There has been an intensive debate about the improvement in accessibility of financial services through PMJDY in India. After almost eight years of its inception, there is still a significant section of population, particularly in rural and unbanked part of the country which is not linked with the formal financial system. This paper attempts to assess the performance of PMJDY scheme, generally in India and particularly in Jammu and Kashmir. The public sector banks are the dominant players in implementing this scheme across the country, but in Jammu & Kashmir, private sector banks are leading from the front. Except the account opening process, other financial facilities being provided under this scheme are still not fully accessible throughout the region. There is a significant number of accounts under this scheme which are dormant and having zero balances. There is need to accelerate the financial literacy programs to financially educate the beneficiaries for better usage of financial services.

Class III skeletal malocclusions are considered to be ones of the most challenging deformities for orthodontists, they may present several forms, among which maxillary deficiency is the most frequent. This type of malocclusion is usually treated with combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery in order to obtain an adequate occlusion and facial esthetics. This report presents the treatment of a young female patient aged 16 years and 4 months with Class III skeletal malocclusion, and a severe anterior crowding with palatal displacement of the maxillary lateral incisors and ectopic canines, as well as an Angle Class I molar relationship occlusion on both sides associated with significant dento-alveolar compensation : The upper incisors were proclined while the lower incisors were vertical, and a maxillary midline shift .Clinical examination has also revealed a retrusive maxilla, underdeveloped cheekbones, and a flat facial profile. The treatment was performed in three phases: first, presurgical orthodontic preparation including extraction of the maxillary first premolars and mandibular second premolars in order to perform the orthodontic decompensation, secondly, orthognathic surgery which consists of maxillary advancement to improve soft-tissue projection of the midface, and finally, orthodontic finishing for the conclusion of the case. At the end of the treatment, the main objectives were successfully achieved, providing the patient with adequate masticatory function, pleasant facial esthetics and especially better self-esteem.

Bone fractures are commonly due to a high-velocity injury, especially in younger individuals. Fractures resulting from a low-impact mechanism should raise suspicion of an underlining pathological process. This case explores non-ossifying fibroma as an underlining cause of pathological fracture in a young basketball athlete.

Introduction: Caffeine is considered one of the most common stimulants that improve alertness and prevents sleepiness in many people. It is one of the most common consumed psychoactive substances in the world. Sometimes patients report failing of feeling numbness after local anesthesia administration due to excessive consumption of coffee, thus, they request a higher dose of local anesthesia during treatment. To this day, no previous study reported a direct association between caffeine intake and local anesthesia failure. Aim: This study aims to review published articles that discussed the effect of caffeine administration and consumption on anesthetic efficacy. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed from multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The most eligible articles were included using specific keywords. The literature search was limited to full-text English articles, which were screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Results and Discussion: Four studies were included in our study, these studies demonstrated that caffeine administration following general anesthesia can significantly accelerate recovery. However, the effect of caffeine consumption on local anesthesia efficacy was not yet completely proven. Conclusion: Caffeine consumption can speed up post-general anesthesia recovery. However, the effect of caffeine consumption on local anesthesia efficacy is still controversial and further investigation and clinical trials are required.

Rapidly developing modern energy systems incorporate significant contributions from renewable sources. The recent adoption of distributed generation sources and microgrids powered by renewable sources such as solar cells, tidal wind, and fuel cells is one of the primary causes of rising global energy demand. Integration of different energy sources into a hybrid system is envisioned as a viable solution for decentralized energy generation. Consequently, this study aims to integrate two energy sources with storage devices to construct a hybrid renewable energy system that will provide reliable electricity for remote and off-grid installations in the Sabon Gida Community of Kaduna State. This will contribute to the attainment of the seventh United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (Affordable and clean energy) (UN). This study utilized the Felicity PV panel. Its cell specifications are as follows: Peak power 175Wp, Open-circuit voltage (VOC) 21.6V, Maximum power current Imp 9.72A, Maximum power voltage Vmp 18V, short-circuits current Isc 10.2A, operating cell temperature Tc 250C, and Ideality factor Am 1.5. For the wind turbine, a model WT-400 with a rated power of 400W, 12V output voltage, and a wind controller with a standby current of 3.6mA, rated at 12/24V auto output voltage were utilized. The maximum power output of the PV energy model based on the specified weather variable was 620watts, whereas the maximum power output of the wind turbine energy model based on the selected wind speed was 301watts. Based on design calculations, the projected load demand for the location under consideration was 304 watts. The prototype was implemented, tested, and validated. The test results indicate that the output power was sufficient to fulfil the load requirements of the chosen location.

