Diabetes mellitus has over the years become a public health issue. It is a complex disease which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The present study was designed to determine some platelet indices in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (T2DM) patients compared to non-diabetic controls. A total of 240 subjects comprising 120 T2DM (60 males and 60 females) aged 20-55 years and 120 apparently healthy age and gender-matched controls were recruited for the study. Blood samples (5.0ml) were collected from each subject for the analysis of the parameters using Mindray 530 BC automated analyzer, Mindray, Japan. The data was analyzed using T-test and level of significance set at p < 0.05. The result revealed significant increase in the platelet indices involving the Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) (12.17 + 0.78 vs 7.80 + 1.18), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) (14.41 + 1.5 vs 9.30 + 0.92) and plateleterit (PCT) (0.27 + 0.32 vs 0.17 + 0.00) between the T2DM patients and non-diabetic controls. This finding supports platelet activation in T2DM patients.

Introduction: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged in the recent years as a promising alternative to currently used biomaterials in the field of medicine and dentistry. Studies are increasingly being undertaken to gain in-depth knowledge about the properties it possess. Critical analysis of the nature of this synthetic material, possible applications and limitations in the branch of orthodontics is needed. Objective: This article is aimed at providing a synthesis of the available literature about the existing evidence that is available concerning the possible applications of polyetheretherketone in the branch of orthodontics. Result: The information obtained from the selected articles was arranged in an organized manner for the ease of understanding under the given subheadings in the article.

Agriculture has made significant strides recently, and sustainability build on those successes by using a smart strategy that may maintain greater returns and farm profitability without depleting the resources. Furthermore, nano-materials enhance the efficiency of farm production to enable site targeted regulated distribution of minerals, assuring the least amount of agri-input usage while enhancing crop output. Particularly in the agriculture industry, nanoscienceis crucial for agricultural production, food packaging and processing, water purification, nutrition security, and pollution control as well as crop development and plant preservation. NPs display a well-organized antibacterial activity towards bacteria and viruses. Important inorganic NPs with effective pesticide characteristics include silver, aluminum and copper. Chitosan nano-particles, ZnO nano-particles, and silica nano-particles are beneficial for the treatment of virus infection, including the mosaic virus in tobacco, potatoes, and alfalfa. The revitalization of the damaged soil resources may be possible using nano-enabled soil rehabilitation. The toxicity copper in soil is typically linked to soluble free metal ion species like Cu2+, that are easily accessible and extremely hazardous, in traditional forms of higher soil.

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and delivery. Also, by contact with patient blood or other fluids during sex with an infected partner. The virus enters the cell body by sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide receptor (NTCP), then it replicate and invade other healthy cells. Aim: the aim of this study is to design a drug that can block sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide receptor (NTCP), Using bioinformatics tools and servers. Material and method: Using CHemSketch the drug molecule was drawn and determined and using OpenBabel software the molecule was transferred and designed into MOL 2 format to be applied in the SwissDock server. The target protein from the protein database bank using the PDB ID of NTCP receptor protein was retrieved and then inserted it into SwissDock. The result of docking was then subjected to SwissADME to check the pharmacological effect. Results: A novel drug that can inhibit and block sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide receptor (NTCP) hence can treat the HBV. Conclusion: With these predicted pharmacokinetics and chemical properties of NTCP inhibitor, a new emerging drug to treat hepatitis B virus disease, which affects the majority of people around the world, especially in poor countries, can be developed, and this can be achieved with more research and laboratory procedures.

Communication is one of the most important aspects in achieving early childhood development tasks. Children who have difficulty communicating will have difficulty adjusting to their peers and their environment. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument of interpersonal communication scale for early childhood. This study used research and development (R&D) methods. The sample involved in this study amounted to 49 early childhood children in the city of Bandung and its surroundings. The results showed that: 1) the content validity carried out by five experts with the Aiken formula calculation showed a score of 0.87 with 20 valid items out of 33 items; 2) the reliability test of the instrument using the Cronbach Alpha formula obtained a score of 0.952; 3) KMO value was 0.863; 4) Barlett's Test obtained was 0.00; 5) the anti-image correlation and the communality test did not invalidate any items therefore there were 20 items in the good category; 6) the total variance of explain with a percentage of 71,449%; and 7) of the 20 factors, there were 3 factors that could explain the total diversity.

Patients with insufficient width of ridge for implant rehabilitation can go for block grafting prior to implant placement. Block grafting gives volume for Guided bone regeneration along the ridge.

