Two different micro-emulsions based on methyl meth acrylate / butyl acrylate copolymers have been synthesized to be used as retanning agents for chrome tanned leather. The main difference and characteristics of the two prepared copolymers were studied. The nano particle size of the two co-polymers was confirmed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The characterization of the two prepared copolymers were investigated. The properties of the retanned leather, namely, physico-mechanical properties as water absorption, tear strength; tensile strength and elongation at break were measured. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique was used to examine the thermal stability of the retanned leather. Texture of the grain surface and fibers were inspected using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The retanned leather showed an improvement in its physico-mechanical properties, as well as enhancement of its thermal stability. Also, it has uniform dyestuff, softness and firmness grain. All these promising results provide evidence to the applicability of the prepared copolymer emulsions as efficient retanning agents.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze whether there is a consistent relationship between the interalar distance, intercommissural distance and intercanine distance. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals were selected who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three parameters such as interalar width, intercanine distance, intercommissural width were measured. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Result: There was significant relation between interalar and intercanine width. There was no significant relation between intercommissural width and intercanine distance. Conclusion: Interalar width can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary anterior teeth for edentulous patients.

Aim: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) in investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women with transvaginal sonography (TVS) and histopathological examination of hysterectomy specimen. Method: The study was carried in50 women with Abnormal uterine bleeding and were subjected to Transvaginal sonography, Saline infusion sonography and D and C for diagnosing underlying pathology of AUB. The comparative efficacy of TVS and SIS were correlated with HPE results from hysterectomy and the same identified as Gold standard. In the present study menorrhagia was the most common bleeding pattern. Results: Among 15 cases diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia in TVS, 2 were found to have polyps using SIS.1 case of endometrial hyperplasia was found to have irregular hyperplasia using SIS, which was suggestive of malignancy. TVS diagnosed 1 case of endometrial polyp as a submucous fibroid. SIS correctly diagnosed 10 cases of hyperplasia and 1 case of irregular hyperplasia suggestive of malignancy.4 cases of polyps were diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia in TVS and 1 case of adenocarcinoma as submucous fibroid. SIS diagnosed all polyps correctly and diagnosed 1 adenocarcinoma as irregular hyperplasia. Conclusion: The use of saline infusion sonohysterography to enhance the visualization of the endometrium increases the diagnostic accuracy of TVS to approach that of diagnostic hysteroscopy and may even replace it. It is an alternative to hysteroscopy with the additional advantage of evaluating Myometrial and adnexal pathology besides being less invasive and cost effective

Objective: Mandibular fractures are one of the most frequent facial injuries treated in trauma centres, and its resultant functional and cosmetic deformities affecting the victims of such maxillo-facial injuries, has continued to generate a lot of discussion among researchers all over the world. The present study aims at describing the, etiology and pattern of mandibular fractures and its treatment at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted at Lagos State university teaching Hospital Of medicine between January 2016 to December 2018. The current study included one hundred and eighteen (118) patients who were diagnosed with mandibular fractures. Data were collected regarding patient’s age, gender, etiology, site of fracture, patterns and treatment modalities and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 142 cases of mandibular fractures were diagnosed in 118 patients .The patients’ ages ranges between 2 to 83 years (Mean±SD=31.25±12.5). The majority of fractures occurred amongst the 21-30 years of age group (33.9%). There were 91males and 27 females with male to female ratio of 1:5.6. The major causes of fracture were RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) representing 79 (66.9%), followed by Assault 27 (22.9%), then Fall 8 (6.8%), and Sports injury respectively. The most injured sites were in decreasing order body 40 (28.2) followed by angle of mandible 26 (18.3), then parasymphysis 25 (17.6), condyle, symphysis, dentoalveolar, coronoid process and ramus of mandible (Figure-2). Majority (72.0%) of the cases were treated by closed reduction. Conclusion: This study revealed Road traffic accidents (RTA) as the major etiological factor of maxillo-facial injuries, with young adult males as the main victims. The most frequent technique used was closed reduction. It is therefore recommended that there should be improved enforcement of traffic laws on motorist particularly among the young population so as to curb reckless driving and over-speeding. There should also be provision of better roads and affordable health care by the various layers of government