Background: Hypertension is one of the most common health problems globally and happens to be the leading risk factor for considerable morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is reported to be the fourth contributor to premature death in developed countries and the seventh in developing countries. Knowledge, attitudes and life style modifications of patients play an important role in controlling hypertension and preventing the long-term complications. Objective: The objective of this study was (1) To find out the socieo-demographic characteristics of the newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, and (2) To find out the association between hypertension and its’ four risk factors like obesity, physical activity, dietary habit, and smoking habit, among the newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Methods: This is an observational and cross-sectional study, carried out in the Medicine Department, of Enam Medical college & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Study period was from January 2020 to December 2021. Total 125 patients were diagnosed having hypertension first time and were included in the study. Patients’ waist circumference was measured in centimeters; body weight in kilogram and height in centimeter. Then BMI was calculated using the formula weight (kg)/height (m2). Along with this patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, and data regarding to the smoking & dietary habit were collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data; then the data were analyzed in the using the softwire, statistical package social science (SPSS 22.0 version). Results: We found more than half (53.60%) of our newly diagnosed patients are in the age group of 45 to 59 years (53.6%), and we had more male (57.6%) than female (42.4%). Among the 125 diagnosed hypertensive patients 70.40% had a BMI above 23 kg/m2 and 65.60% had high waist circumference. Nearly one-third patients use tobacco either smoking, chewing or by any other means and more than two-third of our do not use tobacco. Above 95% are active and have physical activity either occupation related and exercise related. 65% of the them take average amount of salt in their diet, one-third patients eat fruits regularly and 80% consume vegetables regularly. Conclusions: We need a comparative study to find out the effect of anthropometric measurement and lifestyle on hypertension and their effect on patients’ outcome, a case control study would be more conclusive.

Occupational mental health not only creates an impact on the professional life and performance given by an employee but it is also responsible for affecting the quality of personal life lead by the employees.Depression and anxiety are the most common psychosocial crisis that the female employees undergo while trying to give their best performance both at home and at the workplace. Recent studies have proved that married woman with young children show more anxiety and depression. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of the Psychosocial problems faced by female employees. In this regard, the objective of this study was set to assess the prevalence of psychosocial problems among female employees. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020. Stratified random sampling was done in female employees in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. A pre-tested semi-structured proforma was used. The study was being done on 378 participants. All the data were entered and analysed in SPSS-20.0 To find out the association between certain variables Chi-square/Fisher Test was used. Among the study participants, 26.7% of working female employees falls below 25th percentile of psychological well-being. This indicates that majority (73.3%) of the female employees have higher psychological well-being. 24.6% of working female employees falls below 25th percentile of Social Well-being. This indicates that majority (75.4%) of the female employees have higher SWB. Only 40% of the doctors scored above 25th percentile of Social Well-being which is the least in terms of the percentage among all the occupational categories of the working women. Among the nursing officer, more than three-fourth (n=166; 78.7%) scored above 25th percentile on PWB scores whereas, 21.3% (n=45) of nursing officer scored below 25th percentile. The Psychological Well-Being is significantly associated to the occupation of the women. The Social Well-Being is significantly associated with Occupation of the women.

