Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy. The present study was conducted to assess clinical and pathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The present study was conducted on 520 specimens submitted to the department. All slides were reviewed and given the WHO classification of thyroid tumors, each case was reassigned accordingly. Clinical features were also recorded. Males were 280 and females were 240. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). <20 years had 90 cases, 20-40 years had 190 cases, 4060 years had 160 cases and >60 years had 80 cases. Common clinical findings in patients were neck mass (90%), dysphagia (42%), dysphonia (25%), weight loss (18%), lymphadenopathy (12%) and hyperthyroidism (7%). Metastatic type of PTC was seen in 220 cases and nonmetastatic type in 300 cases. Maximum cases were seen in age group 20-40 years. Males showed higher prevalence than females.

The reference values of hematological markers currently used in Sudan have been obtained from researches on populations in developed countries and may not be applicable in Sudan. It has previously been shown that the normal hemoglobin level in Sudanese children is different from international values. The objectives of this study were to establish the reference ranges of white blood cells and differential count in healthy Sudanese adults. The present study included 1076 healthy Sudanese adults from both sexes and five states, with age range of 20 – 60 years. Clinical examination was performed, weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Blood samples were obtained from brachial veins and drawn in EDTA tubes. WBCs and differential count were analyzed using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. SPSS version 25 statistical software was used for data analysis, P value < 0.05 was considered significant and 95% CI was accepted. The mean age of participants was 25.23±9.64 years. The median of WBCs count was 5×103/µL with reference range of (2.9-9.6× 103/µL). Neutrophils count was 2.3(1.7-3.1× 103/µL), while lymphocytes was 2.1(1.8-2.5× 103/µL). The median of WBCs was significantly higher in female [5.1 × 103/µL (range: 4.2- 6.3× 103/µL)] than male [5.0× 103 /µL (range: 4.0- 6.0× 103/µL)] (p <0.05). Our results showed that WBCs count was positively correlated with BMI. The count was found to be significantly higher in Red sea and Darfur states compared with the other states. The reference ranges of WBCs count in Sudanese are lower than the international one and should be used in Sudan

Prevalence of air borne Nosocomial infection is a major attribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Two methods are commonly used for measurement of bacterial density in hospital environment particularly Operation theater. Air samples from conventionally ventilated operating rooms and intensive care units were taken simultaneously by the sedimentation method (settle plate) and with the HiAir petri air sampler. Bacterial density was calculated in form of colony forming unit (cfu). The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional methods. The investigations showed that the number of colony forming units per cubic metre obtained with the sedimentation method was, on an average, higher than those found with the HiAir petri air sampler from the same area. The most common isolate from settle plate method was Bacillus subtilis (54.91%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.09 %), Co-agulase negative staphylococcus (30.12%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.85%), Acinetobacter baumanii (23.12 %), Escherichia coli (10.22 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.32%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.72%). Settle plate method was found to be more informative than the air sampling system for bacteriological analysis of air in present study.

Abstract: The oxidative stress caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species released during smoking can play a significant role in pathogenesis and development of Chronic Bronchitis. This study is conducted to evaluate serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) a lipid peroxidation product as a marker of oxidative stress and vitamin C major antioxidant in body in chronic bronchitis patients and healthy controls. Comprised of 80 subjects, 40 healthy controls and 40 chronic bronchitis cases were included. Kei Satoh method used for measuring MDA and Serum vitamin C was estimated by method 2,4-Dintrophenyl hydrazine method Serum MDA a lipid peroxidation product from cell membrane considered as marker of oxidative stress was elevated in chronic bronchitis patients when compared to healthy controls where as serum level of vitamin C major antioxidant significantly decreased in chronic bronchitis patients when compared to controls.. MDA maker is of oxidative injury significantly increased in chronic bronchitis cases which is likely associated with active smoking habit and also be due to systemic inflammation. The decrease in level of antioxidant capacity in chronic bronchitis patients appears likely consequence of higher oxidative stress and increased consumption of antioxidants. By stopping smoking and advising antioxidant rich food may halt the further progression of chronic bronchitis disease.

