Behçet’s disease is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder in which vascular involvement represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although venous thrombosis is common, pulmonary embolism remains a rare and potentially life-threatening manifestation related to an inflammation-driven thrombotic mechanism. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with long-standing Behçet’s disease complicated by previous superior vena cava thrombosis, who was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Clinical presentation was nonspecific. Clinical probability assessment using the Wells and revised Geneva scores guided the diagnostic approach. Electrocardiographic findings were non-diagnostic, while transthoracic echocardiography allowed hemodynamic assessment and risk stratification. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography confirmed the diagnosis. This case underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of pulmonary embolism in Behçet’s disease and highlights the need for individualized management balancing immunosuppressive therapy and anticoagulation

The production-oriented approach, which is student-centered and outcome-oriented, represents an innovation over traditional teaching methods that focus on teachers and subject knowledge. Currently, college English courses still struggle to break free from traditional teaching concepts and methods, and the problem of insufficient teaching achievements persists. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to innovatively design teaching activities based on the production-oriented education concept, construct a multimodal teaching model, diagnose teaching problems through teaching evaluation, and make optimization and improvements to ensure excellent results in the innovation and practice of English courses. This article takes Unit 3 of New Standard College English 3 as an example, implements the teaching concept of the production-oriented approach, and designs the entire classroom activity according to the teaching design steps of the production-oriented approach to explore the application of the production-oriented approach in college English reading teaching.

This study scrutinizes the history curriculum's pedagogical approaches and civic engagement in Lakes State, South Sudan. History curriculum in South Sudan is evolving from a colonial-influenced system towards a national framework emphasizing peacebuilding, critical thinking, and civic engagement, though it faces severe challenges, including a lack of qualified teachers, limited resources, and contested historical narratives. The curriculum prioritizes “unity in resistance" to foster national identity while struggling with the challenges of teaching sensitive, recent conflict history. History curriculum’s pedagogical approaches have shifted from a 19th century focus on nationalistic, elite-driven narratives to a 21st century emphasis on critical thinking, inquiry, and civic engagement. This evolution aims to use the study of the past to prepare students for active participation in democratic societies through pedagogical strategies like historical thinking, empathy, and evidence analysis. The study was analyzed under historical thinking / disciplinary theory, critical constructivism theory and narrative/chronological theory. A case study design was used, with a sample of 429 history teachers and head teachers from public secondary schools in Lakes’ state, South Sudan. The study's results are reliable with existing research on civic education and civic engagement, which suggests that the development of the understanding of historical and chronological time, independent of cognitive development of the person, must be understood above all as an educative process in which strategies and mediums employed are fundamental.

Indonesia continues to face serious problems related to drug abuse, especially among young people. The current legal system is considered ineffective because it still prioritizes imprisonment rather than rehabilitation for drug users and addicts. This study uses a normative juridical method with a post-positivist approach to analyze the urgency of adopting the Drug Court model, such as the one implemented in the United States since 1989. Drug Courts in the United States apply a rehabilitation-based approach that provides alternatives to prison sentences for drug offenders. The results of this study show that Indonesia’s current drug policy still treats addicts and drug abusers as criminals who deserve imprisonment. Medical and social rehabilitation are only used to reduce prison sentences, not as the main effort for recovery. In addition, the existing double-track system has not clearly distinguished between drug users and drug dealers. This condition contributes to prison overcrowding and does not effectively reduce drug abuse. Therefore, reforming Indonesia’s criminal law through a Drug Court model based on rehabilitation and the double-track system is necessary. Such reform is expected to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, support prevention efforts, reduce prison overcrowding, and better protect human rights.

C-shaped canal configuration is a complex anatomical variation most commonly in mandibular second molars. It is characterized by fused roots and a continuous or semicircular canal system with fins, webs, and interconnections that complicate cleaning, shaping, and obturation. The prevalence of C-shaped canals varies significantly among different populations, with higher incidence reported in Asian groups encountered and frequent bilateral occurrence when present unilaterally. Fan’s classification provides a standardized method to categorize C-shaped canal morphology. Successful management requires modification of conventional endodontic techniques and the use of thermoplastic obturation methods to achieve three-dimensional sealing. This case report describes the nonsurgical management of bilateral continuous C-shaped canals (Fan’s C1 configuration) in mandibular second molars of a 24-year-old male patient using controlled rotary instrumentation up to size 25/.06 followed by single cone obturation technique.

