Background: Stroke is a leading cause of neurological disability and death in adults. Carotid atherosclerosis represents major aetiopathogenesis of stroke. Ultrasonography is affordable, safe and relatively available imaging modality. The aim of this study was to determine the intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries (CCA) in adult stroke patients in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective study carried out on 100 adult stroke patients that attended neurology clinic and wards at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Maiduguri, Nigeria. All patients had neuroimaging (Brain CT/MRI) for confirmation of diagnosis. The examination was performed using Logic P5 GE ultrasound scanner equipped with linear transducer. The IMT of CCA of the patients was measured using grey scale ultrasonography and was correlated with age and sex. Results: There were 62 males and 38 females aged 30-85 years (mean ± SD of 59.15 ± 4.20 years). Ischaemic stroke was the major subtype of stroke (73% of the study population). The overall mean CCA IMT was 1.03 ± 0.29 mm. Forty five percent (45%) of the stroke patients had increased CCA IMT (>1.0 mm). The relationship between increased CCA IMT with stroke was statistically significant (p = 0.02). There was significant correlation between increased CCA IMT with increasing age (p = 0.01). However, the IMT was higher in men than the women but their correlation was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Increased CIMT was significantly associated with stroke. There was positive correlation between increased CIMT with advancing age

The recent advocacy in different quarters to diversify the mono-cultural nature of the Nigerian economy to the direction of non-oil sector makes the discovery of other viable sectors that could generate sustainable economic growth becomes imperative in the recent time. Consequently, this study examined the relationship between real estate development and economic growth in Nigeria between the periods of 1981 and 2016 using Johansen cointegration test, DOLS and Granger causality approach. However, the results of this study show that real estate development has a non-significant positive relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. In addition, there is a unidirectional causality which runs from inflation rate to real estate development and economic growth in the country. Furthermore, based on the findings that emerged in this study, the Nigerian government should see real estate as a viable sector that the current mono-cultural nature of its economy could be diversified into since this sector has the capacity to propel the expansion of the country`s growth to a sustainable level if well explored and developed. Therefore, the policy makers in the country should embark on policy measures that will ensure a conducive climate for both local and foreign investors to thrive in this sector of the economy. Also, the federal government of Nigeria should not hesitate to address the unfriendly bureaucratic procedures, high cost of land registration and titling, uncoordinated policies and implementation at federal and state levels, ownership rights under the Land Use Act which could be inimical to the country`s global competitiveness of real estate sub sector.

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disorder that is influenced by many factors that include genes, race and parity. The Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is vital in the regulation of blood pressure and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia among certain populations but such studies have been not reported in Nigeria. Angiotensinogen is the precursor molecule and a very important component of the RAAS. This pilot study investigated mutations in exon 2 of the angiotensinogen gene in preeclamptic women in Calabar, Nigeria. 19 preeclamptic and 20 normotensive pregnant women were recruited into the study from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Ethical approval and informed consent was obtained from the Ethics research committee and the women. Clinical variables were obtained and analyzed using a two tailed independent sample t-test, 3mls of blood was also collected from all the women. DNA was extracted, PCRs performed and the products were sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment was performed for all the sequenced products. This study observed a deletion of guanine at position 26 in all the 19 preeclamptic women and 5 tranversion mutations 4T>G, 911C>G, 1C>A, 795G>T, 912C>A in 17(89.5), 16(84.2), 4(21.1), 1(5.3) and 1(5.3) preeclamptic women respectively but not in the normotensive women. These results will serve as baseline information for subsequent molecular studies into the pathogenesis of preeclampsia among women in Calabar.