Research into individuals’ risk perception is essential to understanding their behaviour, and adoption of individual-level preventive measures (e.g. wearing masks, washing hands etc) in case of pandemic. Various perceptions and practices have been associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19 among rural population in Jawan in Aligarh. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data collection took place from August - October,2021.We conducted a door to door survey and interviewed 300 persons, aged ≥18 years, who gave consent for the study .The questionnaire was developed using the risk communication and community engagement tool, which was modified according to local settings. Majority of the study population thought Covid 19 to be a disease while few thought it to be a biological weapon used by China or to be due to radiation caused by 5 G network testing. Majority of the study population washed their hands with soap and water and avoided crowded places. Majority of the respondents perceived fever, cough and sore throat as the main symptom, followed by breathlessness and running nose .Very less respondent’s perceived loss of taste and loss of smell. Majority of the population adopted some homemade remedies as a precautionary measure in the form of tea or Kaadha. Most of them had knowledge about mode of spread through cough and sneeze but no one know about the spread of disease through asymptomatic patient. Health care workers also need to use strategies for identifying and communicating with at-risk populations (specifically the elderly) through field visits. They also need to prioritize research in areas of elderly COVID-19 perceptions, particularly around barriers and facilitators to adherence to preventive measures.

Aim: To compare and measure molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction using mini-implant and conventional mechanics. Objectives: 1) To evaluate the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction of anterior teeth by using conventional mechanics. 2) To evaluate the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction of anterior teeth by using the orthodontic mini-implant as absolute anchorage. 3) To measure and compare the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction using mini-implant and conventional mechanics. Methods: The study was carried out on 10 patients requiring extraction of four first premolars and maximum retraction. On the right side (experimental side) mini-implants were placed between the second premolar and first molar and an e-chain was engaged from the head of the implant to the crimpable hook. On the left side (control side) an e-chain is given from crimpable hook to molar hook for en masse retraction. The retraction space closure was calculated using vernier caliper on the study model after 28weeks of retraction. Lateral cephalogram was taken before and after orthodontic retraction for calculating molar anchor loss. Results: The retraction space closure after 28 weeks showed a mean value of 3.59+0.68mm on the mini-implant side and 3.98+0.62mm on the conventional mechanics side, which was statistically significant. The anchor loss of 0.17+0.3 mm was observed on the mini-implant side and 1.32+0.62 mm was observed in the conventional mechanics after retraction, which was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, the molar anchor loss of 0.17+ 0.3mm was seen on the mini-implant side and 1.32+0.6mm on the conventional mechanics side which was significantly more by 1.15mm than the mini-implant side. The closure of extraction space on the mini-implant side was done by retraction of anterior teeth and minimal anchorage loss, while in the conventional mechanics side there was anchor loss of anterior as well as posterior teeth.

The potential of amino benzene and its derivatives in the synthesis of monoazo disperse dyes was studied. The dyes were synthesized by the diazotization of amino benzene and its derivatives and subsequent coupling with salicylic acid. The synthesized dyes were subjected to UV and IR characterization and the UV-VIS absorption spectra of the dyes in methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate revealed that the dyes have absorption bands within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and that the λmax of the dyes increases with increase in polarity of the solvents. The FTIR characterization of the dyes revealed the presence of C – O from phenol, C – N and N – H from amines, C – H from alkane, N = O from nitro compounds and – OH from alcohol and the proposed structures of the dyes revealed the presence of chromophoric, auxochromic and azodic groups which may help to explain why the dyes have excellent colourations. The dyeing and fastness properties of the dyes on nylon, wool, polyester and cotton revealed that the dyes will have commercial importance within the textile industries.

A part of overall health includes oral health. Oral diseases are among the most common diseases in the world and have significant adverse consequences on both health and economy. Dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and oral malignancies are the oral disorders that have the highest impact on world health. Families and healthcare systems have a significant financial burden from the expense of treating oral diseases. The increased prevalence of oral diseases in many low- and middle-income nations is particularly concerning as oral diseases are a global public health issue. In order to help healthcare decision-makers, this article will outline the assessment of the economic impacts of dental diseases. In order to reduce oral diseases, behavioral changes connected to oral health are necessary and can be brought about by health economics and public policy working together. By focusing on specific instances of evidence gaps in oral health and care, health economics can be a useful tool to guide the design of policies linked to oral health.

