Detailed sedimentary facies and depositional environment studies were carried out on clastic deposits outcropping around Opi and its environswithin the Ajali and Nsukka Formation of the Anambra Basin. This defines the depositional facies, and sandstone hydrodynamics. The results revealed sixlithofacies which are systematically recognized into four genetically connected facies associations based on the textural parameters and diverse sedimentary structures derived from the hydrodynamic controls. The sedimentary facies include Structureless sandstone facies, Heterolith facies, Mudstone facies, Wave ripple facies, Parallel laminated sandstone facies and Planar Cross bedded Sandstone facies with its respective structural elements pivotal in the qualitative and quantification of the lithofacies and facies association description. The facies associations systematic paleo-environment diagnosis reveals depositional in fluvial, upper shoreface to lower shoreface depositional settings. The sandstones are predominantly medium to coarse grained and poorly sorted, indicating high-energy depositional conditions. Furthermore, their symmetrical skewness suggests the depositing medium operated at a steady velocity over a prolonged period, a characteristic feature of fluvial systems.

Breast cancer represents the most prevalent cancer type among women in Saudi Arabia. Despite the availability of early detection programs via mammography, participation rates remain suboptimal due to limited awareness and prevalent misconceptions regarding the screening process. This review aims to consolidate and critically analyze published studies examining the impact of health education on women’s awareness and knowledge of mammogram screening. Evidence indicates that structured health education interventions delivered in healthcare settings or through community campaigns and digital media significantly enhance women’s knowledge and encourage early detection practices. The findings underscore the necessity of sustained educational programs and active involvement of healthcare professionals, particularly radiologic technologists and nurses, to optimize breast cancer prevention and early detection.

This work is about comparing trends of population growth and number of legislative laws adopted. Number legislative laws adopted per year reflect growing aspirations of a growing population of a people centric society. A deviation from the population growth trajectory could be mostly due to internal issues affecting legislation of laws; which needs to be studied.

Febrile convulsions are the most common paroxysmal events in childhood and are a leading cause of emergency visits, frequently provoking fear, distress, and harmful home practices among caregivers. This study assessed mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding home management of febrile convulsions in under‑five children at Manna Mission Hospital and identified gaps to inform targeted educational interventions. A descriptive cross‑sectional hospital‑based study was conducted among 100 mothers who’s under‑five children were admitted with a diagnosis of febrile convulsion between 1 July and 31 August 2022. Data were collected using a structured interviewer‑administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 23 using descriptive statistics. Most participants were aged 20–39 years, and 70% had heard of febrile convulsions and believed they could be managed. Overall, mothers demonstrated generally adequate knowledge and predominantly positive attitudes; 92% agreed that febrile convulsions are a serious condition and 81% rated prescribed medications as very beneficial. In addition, 60% strongly agreed that every febrile child should be taken to a hospital. However, despite this favorable knowledge and attitude profile, 70% provided medically incorrect responses regarding specific home management actions, indicating substantial gaps in practical skills and reliance on inappropriate or potentially harmful practices. These findings reveal a critical knowledge–practice disconnect and underscore the need for structured, context‑appropriate, nurse‑led educational interventions focused on safe home recognition and first‑line management of febrile convulsions. Implementing and evaluating such interventions in Hospital could reduce preventable complications and improve child health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Background: The external ear plays a significant role in clinical, surgical, and forensic sciences. Anthropometric data are essential for surgeries, hearing aid design, and forensic identification. Ethnic diversity influences auricular morphology, emphasizing the need for population-specific data. This study provides data on the Okrika tribe, exploring sexual dimorphism and applications in clinical and forensic practice. Aim: To establish anthropometric auricular parameters for the Okrika tribe, with potential applications in clinical and forensic contexts. Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 450 Okirika indigenes (245 males, 205 females) aged 18+ years with no ear abnormalities or previous surgeries. Digital vernier calipers measured ear length, width, lobular length, and lobular width on both ears. Measurements were taken with subjects sitting upright and head in Frankfort horizontal plane. Data were analyzed using R programming environment, with sex differences assessed via independent sample T-test and correlations with stature via Pearson's/Spearman's correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study enrolled 450 Okirika participants (245 males, 205 females). Males were significantly taller, while females had higher BMI and greater central obesity. Males had larger right lobule width (17.3mm vs 16.3mm) and left ear width (31.1mm vs 30.3mm). Ear width measurements showed prominent sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was most pronounced in ear width measurements, with males having larger dimensions. External ear dimensions didn't correlate with stature in males and females. Ear size and height are independent traits, making ear measurements unreliable for predicting stature. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into Okrika tribe's external ear morphology, highlighting significant sexual dimorphism in auricular width dimensions. The findings offer a valuable reference for clinicians and forensic experts, guiding reconstructive surgery and sex estimation. The study contributes to external ear morphometry knowledge, emphasizing the need for population-specific research in diverse populations.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize longitudinal evidence on the natural changes in orthodontic treatment need among children and adolescents, with a specific focus on identifying malocclusion traits that demonstrate a potential for spontaneous correction over time. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, SienceDirect, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from inception to November 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were longitudinal cohorts assessing children and adolescents in mixed or early permanent dentition, with no prior orthodontic treatment at baseline. Outcomes included changes in treatment need measured by indices like the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) or Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and observed self-correction of specific malocclusion traits. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Four prospective cohort studies (n=1,253 participants) were included. The evidence revealed a non-linear trajectory of malocclusion prevalence, characterized by an initial decrease from primary to mixed dentition, followed by an increase in early permanent dentition. Despite this, a net decrease in treatment need was observed for many individuals during the transition from mixed to permanent dentition, with one study reporting decreased DAI scores for 60.8% of children. High rates of spontaneous correction were documented for specific traits: anterior open bite (87-99%), Class II malocclusion (83%), and unilateral posterior crossbite (83%). Nevertheless, a persistent, clinically significant treatment need remained, with 22% of 11.5-year-olds classified as having severe or extreme need. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment need in children is dynamic, not static. While significant self-correction occurs for traits like anterior open bite and posterior crossbite, a substantial proportion of children develop a definitive need for intervention by early permanent dentition. These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal monitoring and cautious timing of orthodontic assessments, particularly during mixed dentition when transient traits may overestimate true long-term need.