Bandar-e-Anzali is located among many active faults in Guilan Province in the north of Iran, and seismologically is one of the active regions of Iran. Numerous severe historical and instrumental earthquakes, including three earthquakes with magnitude more than 7 in this region, can be an evidence of this claim. The objective of this paper is to estimate acceleration coefficient for different levels of seismic activities within the city surrounding area. For this purpose, a list of major faults, as well as the reported historical and instrumental earthquakes occurred within a radius of 200 km around the area, till 2013 A.D. are collected. In this paper, after culling and removing aftershocks and foreshocks, first the Poisson behavior of the remaining earthquakes is studied; and then by calculating the frequency of earthquakes and using universal probabilistic relationships, the seismicity parameters of this region is obtained. Finally, the site-specific response spectra and the peak ground acceleration coefficients for this city and suburbs are obtained using SeisRisk III hazard analysis program. The results of this study show that the active seismicity in the south area of this city is much more than its northern parts.

This study aims to examine the influence of parental attention, discipline congregational prayers towards student achievement in Ungaran State High School, 1 Getasan State High School and Tuntang 1 State High School, Semarang District, Central Java. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method with a survey approach. Respondents from this study were 162 students of XI Science and XI IPS. Data collection methods from this study are by distributing questionnaires and questionnaires to all respondents from these three schools. Data analysis techniques from the study using multiple linear regression method with the help of SPSS version 22.00 analysis tools. The results of this study indicate that the attention of parents influences student achievement in school, parents attention variables have a significance level of 0.000 or <0.05, so it can be said that parental attention has a significant positive effect on student achievement. The variable of discipline congregational prayer has a significance level of 0.000 or <0.05. So it can be said that congregational prayer has a significant positive effect on student achievement because the level of significance possessed is smaller than 0.05. The result of the F value obtained is 60,957 with a significance level of 0,000, because the significant level is less than 0.05, so it can be said that the attention of parents and the discipline of prayer together simultaneously and significantly affect student achievement in school

Pastoralists are a group of people who inhabit harsh and remote regions of Kenya. Pasture and water for their animals dominate their priorities. This paper is premised on the findings of a study that sought to establish parental perceptions towards the implementation of free primary education among pastoralists in West Pokot County, Kenya. Respondents were the parents, teachers and pupils from selected schools in the county. The study was guided by the Rational Action Theory advanced by Goldthorpe. A pragmatic research paradigm, in which a descriptive research design was employed, was adopted. The target population comprised 60,000 pupils, 503 head teachers and parents in 503 primary schools. The study used a sample size of 300 pupils, 50 head teachers and 50 parents selected using purposive sampling technique. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a questionnaire. Pearson correlation and regression analyses were computed to test the level of association between variables and to test the hypotheses respectively. Qualitative data were analysed through reporting themes that emerged. The themes emerging from secondary data were identified to augment the primary data. The results of correlations indicated that the Pearson correlation coefficient between parental perception and free primary education policy implementation was 0.792, indicating a strong positive association between parental perception and free primary education policy implementation in the county. Further, results of the regression coefficients revealed that parents’ perception (β=0.027, p<0.05) was significant to free primary education policy. Although parents of pastoralist communities in West Pokot County are positive towards the FPE implementation, more resources need to be directed to them to realize a more gainful venture in education in the region.

As exception to the right of persons accused of crime to be tried in their presence, absentia trial is recognized in many jurisdictions. In Ethiopia, absentia trial is possible for crimes which are considered of sever gravity, but the accused has the right to retrial for justifiable reasons. Defining absentia trial has, however, become controversial. Typical to this, the Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division (Cassation Bench) has given decisions in two cases - Fetiya’s case and Biniyam’s case - excluding cases where the accused absents after the prosecution witnesses are heard or at sentencing hearing from the domain of absentia trial. It reasoned that in cases where the accused absents after the prosecution witnesses are heard, s/he should be presumed to have waived the right to defense. This case comment examines the appropriateness of these decisions from the perspective of criminal trial process. It is mainly argued that absentia trial includes cases where the court continues trying the case in the absence of the person accused, including cases where the accused absents after the prosecution evidences were heard or even at sentencing hearing. Moreover, as persons accused may absent after the prosecution evidences are heard or even at sentencing hearing for reasons beyond their control, they shall not be denied the right to retrial without regard to the reasons of their absence.