Any uterine bleeding outside the normal volume , duration, regularity or frequency is considered Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).AUB is the most common and distressing gynaecological complaint of women attending gynaecological consultation.It is used to classify AUB on the basis of etiology-Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy, Coagulopathy, Hyperplasia, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not yet classified .Primary disorders of the endometrium are common causes of AUB in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The histopathology pattern of endometrium include proliferative pattern, secretory pattern, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, atrophic endometrium and disordered proliferation. Endometrial carcinoma is one of the common cause of postmenopausal bleeding. The endometrium is evaluated by Trans Vaginal ultrasound (TVS), Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Endometrial sample is obtained by fractional curettage and office endometrial biopsy using Pipelles’ aspirator. The present study is designed to evaluate the endometrial pattern on histopathology and to correlate the endometrial thickness by Transvaginal Ultrasound and endometrial pattern in perimenopausal women with AUB. This is a retrospective study conducted in Annapoorana Medical College and Hospital, Salem from December 2016 to November 2018. Women presenting with Abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent Endometrial sampling and Trans Vaginal Ultrasound as initial part of management is taken for the study. Endometrial sampling was obtained either by fractional curettage or office endometrial biopsy in our institution. Endometrial thickness was obtained by transvaginal ultrasound using 7.5 MHZ transvaginal transducer before obtaining endometrial sampling. Observations were made and the results were analysed to find the correlation between endometrial thickness and study the endometrial pattern

The present project constitutes an investigation about the factors that intervene in first semester students when choosing a university. The study employs 95% reliability for students in the first semester of the Computer Systems Engineering degree. The results obtained were that the factor that most influences students is the consideration factor of the university, other factors that also take into account are: geographical location and social consideration.

Introduction: Alcoholic cirrhosis is the end spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which includes fatty liver or simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and super-imposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several studies have been conducted on dyslipidemia in cirrhotics in developed countries, there is a paucity of data in this regard in India. As there is a high prevalence of chronic liver disease in our country, we conducted this study to determine lipid levels in patients with cirrhosis and to assess if it relates to the severity of cirrhosis according to pughcriteria. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional case-control study conducted on alcoholic cirrhotic patients and 50 healthy individuals (controls) without history of alcohol consumption. All the cases were investigated for fasting lipid profile and ultrasonographic evidence of cirrhosis. Biochemical tests including liver function tests were performed, which assisted in the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis. These include serum bilirubin, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, aspartateaminotranferase (AST), alanineaminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The data was collected systematically and analysed statistically according to the standard statistical methods. Results: Serum total, LDL, HDL, VLDL, cholesterol and trigylceride level in patients with cirrhosis is inversely correlate with severity of cirrhosis

Introduction: The styloid process is a cylindrical bony projection extending from petrous part of temporal bone. It lies in front of the stylomastoid foramen and projects downwards, forwards, and slightly towards the medial side. Many important neurovascular structures are adjacent to it. Due to morphological variations of styloid process these structures may be compressed. Abnormal elongation of styloid process may pose threat to anaesthetist while performing intubation. Methods: Study was carried out on 100 (65 males, 35 females) adult dry skulls. The measurements taken ie. styloid process length, and interstyloid distance of the skull between the tip and base. All the parameters were measured using a digital Vernier caliper in millimetres on both the sides. Results: We found mean length of styloid process in males on right side 22.70 mm and on left 22.16 mm. In females, it was 22.30 mm on right and 21.28 mm on left side. The interstyloid distances of skull at the base and the tip of the styloid processes were noted. The mean distances at the base and the tip were 75.26 ± 0.3752 mm and 69.14 ± 0.3493 mm respectively in male, those in female were 72.15 ± 0.6525 mm and 67.00 ± 0.5043 mm respectively. The differences between male and female were statistically significant at the base (P<0.05) and at the tip (P<0.05). Although no statistically significant difference was found in length of styloid process between males and females. The occurrence of elongated styloid process was not associated with the gender. By this study it can be said that the styloid process can be utilised for the sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at the base or the tip of these processes. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that the styloid process can be utilised for sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at both the base and the tip of these processes. Neurovascular structures which lie within the territory of styloid process may be compressed due to its anatomical variation. This data may be useful for clinicians, surgeons, radiologists, anaesthetists and anatomists as an academic interest.