A quality by design (QbD)-based on high resolution, stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for determining the impurities in Linezolid oral suspension dosage forms. Using this method six known were impurities qualified, and two degradants were quantified with excellent peak resolution. Using pH 3.0 0.02M potassium phosphate buffer as buffer. For mobile phase-A consisted of 80% buffer, acetonitrile 10%, and 10% methanol in the ratio of 80:10:10(v/v/v), while mobile phase B consisted of methanol and buffer in the ratio of 60:40, (v/v) methanol and buffer. The column was maintained at a temperature of 30°C, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. UV wavelength at 254 nm. The method exhibited high specificity and demonstrated linearity over the concentration range of 0.502–6.025 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.999. Accuracy exceeded 97%. The method was validated in accordance with the guidelines established by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), covering parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Forced degradation studies revealed that Linezolid oral suspension was sensitive to acid and oxidative stress conditions. The developed method is considered suitable for routine quality control applications, including impurity profiling and stability-indicating analysis of Linezolid oral suspension.

The increasing demand for concrete, coupled with the environmental burden associated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production and natural aggregate depletion, has intensified the search for sustainable alternative materials. Waste glass, generated in large quantities worldwide and often landfilled due to recycling constraints, has emerged as a promising resource for cementitious composites when processed as powdered waste glass (PWG) or crushed waste glass. This review critically examines the utilization of waste glass as a sustainable binder and aggregate replacement, with particular emphasis on microstructural evolution, durability performance, and service-life implications. The pozzolanic reactivity of finely ground waste glass, driven by its high amorphous silica content, leads to secondary calcium silicate hydrate formation, portlandite consumption, and pore refinement. These microstructural modifications result in improved later-age mechanical strength, reduced permeability, enhanced resistance to chloride ingress and chemical attack, and effective mitigation of alkali–silica reaction when appropriate fineness and replacement levels are adopted. The review synthesizes quantitative data from recent studies to establish performance trends, identify optimal replacement ranges, and clarify durability mechanisms governing long-term behavior. Remaining challenges, including variability in glass composition, standardization of test methods, and limited long-term field data, are highlighted. Overall, the findings demonstrate that waste glass, when properly processed and proportioned, can contribute significantly to durable, low-carbon cementitious composites and support circular-economy-based infrastructure development.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is crucial for diagnosing and managing glaucoma. The Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) is the gold standard for IOP measurement, and while the Pulsair non-contact tonometer (NCT) has shortcomings, it appears to offer certain advantages and therefore is a viable option. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of NCT as a reliable alternative to GAT for assessing IOP in adult glaucoma patients. This cross-sectional study assessed 200 eyes of 101 patients at a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria. We measured IOP with both GAT and NCT. The mean age of the participants was 56 ± 13.2 years. The right eyes had mean IOP values of 16.44mmHg and 14.96mmHg (p<0.05) with GAT and NCT, respectively, while those of the left were 17.59mmHg and 17.01mmHg (p < 0.05). The pachymetrically corrected IOP values in the right eyes were 19.31mmHg and 18.20 mmHg (p<0.05) for GAT and NCT, respectively, while those in the left were 20.05mmHg and 19.22 mmHg (p>0.05). Pachymetrically corrected NCT and GAT showed a positive correlation of 0.861 (p<0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement, especially for pachymetrically corrected data of NCT and GAT, with a considerable majority of subjects (76% for right eyes, 80% for left eyes) showing differences of 1-3 mmHg, while an average of 14% of all eyes had no difference. In conclusion, the NCT provided reliable IOP measurements; however, CCT corrections may be required, as NCT results appear to be more subject to CCT variations.