The development of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics and increasing popularity of traditional medicine has led researchers to investigate the antibacterial compounds in plants. One traditional medicine in that category is turmeric (Curcuma longa) which belongs to the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Its major constituents are fat soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids which give turmeric its unique aroma, flavour and medicinal properties. In this study, the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome was investigated against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6571), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Bacillus subtilis (6633) using the agar well diffusion method. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared ranging from 12.5 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 13 mm to 27 mm. Escherichia coli was the least sensitive with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 22 mm. Mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were as follows: S. aureus (12.5 mg/ml), E. coli (25 mg/ml), S. typhi (50 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/ml) and B. subtilis (12.5 mg/ml). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Electron microscopic studies bestowed significantly to the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease process in GN. Its value has been strongly confirmed in diagnosis of glomerular diseases. To establish the role of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of glomerular diseases, in order to introduce services and to improve the histopathological standards of diagnosis of renal disease. Different patterns of EM in the different types of glomerular diseases in 132 renal biopsies from patients with glomerular diseases were evaluated. These specimens were stained and examined under the light microscopy (LM) then compared by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) findings. The most frequent types of glomerular disease was minimal change disease (22.7%), followed by lupus nephritis (20.5%). LM failed to diagnose the minimal change disease and Alport’s syndrome. In this study EM was found necessary in diagnosis of 37 cases (28%), supportive in diagnosis of 17 cases (12.9%) and not required in 79 (59.8%) of cases. The current study supported what had been concluded in the previous studies; EM still has an integral role and necessary for diagnosis of certain glomerularpathies e.g. minimal change disease.

Isolation of microorganisms is very important for accurate treatment and is one of the important concerns for clinical microbiologists. The accuracy and rapidity of treatment are critical for successful treatment. The present study was undertaken to find the time duration for detection of various microorganisms with BACTEC 9050 system. Methods: The present study was done on inpatients the Thumbay New Life Hospital, Chaderghat road, Hyderabad from the period of June 2016 to June 2017. Samples are drawn from the patient and injected directly into BACTEC 9050 culture vials. Positive cultures are immediately flagged by an indicator light on the front of the instrument and displayed on the monitor. When positive vials are identified, it is removed and isolated for identification of organisms. Results: Out of total 475 samples collected during this duration 315 samples were from male patients and 160 from female patients. Out of 315 male samples, 69 were found to have a positive culture in 69 (21.9%) samples. Similarly out of 160 samples from females 41(25.62%) were found to have a positive culture. The most common organism detected by BACTEC in positive cultures Enterobacteriaceae in 39 (35.45%) out of 110 samples Staphylococcus aureus in 21 (19.09%), Streptococcus spp in 15 (13.63%), CoagulaseNegative staphylococci in 13 (11.81%). The conventional method showed the growth only in 77 (16.21%) of the total 475 samples during the study period however the same samples in BACTEC showed 110 (23.15%) growth Average time to detection was highest in Cryptococcus spp in 78.9 hours, Corynebacterium spp 72.1 hours, Candida spp 65.5 hours. Least time to detection Enterobacteriaceae was 14.9 hours. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the BACTEC culture method is superior to the conventional method as it detects the presence of bacteria faster and it is not affected by patient's use of antibiotics and it is also economical. Hence BACTEC culture methods must be used whenever it is feasible.

Allopurinol is a drug indicated for the treatment of hyperuricemia. Its hepatic toxicity is rare. This is a case report about acute cytolytic hepatitis caused by allopurinol in a 62-year-old.