Background: School vision screening is an effective strategy for early detection of visual impairment among children. However, shortage of eye care personnel in low- and middle-income countries necessitates the involvement of non-eye health workers such as school teachers. This study assessed the usability of trained school teachers for vision screening and identification of common eye conditions among primary school pupils in Kaduna North Local Government Area, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted among 352 primary school pupils aged 5–15 years selected from 11 public and private schools in Kaduna North Local Government Area. Twenty-two teachers (two per school) underwent structured training on visual acuity assessment using Peek Acuity and Tumbling E-chart as well as identification of common external eye abnormalities. Teachers screened pupils for vision impairment and ocular abnormalities and referred suspected cases for evaluation by an ophthalmology research team. Data were analysed using Stata MP version 14. Results: The teachers successfully screened all 352 pupils comprising 704 eyes. Eighteen pupils (2.6%) were identified as having visual acuity worse than 6/12 using Peek Acuity while 14 pupils (2.0%) were identified using the Tumbling E-chart. Teachers identified ocular abnormalities in 96 pupils (27.3%), including itching (16.8%), eye discharge (5.4%), red eye (4.6%), and abnormal whitish reflex (0.6%). Overall, 110 pupils (31.3%) were referred for further ophthalmic assessment. Subsequent evaluation by the ophthalmology team confirmed ocular conditions among referred pupils, including conjunctivitis, refractive errors, cataract, ptosis, and corneal scars. The prevalence of refractive error was 2.3%, while vision impairment was detected in 2.27% of pupils. Agreement between teacher-administered visual acuity assessments using Peek Acuity and Tumbling E-chart was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.804). Conclusion: School teachers can effectively participate in vision screening following structured training. Their ability to identify visual impairment and common ocular abnormalities demonstrates the feasibility of integrating teacher-led screening into school eye health programmes. This approach may improve early detection and referral of eye conditions in resource-limited settings.

For a sociologist, poverty is a social evil. A social worker does modalities related to poverty alleviation. An anthropologist sees the phenomenon as an obstacle in the human race. For a student of human development, it hiders the development right at the budding stage. A philosopher has so many unanswered questions related to poverty. An economist sees the phenomenon as a multidimensional process. Public health sees the phenomenon as the background of all ill health where as an epidemiologist sees it as a stage of health in the domain of epidemiology. In India, Bollywood made movies like ‘Mother India’ & ‘Boot Polish’ to portray poverty. Least of all, it is a tool that politicians use 24*7. The current article sees the phenomenon of poverty in the current circumstances especially in India. Process, obstacles, challenges, opportunities, emerging issues, alleviation strategies are all discussed upon in the article. Views of academicians, policy makers, nobel laureates, politicians, executives, civil society organizations & think individuals & institutions are embedded in the current article.

Cameroon’s legal system rooted in a bijural tradition that fuses civil law and common law influences has undergone a marked transformation in how it governs medical and biomedical conduct through the criminal law. The Penal Code of 2016 (Law No. 2016/007 of 12 July 2016) consolidated and modernized general criminal provisions applicable to medical personnel, including offences of homicide, bodily harm, professional secrecy, failure to render assistance, false certification, and the facilitation of infectious disease transmission. On that general foundation, Cameroon has enacted three landmark pieces of special biomedical legislation between 2022 and 2025: Law No. 2022/008 of 27 April 2022 on medical research involving human subjects; Law No. 2022/014 of 14 July 2022 on medically assisted reproduction (MAR); and Law No. 2025/009 of 15 June 2025 Relating to the Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Human Biological Material in Cameroon. Together, these instruments constitute an increasingly sophisticated and notably punitive architecture of biomedical criminal law. This article seeks to analyze the criminal liability framework applicable to medical personnel and biomedical researchers in Cameroon, examining both the foundational provisions of the Penal Code 2016 and the specific offences created by the three special biomedical statutes, through a doctrinal legal methodology. Our findings revealed that, the Penal Code of 2016 establishes a robust general framework of criminal liability for medical personnel. It is on this basis that we made some salient propositions to that effect.