Extracts of fresh leaves of Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Pumpkin (Telferia occidentalis) were administered to broiler chickens in a study that lasted for 8 weeks to evaluate the growth performance, blood serum vitamins and minerals of the birds. A total of 210 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into various pens which consisted of 7 different groups (treatments) with each one having 30 birds. Treatment 1 birds served as the control and were offered commercial synthetic multi-vitamins (vitalyte) in their drinking water. Treatment 2 birds had 50ml moringa leaf extract (MLE) per liter of water while Treatments 3 was 50ml pumpkin leaf extract (PLE) per liter of water. Treatment 4 was 100ml MLE and 5, 100ml PLE. Treatment 6 birds had a mixture or a combination of MLE and PLE (50ml MLE+50ml PLE), while treatment 7 was also a mixture of MLE and PLE (100ml MLE+100ml PLE). Commercial broiler starter and finisher feeds were offered throughout the duration of the experiment. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and water intake. On the last day, blood samples were collected for serum vitamins and minerals analysis. The results showed that the extracts significantly (P<0.05) affected all the parameters assessed. Growth parameters per chicken; final live weight gain (3044.65g), daily feed intake (97.06g) and feed conversion ratio (1.84) were best in chickens given 100ml/L MLE while other leaf extracts treated birds compared favorably with the vitalyte chickens. Chickens offered moringa and pumpkin leaves extracts had higher concentrations of the assayed vitamins and minerals; vitamins A, C, D and E; potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron except for sodium. It was therefore concluded that extracts of M. oleifera and pumpkin leaves could serve as organic substitutes to the synthetic commercial multivitamins (vitalyte) in broiler chicken nutrition. Also the residual effects of the use of synthetic vitamins will be reduced.

This article discusses the online version of the Village Financial System (Siskeudes) application in realizing village financial management accountability during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Siskeudes is an application built based on the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 18 concerning Village Financial Management. Siskeudes is intended for village governments to make it easier to manage village finances starting from the planning, budgeting, to reporting and accountability stages. The advantages of the Siskeudes application according to the results of research by experts include, first, Siskeudes significantly supports the achievement of the objectives of an accounting information system (AIS), which is to produce fast, precise, and accurate information. Second, Siskeudes benefits users in village, sub-district, and district/city governments in managing village finances to be more efficient, accountable, and safe. In addition, there are several obstacles in the use of Siskeudes including, first, the competence of human resources is still lacking. Second, there is still a lack of supporting facilities. Third, it is still difficult to find errors in data entry. Fourth, errors often occur when entering data on Siskeudes online. Apart from the advantages and disadvantages of using the Siskeudes application, there are benefits to using the Siskeudes application during the Covid-19 Pandemic, including avoiding crowds. Second, prevent new clusters of positive cases of Covid-19. Third, continue to maintain physical distancing with fellow officers and the public. Fourth, Support the Policy for the Implementation of the Java and Bali Micro-Scale Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) which has been in effect since January 11, 2021.

Most of the desert lands contain sandy soils, which include large areas in the world. The sandy or loam soils in Upper Egypt were placed under investigate of soil texture, and moisture content –in addition some chemical analyses. Where, had very low organic matter (mean= 0.28) with available total dissolved salts (mean= 0.53) and alkaline pH-value (mean= 9.00). The moisture content of samples was very low (mean= 2.59). All of desert soil samples (100% of the samples) proved to be contaminated by filamentous fungi. A total of 121 fungal species + 7 varieties of 32 genera were isolated and identified on the isolation medium (1% glucose Czapek’s agar) at 28°C, based on dilution plate method. The gross fungal count was 94.36 colonies/mg dry soil. Aspergillus (36 sp. + 4 var.) was the most dominant genus based on frequency (95% of the samples) and count (55.34% of total fungal counts). Penicillium (28 sp. + 1 var.) had the second place (70% of the sample and 26.83% of grass count). Ulocladium occupied the third place (22.5% and 3.18%). Acremonium was one of the dominant genera (4th place). It occurred in 20% of the samples examined and 1.61% of gross fungal counts. The dematiaceous hyphomycetes, in addition ascospore-forming fungi were dominant in rare frequency. Whereas, sterile mycelia were high in frequency (52.5% of the samples) and low count (1.99% of gross fungal count).

Inefficient and ineffective SCM in hospitals result in many consequences that may affect the quality of health services that are provided to patients. The implementation of an effective SCM practices required the existence of a set of factors that help and facilitate the successful implementation processes. These factors are known as Critical Success Factors (CSFs).This study aimed to identify the existed CSFs for effective SCM implementation in PSMC. The study population was all supply department's staffs and supply representatives from other departments who are involved in the SCM practices in (PSMC). A questionnaire was developed and distributed to collect data from the target population. The results showed that the existed CSFs included information sharing (63.9%). training and education on SCM activities (62%), communication (62%), organizational culture (58.3%), top management support (52.8%) and the recruitment standards for SCM staffs (47.2%). In addition, the results showed that there are two of the CSFs were not existed in PSMC. These CSFs are the using of a moderate IT applications (42.6%) and the adequate logistic information system (40.7%).From this study, it is recommended to provide the medical city with a moderated logistical information system, provide the medical city with moderated logistics technologies and software, implementing formal training on SCM practices, ensuring the applying of the recruitment standards which includes specific certificates for all new staffs and finally, developing a collaborative environment and using the cross functional teams that backed by the top management support.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a popular herbaceous plant, has been generally used as a flavoring agent and herbal medicine for centuries. The main components of ginger rhizome are corbohydtrates, lipids, essential oils, terpenes and phenol compounds such as shogaol and gingerol. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion in terms of the clinical effects of ginger in all reported areas. Clinical applications of ginger with an expectation of clinical benefits are receiving significant attention. The consumption of the ginger rhizome is a typical traditional remedy to relieve common health problems. Ginger shows the wide range of pharmacological and biological potential in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, like colds, nausea, arthritis, migraines, diabetes, allergy and hypertension.