This study aims to describe the characteristics of the Board of Commissioners in Indonesia. In this study the characteristics studied include Independence, Expertise, age and tenure of the Board of Commissioners. This research is a descriptive research. The sample of this study is 104 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the year of 2013-2016. The results of this study show that the independence of the Board of Commissioners shows an increase. The Board of Commissioners' expertise in this study shows improvement. The average age of the Board of Commissioners in this study is 54.9 years. The average tenure (term of office) of the Board of Commissioners is 6.8 years. These four characteristics show an increasing trend over the years

R K Narayan's The Financial Expert is a masterpiece of the master writer about a financial wizard Margayya of the fictional town Malgudi. The novel temporally located after the independence of India narrates the meteoric rise and dramatic downfall of the protagonist. The writer artistically weaves the life of Margayya who starts life as an expert to provide financial advice regarding loans from a bank and rapidly rises to be a financial tycoon only to see a sudden downfall. The focus of the writer is on the financial activities of the central character with a view to showing the shortcomings and pitfalls that bring his disaster. The study aims at studying the novel from entrepreneurial viewpoints and dissecting the wounds in the initiatives with some insights from other areas like psychology. To do the research, the novel will be a primary source while entrepreneurship and its theoretical aspects will be availed as the secondary source. The study being a multidisciplinary work is expected to open up rarely explored domain of literature and business studies in one research frame.

Ethnic comes from the south tapanuli regency is called ethnic batak mandailing which has a variety of traditional activities, Horja Godang is a traditional feats ceremony of marriage in society of south tapanuli. Where arts activities are include (margondang) which is accompanied with manortor (dance). Tortor performance in this activities there are several stages, namelytor tor suhur bolon, on the presentation the audience determined by the kinship system (dalihan natolu) include the orter of the tor tor to be done. The research method used is quantitative method. The form of presentation in the writing is descriptive analytical. By using this method the result of the research will be describe and analysis with the main focus on field of culture and social. The result of research is to find out how the procedures of implementation of the Horja party in mandailing society with the costums prevailing in the area

Increased morbidity and mortality has been recorded from diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disorders, and graft versus tissue rejections. Therefore, immunomodulation can be beneficial depending on the desired immune status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum gratissimum on immune response in albino Wistar rats. Albino Wistar rats were administered the following extracts/drugs by oral administration for 21 days: Group 1 (40 mg/kg extract), Group 2 (80 mg/kg extract), Group 3 (60 mg/kg extract), Group 4 (Levamisole 0.5 mg/kg) positive control, Group 5 (no drugs, no extract) negative control. After 21 days, blood samples were collected for the estimation of plasma IgG level and absolute WBC count. There were statistically significant reductions in plasma IgG levels in the test groups compared to controls (p value 0.052). Multiple comparisons (Dunn’s) of the group values further revealed statistically significant p values of 0.022 (group 2 vs group 1), 0.023 (group 2 vs group 4), and 0.011 (group 5 vs group 2). There were also statistically significant reductions in total WBC in the test groups compared to controls (p value 0.043). Multiple comparisons (Dunn’s) of the group values further revealed statistically significant p values of 0.013 (group 2 vs group 5), and 0.010 (group 3 vs group 5). At the doses and concentrations used in this study, the aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum produced dose dependent inhibition of plasma IgG concentration and total WBC count in albino Wistar rats

The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus, a multiorgan system metabolic disease is on the increase even in developing countries like Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the protective effects of stem bark extract of Garcinia kola on the histology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic whistar rats using histological and histochemical techniques. The animals used in this study were divided into 6 groups viz: Control group, Diabetic control group, Garcinia kola stem bark only group, Diabetic+Glibenclamide group, Diabetic+low Dose Garcinia kola group and Diabetic+High Dose Garcinia kola group. The duration of study was 56 days. Studies on the rats on days 7 and 14 were regarded as short and medium term effect study. Day 21 study was taken as long term effect study while day 56 study was for reversibility study as treatment had been discontinued. On day 7, 14, 21 and 56, 3 rats from each group were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and pancreas harvested for histological assay. The data obtained were analysed using GraphPad Prism® software version 6.01 to determine the mean and standard error of mean, changes in body weight, insulin and glucose levels were represented in percentages while one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05) was used to show the level of significance. Results revealed that the histology of the pancreas was grossly distorted in the diabetic control group animals whereas histology of the glibenclamide and Garcinia kola stem bark treated groups showed grossly repaired pancreas. These results demonstrate a protective effect of the hydro-methanolic extract of G.kola stem bark on organ damage in Diabetic mellitus.

