This article is devoted to the Iraqi legal framework for extradition (passive and active). It is compared to foreign and international laws on this most important and difficult modality of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The research examines the peculiarities of both treaty-based and extra-treaty extradition from and to Iraq. It reveals the major weaknesses of Iraqi law on extradition and offers tentative recommendations to overcome them by improving legislation and through practical work.

The digital era has markedly increased screen exposure among young children. In Indonesia, 39.71% of early children use smartphones. In East Nusa Tenggara, the prevalence reached 44.69% in urban and 34.76% in rural areas. Excessive screen time is associated with reduced parent-child interaction, poor self-regulation, and delayed personal social skills. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between screen time duration and personal-social development of children aged 2-5 years in Kupang. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was applied to 60 respondents selected through consecutive sampling. Screen time duration was measured using a modified and validated version of the Surveillance of Digital Media Habits in Early Childhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ; Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.875) and categorized as normal (≤60 minutes/day) or excessive (>60 minutes/day) based on recommendations from the Indonesian Pediatric Society. Personal social development was assessed using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test and contingency coefficient (α = 0.05). Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana (No.37/UN15.21/KEPK-FKKH/2025). The result showed that 31 (51.7%) had excessive screen time, and among them, 27 children (77.1%) demonstrated personal-social development that was not age-appropriate. A significant correlation was found (p < 0.001; C = 0.517), indicating a moderately strong relationship. These findings indicate that longer screen time exposure is significantly associated with a higher likelihood of delayed personal social development. Parental supervision and limiting screen time to a maximum of one hour per day are essential to support optimal developmental outcomes.

Background: The rapid advancement of telehealth technologies and their growing role in healthcare delivery-especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic-has underscored the urgent need to integrate telehealth competencies into nursing education. Despite this global shift, Saudi Arabia’s nursing curricula lack systematic telehealth training, creating a gap between healthcare needs and educational preparedness. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the integration of telehealth into nursing education in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia by assessing nurses' knowledge, attitudes, exposure, and educational preferences related to telehealth. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A validated questionnaire adapted from Rettinger et al., (2024) was distributed via Google Forms to 100 Saudi nurses and nursing students holding a bachelor’s degree from Saudi institutions. The instrument assessed demographics, telehealth training experiences, perceived competencies, attitudes, and curricular preferences. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze responses. Results: The majority of participants rated their digital competence as good or very good (73%). While 81% expressed strong interest in telehealth for their profession, only about half had practical exposure to telehealth tools mainly through phone or video consultations. Participants preferred integrating telehealth as an elective or mandatory topic later in their academic progression. There was notable interest in practical content, such as technical skills, legal aspects, and device usage. Conclusion: Although the attitudes toward telehealth were overwhelmingly positive, the findings reveal a significant gap between the perceived importance of telehealth and the limited training provided. There is an evident need for structured, competency-based curricula that include simulation-based and Interprofessional learning experiences to ensure readiness for digitally enabled healthcare environments.

This study examines how Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali develops a sustained system of imagery that resonates with the non-dual philosophical orientation of Advaita Vedānta. Through close readings of selected poems, the article analyses how sensory metaphors ranging from images of divine immanence and the surrender of the limited self to representations of silence as an inner contemplative space and the flowing continuity of life collectively gesture toward a vision of underlying unity beneath the diversity of the phenomenal world. Recent scholarship that situates Tagore alongside Advaita-oriented thinkers such as Vivekananda and Ramana Maharshi (Kumar & Annapurna, 2025), along with earlier critical accounts that perceived non-dual undertones in Gitanjali’s initial global reception (Ananthan, 2018), reinforces the plausibility of reading the text within a non-dual framework. Rather than collapsing Tagore’s devotional lyricism into strict philosophical discourse, this study foregrounds imagery as the medium through which the poet aesthetically performs Advaita’s central insights, revealing a poetic grammar that intertwines mystical experience with metaphysical intuition.