Background: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a major public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Transfusion of red blood cells is an essential therapeutic modality in SCA. Repeated RBC transfusions can cause alloimmunization resulting in haemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion refractoriness among other complications. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and specificities of immune erythrocyte alloantibodies among adult patients with SCA compared with healthy HbAA blood donors in Uyo, South-South Nigeria. Materials and Methods: All participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on bio- data, blood transfusion history and other relevant SCA history. Antibody screening and identification were carried out using tube agglutination method with commercially made panel of cells. Results: A total of 160 subjects were studied. They were made up of 80 SCA patients and 80 healthy HbAA blood donors. Prevalence of red cell alloimmunization among multi-transfused patients with SCA was observed to be 11.3%. Alloantibodies identified were mainly against Rh antigens contributing 66.7% (anti-E 22.2%, anti-C 22.2%, anti-D 11.1% and anti-e 11.1%). Antibodies directed against Kell and Lutheran blood group antigens together constituted 33.3%. No antibody was detected in the controls. Advancing age (30 years and above) and ABO blood group were statistically associated with alloimmunization (P values of 0.043 and 0.013, respectively). Conclusion: Repeated blood transfusion is associated with the development of alloantibodies. Immunohaematologic tests in transfusion care of SCA patients should be improved to include extended red cell phenotyping and routine alloantibody screening and identification.

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze: i) identification of the economic potential of the province on the island of Java; ii) a shift in the provincial economic sector on the island of Java. The research method uses literature with analytical tools using growth & share. The result of this research is that the potential economic potential in West Java based on the results of the analysis of growth & share, the most positions in the economic sector are in quadrant 4, meaning that growth is high and its contribution is low to Gross Regional Domestic Product. This means that it is still possible for these economic sectors to increase their role in the Gross Regional Domestic Product in each province. The shift in the economic sector in 6 provinces on the island of Java in general is the biggest contribution to the manufacturing industry sector.

This study demonstrates the renal features of wistar albino rats exposed to Mandragora officinarum leaf extract. Twenty-four (24) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups labelled A, B, C and D and kept in a well-ventilated room. Group A served as control and these rats were treated with distilled water. Rats in the groups B, C, and D were treated with 3 different doses of the sample (1.5, 3.5 and 5.0mL/KgBW) respectively. Samples were administered once daily for 14 and 28days consecutively. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last treatment. Blood samples were collected into heparinized sample bottles for analysis. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations increased in a dose dependent manner at all durations of administration. This increase was significant for urea at the dose of 5.0ml/kgBW when administered for 14 days. This trend was present at all doses for 28 days of administration. Histology done showed normal kidney tissue architecture at all doses of 14days of administration. All doses in the 28 days group showed abnormalities of destroyed renal tubules, absent glomeruli and occluded bowman’s capsular spaces. This study demonstrates that long-term use of this leaf extract increases the risk of subacute kidney abnormalities.

Background: Multiple pregnancies are prone to be associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. The incidence of multiple pregnancies has shown a significant increase over the last decades. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to describe the maternal and perinatal outcomes in multiple pregnancies delivered in a tertiary care hospital, Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective observational study; 23 patients were enrolled and analyzed. The study conducted with 23 women with twin pregnancies, over 2 year’s months from January 2020 December 2021 in the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Result: Out of 23 cases, 8 patients had intrapartum complications like PPH, mal-presentation, cord prolapse, low-lying placenta, and placental abruption. In this, 4(23.53%) had mal-presentation, and only one had PPH. These intrapartum complications were also categorized according to their chronicity. Mal presentations were seen in 23.53% of DCDA and 33.3% of MCDA with p=0.47. Both were not statistically significant, as shown in Table 4. These twin-specific complications were noted according to their chronicity. Discordant twin was seen in 11.76% of DCDA and 16.67% MCDA. Single IUD in 7.9% of DCDA. The complications and outcomes of the study population; more than 65% of patients needed NICU. In our study, we noted 4 perinatal death caused by intrauterine death, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, birth asphyxia, and respiratory distress. Conclusion: Majority of the multiple pregnancy is high risk one. So, all multiple pregnancies need early diagnosis, adequate antenatal, intra-natal and post-partum care to improve the outcome and should have mandatory hospital delivery.