India has demonstrated remarkable economic trajectory throughout the twenty-first century, establishing itself as one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. The nation possesses several favorable demographic and economic indicators that augur well for sustained future growth, most notably its youthful working-age population, which represents the largest such demographic globally. However, India presents a compelling paradox in contemporary economic development, wherein the nation maintains its position as the world's fastest-growing major economy with projected GDP growth rates of 7 percent and 6.5 percent for fiscal years 2024-25 and 2025-26 respectively, yet simultaneously confronts significant challenges in employment generation. This study endeavors to examine whether employment growth rates correspond proportionally with GDP expansion, or whether the economy is experiencing the phenomenon of jobless growth. The research methodology encompasses a dual analytical approach: first, investigating the correlation between job creation and GDP growth patterns; second, examining employment trends within selected Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in relation to their revenue and profit trajectories through Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) calculations. The empirical findings reveal that India's labour market structure is undergoing fundamental transformation, becoming increasingly dynamic while simultaneously exhibiting tendencies toward informalisation. The period spanning 2011-12 to 2017-18 demonstrates clear evidence of jobless growth patterns within the economy. Particularly noteworthy is the analysis of Maharatna companies, where employment levels have either declined or remained stagnant across most PSUs, despite concurrent increases in their profit margins and revenue streams during the 2014-15 to 2023-24 timeframe, thereby exemplifying the disconnect between economic performance and employment generation.

Epileptic seizure detection is a critical task in neurological diagnosis, where timely identification can significantly improve patient outcomes. This work presents a hybrid deep learning model that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks for analyzing EEG signals. The CNN component captures spatial characteristics of brain activity, while the Bi-LSTM layer models temporal dependencies in both forward and backward directions. The proposed model is evaluated using the Bonn EEG dataset, achieving an accuracy of 96.09%. The results indicate that the hybrid approach performs better than conventional machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machines and Random Forests, making it suitable for automated seizure detection systems.

Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a progressive, non-infectious disorder characterized by bone and joint destruction, most commonly seen in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, and can lead to joint instability, ulceration, osteomyelitis, and increased risk of amputation. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Ilizarov-assisted ankle arthrodesis in achieving stable fusion and functional outcomes in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedics, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR) along with selected private hospitals, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2024, and included 15 patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy of the ankle. All patients underwent Ilizarov-assisted ankle arthrodesis, and outcomes including fusion, limb salvage, complications, and functional recovery (AOFAS score) were assessed over a mean follow-up of 24.5 ± 6.3 months. Results: Fifteen patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy underwent Ilizarov-assisted ankle arthrodesis. Ankle fusion was achieved in 80.0%, limb salvage in 86.7%, and limb shortening occurred in 73.3%. The most common complication was pin-tract infection (40.0%). Among surviving patients (n = 13), mean follow-up was 24.5 months, AOFAS scores improved from 36.8 to 68.9, and 69.2% achieved full weight-bearing. Conclusion: Ilizarov-assisted ankle arthrodesis provides reliable fusion, effective limb salvage, and meaningful functional improvement in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy despite procedure-related complications.