In Pakistan, land subsidence has become a serious geohazard, with the major factors being rapid urbanization, overextraction of groundwater, overloading of infrastructural facilities, and natural compaction. Conventional terrestrial methods of monitoring, such as leveling and GNSS, are highly accurate but spatially sparse, costly, and cannot monitor deformation over a regional scale. Here, satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) especially Persistent Scatterer InSAR, provides a stable and economical method of long-standing subsidence monitoring on extensive and uneven surfaces. The paper demonstrates an attempt to integrate PSInSAR with multi-temporal SAR data to map and analyze subsidence trends of the area land of selected urban and peri-urban areas of Pakistan. The PSInSAR method allows the stable radar target of interest to be identified and allows the time series of millimeter-scale surface deformation to be extracted, which is likely to reduce the atmospheric disturbance and time-correlation effects of traditional InSAR methods. This study will measure spatial variability, temporal change, and subsidence hotspots of anthropogenic and geological nature by using the high-resolution SAR datasets. The paper also compares the patterns of deformation that are observed with the root causes that include: groundwater depletion, land-use change, and expansion of infrastructure. The results present important information about the processes of subsidence in data-sparse areas of Pakistan and indicate that PSInSAR is a valid instrument of monitoring hazard control, urban development and sustainable resources utilization. This study helps to enhance geospatial decision-support systems and provides a scientific foundation of risk-based policymaking in the regions with subsidence risks.

Background: Uterine rupture is a life-threatening obstetric emergency associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Changing obstetric practices have altered its etiological profile, particularly with the rising rate of caesarean section. This study aimed to compare maternal and fetal consequences of uterine rupture in scarred versus unscarred uterus. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from March to September 2012. Forty-two cases of surgically confirmed uterine rupture were analyzed with respect to demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical presentation, surgical management and outcomes. Results: The incidence of uterine rupture was 0.96% (1 in 104 deliveries). Scarred uterus rupture accounted for 71% of cases. Most patients were aged 20–25 years, multiparous, of low socioeconomic status and unbooked for antenatal care. Repair of rupture was the most common surgical procedure (61.9%). Maternal mortality was 7.1%, while perinatal mortality was 85.7%. Conclusion: Uterine rupture is increasingly associated with previous caesarean section. Although maternal survival has improved, fetal outcomes remain poor. Strengthening antenatal care, rationalizing caesarean section practices and ensuring skilled intrapartum management are critical to prevention.

The global financial system is changing, and this is directly challenging the long-standing dominance of the U.S. dollar. Rather than one world leader being replaced by another, we are witnessing the development of a heterogeneous multipolar architecture. This paper argues that a unitary currency will not take control of the next stage of this new monetary order. Rather, it is turning into a stratified ecosystem. The dollar remains strong but is gradually losing its relative significance. In the meantime, it is no longer just about the dollar, euro, and Yuan, but the world is warming up to a new form of competition: central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are being experimented with, and investors and governments around the world are considering gold as a safe investment that is not confined to the politics of a single nation. Although this shift can help decrease dependence on a single currency, it increases the dangers of fragmentation and a decrease in coordination. These dangers are the reasons why more effective global monetary governance is necessary, which implies cooperation and institution-building to ensure systemic stability.