The recent development in the areas of deep learning and deep convolutional neural networks has significantly progressed and advanced the field of computer vision (CV) and network data analysis and understanding. Complex tasks such as classifying and segmenting medical images and localising and recognising objects of interest have become much less challenging. This progress has the potential of accelerating research and deployment of multitudes of medical applications that utilise CV. However, in reality, there are limited practical examples being physically deployed into front-line health facilities. In this paper, we examine the current state of the art in CV as applied to the medical domain. We discuss the main challenges in CV and intelligent data-driven medical applications and suggest future directions to accelerate research, development, and deployment of CV applications in health practices. During the last few years computer applications have undergone a dramatic transformation from simple data processing to machine learning, thanks to the availability and accessibility of huge volumes of data collected through sensors and the internet. The idea of machine learning demonstrates and propagates the fact that the computer has the ability to improve itself with the passage of time. The western countries have shown great interest on the topic of machine learning, computer vision, and pattern recognition via organizing conferences, workshops, collective discussion, experimentation, and real-life implementation. This study on machine learning and computer vision explores and analytically evaluates the machine learning applications in computer vision and predicts future prospects. The study has found that the machine learning strategies in computer vision are supervised, un-supervised, and semi- supervised. The commonly used algorithms are neural networks, k-means clustering, and support vector machines. The most recent applications of machine learning in computer vision are object detection, object classification, and extraction of relevant information from images, graphic documents, and videos. Additionally, Tensor flow, Faster- RCNN-Inception-V2 model, and Anaconda software development environment are used to identify cars and persons in images.

This study investigates various techniques for identifying and categorizing muscle fiber composition, highlighting both invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques, such as muscle biopsy, provide detailed insights into muscle structure and function, utilizing histochemical staining for myosin ATPase, myosin heavy chain isoform analysis, and biochemical identification of metabolic enzymes. These methods are vital for understanding skeletal muscle fiber diversity and their exercise responses. Alternatively, non-invasive approaches, including Tensiomyography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for muscle carnosine content, Ultrasound Imaging for muscle architecture, Genetic Analysis, and the 1-RM Test, offer valuable, less intrusive options to assess muscle function. By integrating invasive and non-invasive techniques, researchers can develop a comprehensive understanding of muscle biology, benefiting fields such as sports science, rehabilitation, and human health. Future research should explore how combining these methods can optimize personalized training and therapeutic interventions.

The phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins compositions of Baphia nitida leaves were determined using standard methods of chemical analysis. The results of the determination revealed that B. nitida leaves contain high amount of phytochemicals which suggest that the plant leaves can be explored in drug discoveries and treatment of diseases in pharmaceutical industries. The results of the mineral compositions of the plant part showed that the plant is rich in minerals which helps in cellular metabolism. On the other hand, the plant part was found to contain high amount of Ascorbic acid and β-Carotene which as antioxidants, can help in the balancing of oxidative stress in the body.

This study aims to find empirical evidence on the influence of Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, Growth Opportunity on Company Value. The type of research used is quantitative research. The population in this study is pharmaceutical sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2016-2023. Sample selection using the purposive sampling method. The number of samples in this study was 8 companies for 8 years with a total of 64 sample data. The data collection technique used in this study is the documentation technique by obtaining data in the form of the company's annual report for 2016-2023 and the literature study technique by conducting a literature review, reviewing various sources such as books, journals, and other sources related to the research. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis with the help of IBM SPSS 26 software. The results of this study indicate that Capital Structure, Investment Decisions, and Growth Opportunity have a positive effect on Company Value.

Organizational crisis communication on social media has become critical for reputation management, yet systematic empirical evidence remains limited. This study employs Natural Language Processing and machine learning to analyze 17,500 tweets from 50 major organizational crises across 14 industries. Using multi-model sentiment analysis (VADER, TextBlob), emotion detection (NRC Lexicon), and 14 machine learning algorithms, we investigate communication strategies, sentiment patterns, and predictive modeling of message effectiveness. Results reveal organizations predominantly employ information-focused strategies (61.7%), with a moderate sentiment gap between firm communications (TextBlob polarity: 0.164) and public responses (-0.002). Sentiment shows negligible correlation with total engagement (r = -0.000), though negative sentiment generates significantly higher engagement than positive sentiment (t = -2.148, p = 0.032). Machine learning achieves modest predictive accuracy (53.07%, Naive Bayes), demonstrating both potential and limitations of AI-assisted crisis management. This research contributes computational evidence to crisis communication theory, establishes methodological innovations for large-scale text analysis in IS research, and provides realistic assessments of data-driven crisis management capabilities.

