This case report describes a successful multidisciplinary approach used to preserve the existing tooth structure supporting both hard and soft tissues. The applied approach improved the smile aesthetics of a young female patient with excessively decayed crowns, asymmetric mesio-distal width, and unequal gingival margins of the maxillary anterior teeth. The combined treatment of aesthetic crown lengthening, frenectomy, and restorative dentistry were conducted using zirconia computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) crowns. Clinical findings after a 2-year follow-up period confirmed the stability of the gingival margins and absence of adverse effects, such widening of the periodontal ligaments.

PVS (Polyvinyl siloxane) materials are hydrophobic which may encourage formation of surface voids affecting the surface hardness and accuracy of resultant cast. The wettability of dentine surfaces by impression materials depends on the hydrophilicity and viscosity of the material. Surfactant applied to an impression may reduce the number of voids in resultant cast or die. With the above background the present study was aimed to investigate the changes in the surface hardness of an investment material poured in polyvinylsiloxane moulds following the application of three brands of commercially available topical surfactants. A precisely machined steel cylindrical master model was made 20mm in diameter and 35mm in length for the fabrication of PVS moulds. A precisely machined casting ring former 40 mm in diameter was made and the master model was mounted centrally on a plastic sheet. PVS duplicating material, Ecosil (Dentaurum) was mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and poured into the casting ring former to create four moulds. Fifteen specimens were poured into each of the moulds for each model material/ surface treatment combination, yielding a total of 60 specimens for testing. Brinell hardness test was performed using a universal testing machine and the results were compared using one way ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey’s test. Aurofilm greatly increased the surface hardness of investment material (BHN-90) when compared to the control group while the surfactants Debubblizer and Waxit decreased the surface hardness of investment material when compared to the control group. The surfactant Aurofilm was found compatible with both PVS duplicating material (Dentaurum) and investment material (Bellavest-T). The surfactants Debubblizer and Waxit were found incompatible with investment material.

Ameloblastoma or admantinoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin. It is rare tumour occurring in the jaws which constitutes 1–3% of all cysts and tumours of jaw with locally aggressive behavior & high recurrence rate. The tumor is by far more common in the mandible than in the maxilla. A unilocular or multilocular radiolucency with a honeycomb or soap bubble appearance is the most striking feature. Sometimes ameloblastoma is indistinguishable from a dentigerous cyst. We present a case report of ameloblastoma of right posterior maxilla in a 35 year old male.

This research aims to find out and analyze the effect of the clarity of budget targets, reporting systems and accounting controls on performance accountability in the agricultural sector. Based on the calculation results using Slovin formula, the sample of the study was 158 samples consisting of 18 Agricultural Offices of South Sumatra Regency. Data analysis method uses Multiple Regression. The results of the study show Clarity of Budget Objectives, Reporting Systems and Accounting Control in the Agricultural Sector (Case Study in PTPH Service of South Sumatra Province) has a positive and significant influence on Performance Accountability. The reporting system has a more dominant influence on Performance Accountability compared to Clarity of budget targets.

This work evaluated the palm oil biomass waste as a source of renewable energy for electric power generation. Nigeria was once the largest producer of Oil Palm products, but since has been relegated to the back ground by Malaysia and some other countries and needs to revitalize its palm oil industries. Electricity regeneration in Nigeria has also been highly politicized and still at shortfall to its teeming population demand. This situation invariably requires revamping through exploitations of alternative energy sources. This work was carried out at Presco Nigeria Ltd which owns palm plantations from where we obtained our oil palm empty fruit bunches for this research. The result obtained from this work shows that 896 kg of empty fruit bunches produced 1.7 MW of power though lower than that of the same mass of methane, it is proving to be by far more cost effective, easier to maintain and run. The research also reported that oil palm empty fruit bunch has more calorific value than other oil palm biomass resources. Placing this research finding with others in literature indicates that the quantity of the biomass is directly proportional to the amount of energy produced.