Introduction: Fusion of the vertebrae known as vertebral synostosis or vertebral block. It is a interest of the anatomist but also to surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics and for forensic medicine also. Any defect in the development causes anomalies and neurological sign and symptoms. Various vertebral anomalies have been reported by different authors such as Sacralisation, Lumbarisation, Occipitalisation, absence of posterior elements of vertebral arch and vertebral synostosis. Methods: The present study was conducted on 400 dry adult human vertebrae of unknown age & sex obtained from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Result: Fusion of the first right rib with the first thoracic vertebrae. Axis vertebrae fuse with the third cervical vertebrae. Five Thoracic vertebrae in one thoracic spines,were fuseb along with one right rib and four left rib fused with thoracic vertebrae. Two typical thoracic vertebrae fuse in one thoracic spine. Seven vertebrae fuse with each other, lower thoracic and upper lumber vertebrae fuse with each other. Twelth rib fuse with the twelth thoracic vertebrae in one spine. Sacralisation of L5was observed in one spine. Conclusions: Knowledge about any deviation from the normal anatomy of vertebral column can lead to major or minor complications affecting the different system of the body. Fused vertebrae limit movements and cause signs of nerve or spinal cord compression. This variation must be noted by surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics.

Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital craniofacial anomalies ranging between 1:600 and 1:1000 live births respectively. It is a birth defect that occurs due to arrest of development or failure of fusion of components taking part in the formation of face and palate. Most clefts of the lip and palate result from multiple factors, which includes genetic and non-genetic causes. Studies of twins and familial incidence indicate the importance genetic factors. The aim of this chromosomal study is to determine the types of chromosomal abnormalities that play a major role in the causation of cleft lip and cleft palate and also in subsequent management and carrier detection. The early investigation to detect genetic abnormality gives better understanding about prognosis of the disease for timely intervention and management and also risks involved in transmission of abnormality to subsequent generations. For present study 25 clinically diagnosed cases of cleft lip and cleft palate were selected and their karyotypes were prepared and studied for chromosomal abnormalities.The numerical chromosomal abnormality was found in the form of Trisomy 21 of Down’s syndrome in 1 (4%) case and 19 (76%) cases had normal karyotypes and in 5 (20%) cases metaphase were not detected. It was also found that 6 (24%) cases had associated congenital heart disease and 1 (4%) case was of Down’s syndrome with Congenital Heart defects.The karyotype study in cases of cleft lip and cleft palate helps to confirm the diagnosis, to predict severity of the condition and to counsel the families for the recurrence risk with greater accuracy.

Introduction: Variation in posterior arch of atlas are very rare. Variation is due to developmental anomaly, its detection is icidentaly while investigation for head and neck region. Our aim is determine the variation in posterior arch of atlas. Materials and methods: 50 dried atlases of unknown sex used for the study from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Results and observation: 3 atlases showed absence of median part of posterior arch out of 50 vertebrae. Conclusion: Such variations must be noted by surgeons and radiologist.

Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a rare disorder characterized by excessive growth of the mandibular condyle in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions. It usually presents unilaterally and can result in facial asymmetry, malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorders. The etio-pathogenesis of CH is uncertain and has been associated with hormonal factors, trauma, heredity, hypervascularity, aberrant growth factors, infection and neoplasia. A variety of specialized nuclear medicine studies (e.g. scintigraphy, PET-CT and SPECT) are utilized to determine if there is pathological growth activity in the suspected condyle. It is essential to identify the condition as mis-diagnosis can lead to unexpected adverse growth even after the surgical correction of facial asymmetry. The authors report a case in a 16-year-old male subject who developed facial asymmetry (due to unilateral active CH) while undergoing routine orthodontic treatment for maxillary dento-alveolar protrusion. The patient was treated by high condylectomy and has been followed up for 1 year without signs of active growth. This paper also provides a mini-review of the recent literature on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, classification, and surgical treatments of CH.