The loss of unipolarity and simultaneous emergence of plural loci of power have brought on the rising multipolar order that is becoming more indicative of the agency of the Global South. Within this transformation, the RIC Troika of Russia, India and China have shifted its structure into a consultative process to a strategic triangle of the twenty first century geopolitics. This paper will discuss the operation of the RIC Troika within the framework of a wider power rebalancing between the global North that is dominated by the West and the growing Global South with diplomatic coordination, institutional innovations and strategic outreach. The study has a theoretical base of power diffusion, polycentric governance and the solidarity between South -South, thus, applying a qualitative analytical approach is a mixture between geopolitical analysis, review of discourse and interpretation of policy. Another aspect that has been pointed out in the paper is the geo-economic restructuring of trade, energy, technological ambition and financial flows. The paper has put into consideration that though the RIC Troika is not expected to substitute the Western hegemony there is both material and ideational momentum that enhances the bargaining power of the Global South in the rising polycentric world. Tying together high-level diplomacy with the developmental desires of Global South, the RIC Troika is the key experiment in rehumanising of global power relations. The paper ends by concluding that the future of the emerging multipolar order will rely on how well the members of RIC are able to enjoy the alignment of their strategic ambitions to the interests of the rest of the increasing assertive Global South.

In Awka and most parts of Anambra State, plastering is commonly carried out using the cheapest and nearest available materials like river-bed sand dredged from the Onitsha reach of the River Niger or clayey borrow-pit soils excavated locally, which are often mixed by eye, leading to frequent cracking, blistering, delamination, poor bonding, and patchy finishes. This study therefore characterized the geotechnical, physico-chemical, and mineralogical properties of borrow-pit soils from Amansea and Ebenebe, river-bed sand from Onitsha, and four laboratory-prepared blends at 80/20 and 60/40 (sand/soil) ratios using particle-size analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, Standard Proctor compaction, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that all materials are highly siliceous (SiO₂ 77–87 wt.%) and quartz-dominated (86–96 wt.%) with very low fines content (< 0.6 %), making them essentially non-plastic despite the clayey appearance of the borrow-pit soils (kaolinite only 3–7 wt.%). Blending Onitsha river-bed sand with borrow-pit soils significantly reduced fines, water demand, and plasticity while increasing maximum dry density and specific gravity. The 60 % Onitsha + 40 % Amansea blend exhibited the optimum combination: highest maximum dry density (1.86 Mg/m³), low optimum moisture content (11 %), very low fines (0.39 %), and the cleanest oxide profile, clearly outperforming the individual raw materials. The widespread plaster defects observed locally are thus attributable to the use of unblended or poorly proportioned materials, while a simple, controlled 60:40 blend offers a strong, shrinkage-resistant, and sustainable plastering aggregate using only locally available resources.

Medical devices have become indispensable in modern healthcare settings, fundamentally transforming clinical workflows and patient care delivery. However, despite significant technological advancements, the integration of medical devices into healthcare environments presents multifaceted challenges that directly impact both healthcare worker quality of life and patient safety outcomes. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent literature examining the relationship between medical device usability, human factors engineering principles, and the well-being of healthcare professionals including radiological technicians, health informatics specialists, nurses, clinical coding technicians, and health administration staff. The review examines critical factors including device usability design, ergonomic considerations, training adequacy, workflow integration, and psychological impacts including burnout and job satisfaction. Evidence demonstrates that while medical devices offer substantial benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and clinical decision support, their implementation frequently encounters significant barriers related to poor usability, inadequate training, ergonomic challenges, and psychological stress among users. Key findings indicate that healthcare systems exhibiting structured training programs, user-centered design principles, and adequate organizational support demonstrate markedly superior outcomes in staff satisfaction, productivity, and patient safety. This review identifies essential strategies for optimizing medical device integration, including comprehensive human factors engineering evaluation during development, iterative usability testing with end-users, enhanced training protocols, workflow-centered design approaches, and institutional commitment to supporting staff adaptation and well-being during technology transitions.