One area that interests many researchers is the development of nanoparticle synthesis methods. Nanoparticles can occur naturally or through a synthesis process by humans. Nanoparticle synthesis means making particles less than 100 nm in size and simultaneously changing their properties or functions. Durian skin powder nanoparticles were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Where the coprecipitation method is one method of synthesis of inorganic compounds based on the deposition of more than one substance together when it passes the saturation point. Coprecipitation is a method that processes using low temperatures and is easy to control particle size so that the time needed is relatively shorter. EDTA is used to control the crystal size (diamin tetra acetate ethanol) is a titrating ligand that is widely used in complexometric titration. EDTA added was varied by 10 drops, 15 drops, 20 drops and 25 drops to see the change in crystal size that occurred. This crystal size control aims to obtain maximum electrical performance in durian leather powder. The maximum electrical voltage obtained by adding EDTA little by little is 5.5 Volt with maximum droplets as well and the crystal size is 4.9 nm. The performance of the partners obtained is not that different from the others. So that it can be said that the voltage will continue to increase when the size of the crystal gets smaller and the addition of EDTA increases the droplets increasing the value of the electrical voltage and reducing the size of the crystals of the durian leather powder.

The paper investigates the practice of domestic rainwater harvesting by residents of the study area to supplement intermittent water supplies from the public water works. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire in August 2016 and 2017, the peak of the rainy season. Results showed overwhelming percentage of respondents collects rainwater (99%) but do not drink the water collected (96%). The harvested rainwater is used for domestic needs and provides savings in income and time in search of water by residents.

To assess the anxiety level of patients before, during, and after dental visits and injection of local anesthesia, and to compare the dental anxiety level among different age groups. A total of 296 patients who underwent different dental treatments in Namuthajiya and Muneseya campuses were included in this study. The subjects were divided into four age groups: 10–20-year, 21–30, 31–40, and above 41. Six questions were developed to assess the extent of anxiety levels among dental patients. The questions were “dental patient in relation to open mouth completely by the dentists”, “„patients during different treatments from instruments”, “„during and after local anesthesia injections”, “night before the dental appointments”, and “when the dentist is angry with the nurse”. Significant difference was considered at P<0.05. Patients aged 21–30 had the highest frequency, followed patients aged 31–40 at 28%. The frequency of the relaxed level of anxiety was the highest among most of the questions, at 68%, 44%, 43%, and 33% for questions number 4, 3, 1, and 5, respectively, and significant differences were found (P˂0.050). The anxious level of stress had the highest frequency of 30% in the question “During drilling from instruments”, whereas the frequency of the very anxious level of stress was high at 35% for the question related to “When the dentist is angry with the nurse”. No significant differences were found on both questions, with P values of 0.324 and 0.275. The recorded anxiety levels of patients before dental visits were low but were high during dental visits and treatments. Young and old patients showed increased stress levels during dental procedures.

This paper demonstrates the imperativeness of public participation if the people who are entrusted with leadership in a country misgovern amid the watch of constitutionalism. For social justice to occur—for the vast majority of Kenyans to access healthcare, adequate housing, adequate and nutritious food, safe water, social security, education, to ensure their well-being—governance is the sine qua non. It is not governance per se, but governance that is participatory: a type of governance that values the views of the governed. Kenya, with a population of approximately 50 million, has over 45 per cent of its people living below the poverty line or on less than two dollars a day while some citizens have by far more than they need. The East African country is regarded by the World Bank, UNDP and other authorities as one of the most unequal countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of this huge divide between the haves and the have-notes, the country is far from attaining social justice. For social justice to be achieved, social problems have to be mitigated. This is only achieved if people have access to the basic needs such as clean water, food, healthcare, and clothing. But then again, social justice cannot be achieved without public participation, accountability, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency, equity and inclusiveness, responsiveness, and the rule of law. Through literature review, it is clear that participatory governance boosts not only equality and equity, but also efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery, alleviation of corruption, ineptitude, laxity and inertia, and empowerment of the people in their quest to expand their choices.