There is the need to move away from chemical growth promoters to natural products in the poultry industry, as these have negative effects especially with regard to fat accumulation. In this regard, Moringa oleifera is known to have a number of beneficial effects on hematology and serum chemistry of humans. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of M. oleifera leaves on lipid profile and some serum enzymes in Nigerian local Chickens. Thirty adult Chickens were used for the study. The birds were randomly assigned to three groups(n=10).One group served as control while two treatments received a daily oral dose of 12.5mg and 25mg Moringa leaf solution respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicate that the mean values of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Triglycerides were statistically similar for all groups. Furthermore, mean values for serum levels of aspertate aminotransferase, alanins aminotranferae and alkaline phosphatase were statistically similar for all treatment groups. It is concluded that the administration of M. oleifera leaves at the dose used in this study has no significant effects on lipid profile and the serum enzymes evaluated. It is recommended M. oleifera leaf meal can be used to supplement expensive protein sources in chicken diets.

Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare neoplasm. We report a case of 45yeras old female patient who consulted for a mastalgia. Clinical examination showed limited painful breast nodules. On ultrasound and mammography it was a well-limited mass without malignant signs. Core needle biopsy of the breast was done. Diagnosis was based on histopathological exam completed by immune-histochemistry. It’s a triple negative phenotype. The patient was treated by mastectomy plus radiotherapy and remains alive in remission.

Agarwood oil is a highly priced type of oil due to its unique aroma. Agarwood oil is widely used in perfume, medicine and cosmetic industries due to its unique properties and high medicinal value. The oil is generally extracted from the fragrant resins that form in the heartwood of agarwood tree. These unique properties of agar oils are contributed by the presence of certain chemical compounds. The market demand for agarwood oil is very high. Agarwood oil is traded based on grade, corresponding to expensive and cheap price. Currently, the grading of agar oil depends on its physical appearance such as color, odor and essential oil components, like present of sesquiterpenes. The present research analyzed essential oils from Aquilaria malaccensis obtained from Moulvibazar, Bangladesh based on GC-MS data and antimicrobial properties. GC-MS analysis found Sesquiterpenes, alcoholics, fatty acids and other chemical groups in the exportable agar oils. Farm-1 contained 94.95%, Fram-2 contained 95.37% and Farm-3 contained 93.90% sesquiterpenes which is the most important properties for stronger odors and high quality. All the agar oils contained about 75% 5-Azulenemethanol-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydryo.alpha.alpha.3.8- tetramethyl-3,7-Cyclodecad iene-1- ethanol.alpha.alpha.4,8–tetramethyl-[s-(Z,Z)]. They also contained other sesquiterpenes like Ledene oxide- II; Aromandendrene; Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene,1,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-8-(1-methylene-2-hydroxyethyl-1)- 1H-3 a,7-methanolazulene, deca hydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl-Diethyl Phthalate; Isoaromadendrene epoxide. Other groups like alkane ~2%, alcoholics ~1% and fatty acid were found above 2%. The essential oils from all the farms except farm-2 have shown non-significant sensibility in antimicrobial test against E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella,Vibrio.

Abstract: Despite achievements in antenatal health care, the incidence of maternal mortality and morbidity remains high in India. Lack of efficient obstetric services at primary level lead to more referrals. This study addresses scenario of obstetric care in women referred to a Rural Medical College Hospital located in Central India. This was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care Institute in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh over a period of 1 year from July 2016 to June 2017. Various parameters studied include distance of referral center, time from referral decision to hospital admission, causes for referral, mode of delivery; and maternal and perinatal outcome. Total number of referred cases in study period was 100 which were 6.68% of total deliveries in the hospital. Fifty percent cases were referred from the city District hospital and travelled less than 10 kilometers reaching within 6 hours of referral. Most common cause of referral was preeclampsia (16%) followed by previous cesarean delivery and fetal distress (13%). Fifty two underwent emergency cesarean delivery, 43 had a vaginal delivery and 4 cases were managed conservatively. Perinatal mortality was 13 and 24 required NICU admission. Inspite of financial aids provided by Government of India majority of referrals were from city District hospital indicating lack of efficient operative facilities and emergency obstetric care. Strengthening of infrastructure, qualified medical and paramedical staff of Civil Hospital may help in improving maternal care. Triage at primary centers might help in lessening burden on tertiary centers and also facilitate specific referral.