Introduction: Dehiscence is a partial or total separation of previously approximated wound edges, due to a failure of proper wound healing. Wound dehiscence primarily occurs after a surgery relating to an open wound. It is sometimes called wound breakdown, wound disruption, or wound separation. It can be influenced by various preoperative and postoperative factors. Various preoperative and postoperative variables might impact it, and these factors can also influence the patient's result following surgery. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to observe the risk factors and operative findings of abdominal wound dehiscence cases in emergency laparotomy. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was 8 months, from July 2008 to February 2009. A total of 460 participants were selected from those undergoing emergency laparotomy in the study place for this study. A consecutive selection method was followed for the selection of the participants. The participants were divided into two groups depending on whether wound dehiscence was developed or not. Result: All the baseline characteristics (age, body mass index, and smoking habit) of patients except sex were significantly associated with wound dehiscence. The history of receiving steroid and cytotoxic drug were higher in patients with wound dehiscence than that in patients without wound dehiscence. However, the history of receiving the immunosuppressive drug was almost identical between the groups. The patients who did not take hygienic measures or take bath before an operation or change clothing had a higher incidence of wound dehiscence. The risk factors tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, jaundice, bronchial asthma, anemia, edema, and dehydration were found significantly higher in wound dehiscent patients compared to those without wound dehiscence. The mean duration of operation, prolene suture used for closure, midline incision, mass closure technique and drain given had significant influence on development of wound dehiscence. presence of ascitic fluid, pus and contaminated fecal material demonstrated their significant presence in patients who develop wound dehiscence than those who did not develop wound dehiscence. Postoperative conditions like abdominal distention, coughing and wound infection tend to be associated with wound dehiscence more frequently than their counterpart. Conclusion: The current study recommends evaluating patient-related risk factors before to surgery and quickly addressing them. A skilled surgeon should do surgery on high-risk patients. The study contends that the development of wound dehiscence is significantly influenced by baseline traits like age and BMI. The degree of patient cleanliness before surgery greatly influences the likelihood of wound dehiscence. According to the study, other factors that may affect the occurrence of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence include surgical procedures, skin preparation, the length of the procedure, and the type of wound closure. Coughing, vomiting, and subsequent infection are additional postoperative side effects that increase the risk of wound dehiscence.

Guiera senegalensis generally occurs as a shrub or a small tree which belongs to the Combretaceae family and locally named in Sudan as “Gabeish”. It has medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic, potential anticancer, anti-anaphylactic and anti-microbial activities. The plant was collected from the traditional market in Omdurman. Prepared ethanolic extract of leaves were used to evaluate the phytochemical screening to detect the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenol, saponins, carbohydrate,cumarins and absence of anthraquinones and triterpenes. The phytochemical contents revealed tannins (1.662), alkaloids (3.524), flavonoids (39.350) and biological study of leaves extract showed activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtile, Papillus subtile and Candida albicana.

Nutrient foramen is an opening, which gives passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity. In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. The knowledge of nutrient foramen and nutrient artery is of utmost important in surgical procedures like bone grafting, fracture fixation etc. Damage to nutrient artery causes avascular necrosis of bone.

Land is essential for every human activity on earth as it is the source of all material wealth. In order to regulate the ownership, use and development of land and land resources, nations over the world have instituted land ownership systems aimed at consistent balancing of the interests of the government, the land owning class and the landless class. This paper examines the parallel nature of statutory and customary land ownership in Cameroon, how it has evolved over the years until 1974 when a single land law, otherwise known as the 1974 Land Ordinance, which were established to harmonize and regulate land ownership in the country. The paper further contends that the present land ownership system in Cameroon as found in the ordinance is advocating inclinations with excessive state control of land ownership, use and development. In connection with our above objectives, we adopted an in-depth content analysis, which is based on primary and secondary sources of data collection imperative to the study. The paper concludes that such land system cannot effectively support the indigenes and development initiatives as it creates too much bureaucracy in land transactions, land registration and land titling. It recommends an urgent balance between the statutory and customary land ownership to facilitate access to land with ease for various purposes.