The article established the relationship between youth livelihood program fund and unemployment reduction in relation to gender in western division, Kabarole District. The study adopted an observational, cross-sectional exploration design with both quantitative and qualitative as paradigms in order to describe the data and its characteristics. Questionnaires, interview guides and focused groups discussions were employed to garner information from the respondents. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and bar graphs. The study findings showed that there was a positive correlation between youth livelihood program fund and unemployment reduction in relation to gender. The study findings recommended that training of the youth groups should be handled on a case by case basis depending on the nature of the enterprises specialized in while considering the group dynamics. There should be regular follow up by the relevant offices to save the situation before it runs out of hand, increase the operational (monitoring) funds for the projects across the board. There is need to ensure capacity building of both men and women to improve their financial management and entrepreneurship skills, give males and females equal opportunities and treat them equally and have equal and easy access to the funds, the study also suggested that both males and females should be involved in policy making processes of their own groups so as to feel a sense of belongingness of their own projects.

Superficial fungal infections are generally more prevalent in tropical environments because of the enhancement of their growth by the high temperatures and high humidity conditions prevalent in these regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal potency of herbal ointments formulated with aqueous extract of Cassia alata. The in vitro antifungal activity of crude extract of leaves of Cassia alata as well as herbal ointments were determined against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium using the Agar cup plate method. Herbal ointments were prepared by incorporating the crude extract of Cassia alata (10 % w/w) into ointment bases and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal efficacy. The crude extract showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition of 23 mm, 21 mm and 19 mm respectively at 200 mg/ml but no activity against Penicillium. The antifungal activity was retained in the herbal ointments with higher zones of inhibition for corresponding concentrations. The formulation containing Cassia alata extract in aqueous cream showed comparatively better antifungal activity. The herbal ointment also compared favourably with a commercial brand of Miconazole cream used as standard. This study shows that Cassia alata possesses antifungal activity and also has high potential as antifungal agent when formulated as ointment for topical use and could therefore explain the successes claimed in the folk use of the plant in the treatment of common skin conditions, hence the need to have herbal topical dosage forms.

Ectopic pregnancy is an entity which when reports to emergency department requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Index of suspicion is high in fertile women but it poses challenge and demands knowledge to manage if the woman has history of sterilization where suspicion of pregnancy is far remote. We present one such experience of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a woman who had history of bilateral tubal sterilization 6 years back.

This paper attempts a reinterpretation of European colonisation of Africa with particular reference to settler and non-settler colonies in Africa. Colonial system whether it is “indirect rule” practiced by the British, the French “assimilation” and “association”, German “paternalism”, Portuguese “Luso-tropicalism” etc have the same motives and tendencies aimed at exploitation, peripherialisation and pauperisation of the African people in all parameters for their material benefits. The methodological approach adopted in this research is “qualitative method”. Secondary source materials have been utilised, which comprised mainly published books that have been critically analysed. In the findings, why some colonies have been inhabited by white settlers while others not and why the settlers did not vacate after independence and the implications of this development in Africa. This paper also attributed most of the present conditions and situations in Africa to be connected to colonial legacies. These include conflicts of different kinds, militancy, social dislocation, complexity in Africa as well as neocolonialism. It has been observed that colonial conquest of Africa resulted in strangulating the African societies and making them dwarf and the bereft of mental initiatives towards societal development.

The study presents a survey designed to measure levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Saudi learners of English in the United Kingdom. As part of the study, a 32-item structured questionnaire and some open-ended questions were administered to a randomly selected sample of 80 Saudi learners who were studying either Academic or General English in various language institutions and universities across the UK. Data collected through the survey were subjected to some basic statistical analyses, such as "mean" and "standard deviation", inferential statistics, such as correlations and ANOVA, and thematic analysis for the open-ended questions. Based on the results from the analysis, a number of generalizations and conclusions were made in relation to the role of motivation in learning English for Saudis temporarily studying in the UK educational setting. In addition, some recommendations are offered, which can help Saudi teachers and learners of English achieve better learning outcomes.

Postoperative period is very crucial from recovery point of view. For fast and smooth recovery, postoperative period should be free of complications especially pain. It became more important in case of ceaserean section as patient also has to look after her baby. Cautious use of analgesic drugs has to be made in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and has lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) Local infiltration of 15 ml at incision site and intraperitoneal instillation of 5ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2%. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. Intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 170.33±3.69. intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.