The study examined the impact of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the livelihood of the rural dwellers in the southern zone of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three villages from within the vicinities of each of the three major towns in Ekiti South West Local Government area were randomly selected for this study. Fifty households in each village were randomly selected making a total of 450 households sampled in the study. Primary data were collected through semi structured questionnaire matrix administered to the head of each selected household. The results obtained revealed that the respondents were diverse and cut across the socio-economic classifications. These classifications were not pre-requisites to their consciousness on NTFPs. Eight important NTFPs were identified in the study area and valued for foods, soup or soup ingredients or spices or condiments, medicine, fuel wood, weaving, wrapping and sweeteners. A tripartite mode of NTFPs utilization was established in this study. While 14% of the respondents claimed exclusive consumption of the products, 7% claimed exclusive use of the products as sources of income while a vast majority of the respondents used the products for both subsistence and economics as sources of income. Three levels of respondents’ involvements were observed for NTFPs in the study area. These included collections, processing and marketing, each of which was dominated by females. Though the amount of income generated by considerable proportion of the respondents in this study is low compared to the national minimum wage yet serve as safety net for the poor and offer opportunity for employment. Diverse sources, including household area, household farms free area, and forest, abound for NTFPs species in the study area. Most of the species domiciled in the household farms were cultivated while those of free areas and forest were mostly wildlings. Constraints abound on transportation, storage and spoilage that greatly affect the contributions of the NTFPs in the study area, sustainable strategies that could ameliorate these problems and further boost the contributions of NTFPs were proposed.

Pakistan stands among the top five highest tuberculosis burden countries. Emergence of multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis limited the spectrum of drugs of choice to treat tuberculosis. Among several, the activation of efflux pumps is one of mechanisms that mediate drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Here, we tested efflux pump inhibitor verapamil and third line tuberculosis drug linezolid for antimicrobial activity against locally isolated multi drug resistant M. tuberculosis isolates using MGIT 960. M. tuberculosis isolates were collected from two tertiary care hospitals based in Lahore. Out of 100 isolates, 56 % (n=56) were found to be multi drug resistant (MDR). Out of MDR-TB, 5.36% (n=3) were additionally resistant to linezolid and 41.07% (n=17) were resistant to amikacin. One moxifloxacin resistant isolate was identified. In linezolid resistant strains, rplC gene was sequenced where rplC T640C mutation was identified in two of three linezolid resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of verapamil in 84.5% isolates was 256 μg/ml and the growth of remaining 16.5% isolates was inhibited by verapamil at the concentration of 512 μg/ml. Assessment of synergism between verapamil and other drugs including rifampicin, isoniazid, linezolid, amikacin and moxifloxacin revealed that verapamil at the concentration of 256 μg/ml inhibited the growth of MDR-TB isolates in presence of respective drugs. Our findings suggest that linezolid resistance have started emerging in local isolates. Further studies are required at higher level to identify the exact mechanism.

The effect of extraction solvents (water, ethanol and hexane) on the content of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in three selected medicinal ferns (Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl, Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott and Pneumatopteris afra (Christ) Holttum) in Ekiti State, Nigeria was investigated. Matured leaflets were collected from healthy plants in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Extracts from shade dried and powdered leaflets of each of the ferns were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods. The results showed the presence of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids in all the extracts of the ferns while saponin was present only in water extracts. Hexane was not able to extract alkaloids and saponins in the three ferns. The results showed that extraction solvents significantly affected the phytochemical composition of the ferns. The water and ethanol extracts had higher content of the phytochemicals than the hexane extracts. The diversity of phytochemicals found present suggests that the ferns could serve as sources of useful drugs.