Objective: To compare the reliability and efficiency of Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analysis between conventional method and digital method using the CephNinja application. Materials and Methods: 50 lateral cephalograms were used. Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analyses were carried out using the conventional method and digital method using a mobile application, CephNinja. Values and time taken for the analyses were recorded for both manual and digital methods. Non-parametric test (Wilcoxon matched test) and parametric test (paired t test) were carried out. A correlation between values of manual and digital methods were carried out using Karl Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Comparison of manual and digital methods with parameters related to Down's analysis by paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed significant differences in interincisal angle, lower incisor to occlusal plane angle and time scores. The mean time taken for manual cephalometric analysis was 4.86 minutes while the digital method took 2.18 minutes. Paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test for comparison of manual and digital method in Steiner’s analysis showed significant differences in mandibular plane angle, linear measurement for upper incisor position, S-line to upper lip, and time scores. The mean time taken for manual took 4.1 minutes and CephNinja was 2.14 minutes. Significant correlation using Karl Pearson’s method was seen between manual and digital methods except in the values of Y-axis and S-line to upper lip. Conclusion: CephNinja app is as reliable as the conventional method and significantly reduces the time taken for carrying out Down’s and Steiner’s analyses.

Anatomy and Physiology taught in 1st MBBS, form the basic foundation to learn the art of medicine. The teaching learning methods followed in the present curriculum can be best judged by the feedback from the students. Good feedback is the key to improvement. 93 medical students (46 boys, 47 girls) participated in the study after taking an informed consent. A self developed questionnaire based on the previous studies and validated by experts was circulated. They were asked to fill it appropriately and to give their suggestions, if any. Questions were asked on teaching methods, teaching aids, timings regarding duration of theory class, dissection, duration of 1st MBBS course, teacher’s qualities and question paper pattern. Questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale was given which included interest to do dissection, advantages of dissection and replacement for dissection. The results were motivational as most of the students opted small group teaching as the best teaching method. A combination of the audio visual aids were preferred to single. Majority of the students selected 40 min duration for theory class and dissection timings from 9-11am. Large group of students were not interested in the study hours after the college hours. Many students preferred the option “ability to teach” for the teacher’s qualities, though few opted for “personality of the teacher”. Most of them preferred 1 essay+ 6shorts+5 very shorts pattern of question paper in their final examinations. Except 2, remaining students were interested to do cadaveric dissection which is an encouraging sign. Many students agreed for advantages of cadaveric dissection. On the other hand, many disagreed for the dissection to be replaced by prosections or anatomage or 3d models. To conclude, students’ feedback is encouraging for the small group teaching using a combination of audio visual aids. They preferred to learn the art of medicine through cadaveric dissection rather than replacing it with artificial methods.

Background: It is a known universal fact that oral health is general health. The awareness among the population should be given form the stages of development and so school going children are the best to evaluate oral health status. This will help us to understand the socioeconomic and health status by which we can cure and also give preventive measures to them and their family. Material & Methods: The study was carried out to assess oral health status of the students of 29 Rural School in Central India. The epidemiological study was conducted between Jan 2015 to Nov 2016. Epidemiological assessment was conducted on 1106 children of age group 5-15 years to evaluate the decay missed filled index, oral hygiene index and fluorosis index. Results: 1035 (93.86 %) of the study participants were caries free (dmft/DMFT= 0) and 71 (6.14%) had caries (dmft/DMFT>0). The mean def (t) among boys (3.26+3.115) was high as compared to girls (2.41+2.697). The mean DMF (T) score of girls (0.95+1.697) was higher as compared to boys (0.79+1.352). Percentage of school children with good oral hygiene was higher among the 9-10 years school children (84.5%) compared to 14-15 years school children. Among the participants, out of 1106, in 89 children (8.1%) fluorosis was present and 1017 children (91.9%) fluorosis was absent. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the prevalence of dental caries was more in private school students, but the resultant was statistically insignificant. The mean DMFT score of 9-10 years school children was the lowest whereas the DMFT score of 14-15 years was the highest and was statistically significant. Oral hygiene among government school students and private school students were comparable and statistically insignificant. Percentage of school children, who had dental fluorosis, was high among government school as compared to private school.