%, hydronephrosis in 44% and pelvic lymphadenopathy in 22% of patients. Conclusion: Carcinoma cervix in this tertiary-hospital population presents predominantly with abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge at an advanced clinical stage, underscoring the continued need for symptom awareness and organized early-detection services.

The integration of technology in education, specifically through the use of language learning applications, is transforming conventional approaches to language instruction. This study examines the readiness of prospective English teachers to incorporate language learning apps into their teaching practices. The present study is descriptive in nature, a purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 55 B.Ed. students from Central and State Universities. Using a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The quantitative phase involved a questionnaire-based survey assessing readiness, attitudes, and perceived challenges, while the qualitative phase included semi-structured interview questions to explore deeper insights into beliefs and barriers. After the response was collected, descriptive, inferential statistical techniques were used for analysing the data. The responses expressed by the subjects were graphically represented. Findings indicate that while prospective teachers recognize the potential benefits of language learning apps for enhancing student engagement and individualized learning, they also express concerns related to usability, instructional support, and self-efficacy. Variations in readiness were observed based on prior experience with technology and self-reported confidence levels. This research underscores the need for teacher training programmes to address these challenges and support the effective integration of technology in language teaching. The study contributes to understanding how to prepare future teachers better to leverage digital tools in English language teaching.

Mixed reality (MR), encompassing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), is an emerging technology in dentistry that allows real-time integration of digital information into the clinician’s visual field. Contemporary dental workflows require frequent interaction with electronic health records, radiographs, and diagnostic tools, leading to workflow interruptions and increased cognitive load. This study aimed to quantify computer dependence across common dental procedures and identify those that may benefit most from MR integration. A retrospective observational study was conducted on 50 patients treated by a single general dentist. Patients were equally distributed among five procedure categories (n = 10 each): Extractions, Root Canal Treatments, Crowns, Fillings, and Prophylaxes. Computer dependence was quantified as active treatment time (seconds) divided by the number of clinician interactions with digital devices, expressed as seconds per interaction. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences among procedure types, and Welch’s t-tests compared Extractions with each of the remaining groups. Significant differences in computer dependence were observed among procedures. Extractions and Root Canal Treatments showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.341), indicating similarly high reliance on digital interaction. In contrast, Crowns, Fillings, and Prophylaxes demonstrated significantly lower computer dependence than Extractions (all p < 0.001). Surgical and endodontic procedures exhibit the highest levels of computer dependence, suggesting they may benefit most from MR integration. Targeted implementation of MR could reduce screen shifts, decrease cognitive load, and improve procedural efficiency, supporting its prioritization in these workflows.

Background: Endometriosis is a common condition associated with infertility and causes chronic pain in many women. It is defined by the presence of endometrial-like tissue growing outside the uterus and is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with chronic pelvic pain, although the cause and natural history of the disorder remain uncertain. This research study was conducted in the laboratory department of Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate and some private laboratories affiliated with Al-Dour city for a period from 10/15/2024 to 1/15/2025. The study groups included (70) samples of obese women of childbearing age, aged (18-45) years, and they were distributed into two groups: Control group: 35 blood samples were collected from healthy women after ensuring their good health. They were randomly selected from the residents of Salah Al-Din city. Patient group: 35 blood samples were collected from obese women suffering from endometriosis, after confirming their infection following tests for the disease and referring them to a specialist doctor after conducting an ultrasound examination and confirming their infection with endometriosis.