This study investigated the adsorptive removal of selected heavy metals from pharmaceutical wastewater using a zinc oxide/geopolymer (zno/geopolymer) nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent. The nanocomposite was synthesized and applied for the removal of cd, pb, and fe ions under varying experimental conditions, including contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. The results showed that heavy metal removal efficiency increased with increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage due to the availability of more active adsorption sites. The diffraction peaks observed at 2θ values around 31.7°, 34.4°, 36.2°, 47.5°, 56.6°, 62.8°, 66.3°, 68.0°, 72.5°, and 76.9° correspond to the characteristic crystalline planes of the hexagonal wurtzite zno structure, indicating high crystallinity of the zno phase. The most intense peak at approximately 36.2° is assigned to the (101) plane, suggesting that zno nanoparticles are the dominant crystalline component. The geopolymer shows a broad o–h stretching band around ~3400 cm⁻¹ and an h–o–h bending band near ~1630 cm⁻¹, indicating adsorbed moisture and hydroxyl groups. Its main structural band appears between 1000–1100 cm⁻¹, corresponding to asymmetric si–o–t (t = si or al) stretching, along with symmetric stretching (800–700 cm⁻¹) and si–o–si bending (600–450 cm⁻¹). The zno nanoparticles display a characteristic zn–o stretching vibration around ~430–450 cm⁻¹. Isotherm studies revealed that the adsorption process fitted well with the langmuir and freundlich models, suggesting both monolayer and heterogeneous surface adsorption mechanisms. Kinetic investigations indicated that the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, implying that chemisorption was the dominant mechanism controlling the adsorption process. The zno/geopolymer nanocomposite exhibited high adsorption capacity, stability, and reusability due to its porous structure and large surface area. The findings demonstrate that zno/geopolymer nanocomposites are promising, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable materials for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater contaminated with toxic heavy metals.

Climate change poses significant risks to economic stability and sustainable development, necessitating a reorientation of corporate governance frameworks toward environmental accountability and innovation. This paper examines the role of corporate law in advancing green-tech governance in Nigeria, arguing that the existing shareholder-centric model under Nigerian corporate law is inadequate for addressing climate-related risks and promoting climate-smart technologies. Using doctrinal legal analysis, the study interrogates Nigeria’s corporate law framework particularly the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020, the Climate Change Act 2021, and related regulatory instruments to identify gaps in sustainability reporting, director accountability, ESG integration, and incentives for green innovation. The article situates Nigeria’s experience within global developments in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) theory and stakeholder-oriented corporate governance. It contends that the absence of mandatory climate-risk disclosure, weak enforcement mechanisms, and limited statutory incentives undermine the effectiveness of corporate participation in climate mitigation and adaptation. The paper proposes a reimagined corporate law framework that embeds ESG duties into directors’ obligations, mandates climate-risk disclosure aligned with international standards, incentivizes green-tech investments, and strengthens regulatory enforcement. By advancing these reforms, the paper contributes to scholarly discourse on sustainable corporate governance and offers policy-relevant insights for aligning Nigeria’s corporate law with climate resilience and green economic transformation.

The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a major global health concern due to the reduced effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. The present study evaluated the synergistic antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) bark extract combined with Curcuma longa (turmeric) rhizome extract against selected multidrug resistant bacterial isolates. Ethanolic extracts of neem bark and turmeric rhizome were prepared and tested individually as well as in combination (1:1 ratio) using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. The antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Chloramphenicol was used as the positive control, while ethanol served as the negative control. The combined extract demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the individual extracts, indicating a synergistic effect between neem and turmeric. Maximum inhibition was observed against S. aureus (20 mm), followed by B. cereus (18 mm), E. coli (10 mm), and P. aeruginosa (8 mm). Individual extracts showed comparatively lower inhibition zones. The results suggest that the synergistic interaction of phytochemicals such as curcumin, flavonoids, tannins, and azadirachtin may contribute to the improved antibacterial effect. This study highlights the potential of combined medicinal plant extracts as natural alternative antimicrobial agents against multidrug resistant pathogens.

Securities regulation and investor protection are fundamental pillars for the development of efficient capital markets. This study examines the legal and institutional framework governing investor protection in Nigeria’s capital market and evaluates its implications for corporate finance. Adopting a doctrinal methodology, the paper analyses the provisions of the Investments and Securities Act (ISA) 2025, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rules, and related regulatory instruments. It argues that robust investor protection enhances market integrity, reduces information asymmetry, and lowers the cost of capital, thereby promoting corporate financing and economic growth. However, despite notable regulatory improvements, challenges such as weak enforcement, limited investor awareness, and persistent market abuse continue to undermine investor confidence. The study concludes that strengthening enforcement mechanisms, improving disclosure standards, and enhancing investor education are essential for achieving sustainable capital market development and efficient corporate financing in Nigeria.