Meckel’s diverticulum is a congenital gastrointestinal anomaly that is usually asymptomatic but may lead to complications such as obstruction, bleeding, diverticulitis, or perforation [1-4]. Intestinal obstruction is the most common complication in adults [3]. We report the case of a 37-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, cessation of stool and gas passage, and abdominal distension. Abdominal CT revealed small bowel obstruction without a clearly identifiable cause. Emergency laparotomy revealed a bowel volvulus caused by a fibrous band extending from an inflamed Meckel’s diverticulum to the umbilicus. The diverticulum was resected, and a functional end-to-end bowel anastomosis was performed. Although preoperative diagnosis can be challenging, imaging may aid in identifying bowel obstruction, and surgical resection remains the definitive treatment in symptomatic cases [12-14]. This case highlights the importance of considering Meckel’s diverticulum in adult patients with small bowel obstruction and the need for prompt surgical intervention.

Background: Medically unnecessary cesarean Section is a persistent concern worldwide, exacerbating adverse health outcomes for maternals and infants. Furthermore, global data indicates high rates of cesarean births, exceeding the recommended levels (10-15%) set by the World Health Organization. Objective: This literature review aimed to examine the effects of cesarean Section on both the Maternal and Child, in comparison to vaginal delivery. Methods: This research was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, using the search engines MDPI, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar to identify articles published between 2016 and 2024. As part of the systematic review process, this yielded 599 studies; after screening and assessment, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. As part of the systematic analysis, the researchers examined study characteristics in terms of author, title, objective, sample design, sample size, data collection method, and outcomes. Results: The study showed that medically recommended cesarean Section reduces maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Unnecessary and medically inadvisable cesarean Section affects both the Maternal and the child, or both. For moms, having a cesarean section raises the chances of having headaches, physical problems, hip pain, trouble doing everyday tasks, and trouble breastfeeding after the child is born. For in-fants, the effects include respiratory problems, obesity, abnormal behavioral characteristics, and recurrent illnesses. The risk of disrupted feeding and sleeping patterns has also been found to be lower among infants born by cesarean section compared to those born vaginally. Furthermore, the disparity in cesarean Section rates between private and public facilities highlights the influence of social, economic, and institutional factors Conclusion: The high rate of cesarean Section is influenced by complex medical, social, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. While cesarean Section is a life-saving intervention when medically indicated, cesarean Section when medically indicated poses significant health, psychological, and behavioral risks to both Maternals For infants, the effects include respiratory problems, obesity, abnormal behavioral characteristics, and recurrent illnesses. The risk of disrupted feeding and sleeping patterns has also been found to be lower among infants born by cesarean section compared to those born vaginally.

Background: Major studies in this basis have addressed the ethical climate and ethical courage separately. Additionally in this pandemic era upto the best knowledge pf researcher there is no such study which is conducted on the moral courage and ethical climate present in the hospitals providing care to the corona patients. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of ethical climate and moral courage among nurses caring for the corona patients in the public tertiary care hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in March to May 2021, on the nurses working in a public hospital and private tertiary care hospitals in Faisalabad. Sample size was 300 nurses. Written consent was taken from the participants. The data-collecting tool was a three-part questionnaire. The first part contains demographic information, second part consists of a questionnaire “Ethical climate of the hospital” by Olson in 1995, the third part included a moral courage questionnaire, which was designed by Sekerka et al. in 2009. All required permissions were taken from the authority and principle of confidentiality, beneficence, non- maleficence were observed. Results: Table 4 displayed the mean score of ethical climate and moral courage among nurses. The average score of the ethical climate among nurses was 2.3 which is between sometimes to often and moral courage mean score was 2.7 which mean that nurses got often chance to perform according to their moral value. Table 5 shows the ANOVA Test scores between the demographics and ethical climate and moral courage. Participants with higher educational levels and with more years of experience reported good ethical climate and shared more moral courage. The finding were insignificant with the marital status of the participant. Table 6 shared the correlation between ethical climate and moral courage. The relationship between ethical climate and moral courage is significant. This means that participants perceive that if there is more ethical climate in their practicing areas then they have more moral courage to practice good nursing values independently. Discussion: The results of this study also showed that the higher ethical climate score of the hospital lead to the more ethical virtue of courage in nurses. This will ultimately lead patients to better care and reduce the risk of physical, mental and mental harm to both patients and the health care provider. Therefore, nursing managers can use the operational features to improve ethical climate and ethical courage of nurses to get synergy between these two variables in order to achieve satisfaction, trust and confidence of patients in the nursing profession and health services organizations.