As the legal subject of the company in the course of business undertaken by its managing business has the burden of moral rights and responsibilities, and it is not just for moral responsibility and obligation to shareholders or investors only. However, the company's management also has the responsibility and moral obligation to other parties related to the business operations of a company. The concept of CSR embodies the meaning that the company has a responsibility that includes legal, economic, ethical, and environmental responsibility. The present study used a constructivism paradigm or more precisely Legal Constructivism. This paradigm belongs to a group of non-positivistic paradigms. The constructivism paradigm chose it by considering that the law is a social reality; thus the truth depends on how people interpret. Through the constructivism paradigm, the authors want to study objectively with accurate data, then constructed through legal concepts that are still being tested for their strengths. The specification of this research is descriptive analytical. Ten manufacturing companies in this study admit they have been implementing the CSR program for ten years. Hence the significance of regulation about their CSR is understood. In fact, there has been a change in the paradigm of the implementation of CSR initially only a philanthropic act that is temporary, as government rules and community demands are further evolving into a sustainable CSR implementation paradigm. The manufacturing company argues that by applying CSR programs to communities around the operational areas of the company can enhance the image and caring for the fellow to have a good effect to improve the welfare of the people around the company.

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been a well known health problem. Recently, there are certain studies proving it more common as previously understood. Many have sorted for vegetarian food, with about 10% of the population deciding not to consume animal foods. This depends on ethical, ecological and religious belief, but also on health reasons. When the reasons are ethical, individuals ignore on nutritional value. The link between vitamin D and anemia has emerged in recent years, indicating potential roles for vitamin D in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. Very few studies exist on vitamin D levels in anemia. Studies are including vitamin D and vitamin B12 are significantly few. Hence, the present this study aims to find the trend of vitamin D levels in vegetarians having vitamin B12 deficiency. Methods: All clinical and lab data of cases from Jan 2017 to May 2018 from the lab in which Vitamin B12 assay has been done was obtained from lab records. The vitamin B12 assay was done on immunoassay analyzer Roche e411 with chemilumeiscence method. Vitamin B12 levels <180ng/dl was considered deficient. The same was again grouped based on Vitamin D levels as deficient and insufficient. Results: The percentage of subjects in deficient group with low vitamin B12 levels had decreased haemoglobin <11 was 35% when compared with sufficient of 9.4%, P value = 0.02 was significantly correlating. Similarly the MCV(>97) and MCHC(<33) had higher percentage in insufficient Vit D3<30 group with 47.3% and 56.3% respectively. Both parameters also have significant P value being < 0.05. Conclusion: The study found that apart from vitamin B12 deficiency, there are higher chances of these patients being associated with vitamin D3 deficiency.

Statement of Problem: Although identification of risks to dental healthcare workers has been explored in several industrialized nations, very little data is available from semi urban population. This paper examines the occupational hazards present in the dental environment and reports survey results concerning attitudes and activities of a group of practicing dentists belonging to Nalgonda population. Aim: This study was conducted to assess occupational hazards among the dental surgeons of Nalgonda town. Methodology: A self assessing questionnaire was provided among 100 practicing dentist belonging to Nalgonda population so as to survey the risk encountered through occupational hazards. Results: out of the study conducted only 2% of the study population suffered from very severe occupational stress, severe stress levels among 4%, moderate among 18%, mild among 31%, mild among 40% and 5% experienced no occupational stress levels. 53% of the practicing dentists suffered from musculoskeletal problems. Conclusion: It can be concluded that most of the occupational stresses are musculoskeletal pain. These problems are mainly because of not following proper ergonomics into practice.