The orthodontic landscape is evolving beyond occlusion and aesthetics, expanding into realms that intersect with systemic health most notably, the airway. This review explores a compelling paradigm shift: the growing body of evidence that links malocclusion with sleep-disordered breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). No longer viewed in isolation, craniofacial architecture and dental arch relationships are now recognized as potential contributors to compromised airway volume and function. We synthesize current literature to unravel how sagittal and vertical dysmorphologies—such as retrognathic mandibles, narrow maxillary arches, and deep bites correlate with reduced upper airway dimensions and increased risk of airway obstruction during sleep. Furthermore, this review investigates how orthodontic interventions, including maxillary expansion, mandibular advancement, and functional appliance therapy, may influence airway patency. Rather than presenting orthodontics as a cure for OSA, we critically evaluate the extent to which treatment timing, modality, and individual growth patterns determine outcomes. We also spotlight the need for interdisciplinary synergy between orthodontists, sleep physicians, and ENT specialists, advocating for a patient-centred, airway-conscious approach in diagnosis and treatment planning. While the evidence is promising, we emphasize the gaps that persist especially in longitudinal outcomes and standardization of airway assessment protocols. In rethinking malocclusion through the lens of airway health, this review calls for a new orthodontic responsibility: not merely aligning teeth, but potentially aiding in breath, sleep, and systemic wellness. The implications are profound not only for orthodontic strategy but also for the very definition of oral health.

Antioxidants are bioactive molecules that safeguard cells against oxidative stress, a condition that induces cellular injury and is implicated in the development of various chronic diseases. Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the methanolic leaf extract of C. pentandra using an experimental model of Drosophila melanogaster subjected to a high-sucrose diet. The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated using several assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation inhibition, reducing power capacity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) quantification. The antidiabetic activity of the plant was assessed through in vitro α-amylase inhibition and in vivo analysis using D. melanogaster exposed to a high-sucrose diet. A total of thirty-five (35) D. melanogaster were utilized, divided into five experimental groups. Metformin (16 mg) was employed as the reference drug, while C. pentandra extract was administered at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg. The experiment was conducted over a ten-day period, after which the flies were analyzed for glucose and total protein levels. The in vitro antioxidant evaluation of C. pentandra methanolic extract demonstrated substantial activity across all assays, with notably higher lipid peroxidation inhibition (84.73%) and reducing power (20.52%) compared to the standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (50.13% and 17.26%, respectively) at 500 µg/mL. The extract exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in α-amylase inhibitory activity (21.83%, 22.55%, and 23.60%), although the values remained lower than those of the standard drug, acarbose (52.76%, 54.20%, and 68.04%) at 500, 750, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the extract’s ability to modulate glucose metabolism may improve with increasing concentrations. In in vivo assays, metformin produced the lowest glucose concentration (40 mg/dL), while the 4 mg C. pentandra extract-treated group showed reduced glucose levels (60 mg/dL) compared to the 2 mg group (150 mg/dL). Protein concentration analysis revealed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the extract-treated groups, whereas both the normal (non-diabetic) and metformin-treated controls exhibited similar protein levels (80 mg/dL). Overall, C. pentandra methanolic extract demonstrated potent lipid peroxidation inhibition and superior reducing power, indicating its potential to mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, its glucose-lowering effect suggests a promising antidiabetic activity, possibly through enhanced insulin sensitivity.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) remains one of the most common postoperative complications, particularly in cases involving contaminated or dirty abdominal surgeries. Despite improved aseptic techniques and antibiotic prophylaxis, SSI continues to contribute significantly to morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs, especially in developing countries. Intraoperative intraperitoneal antibiotic lavage, particularly using gentamicin, has been proposed as an effective adjunct to reduce microbial contamination and postoperative infection risk. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal gentamicin lavage on postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) in children undergoing dirty laparotomy. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Faculty of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, from March 2018 to December 2019. A total of 70 children (≤5 years) undergoing laparotomy for dirty surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n=35) received intraperitoneal lavage with gentamicin diluted in normal saline (160 mg/500 ml), whereas Group B (n=35) received lavage with normal saline only. Postoperative outcomes, including fever, wound infection, wound dehiscence, secondary closure, and hospital stay duration, were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The groups were comparable in age and gender distribution (p>0.05). Postoperative fever occurred in 54.3% of Group A and 77.1% of Group B (p=0.044), while wound infection rates were significantly lower in the gentamicin group (11.4%) than in the control group (31.4%) (p=0.041). Although wound dehiscence and secondary closure did not differ significantly between groups, the mean postoperative hospital stay was notably shorter in Group A (8.17 ± 2.70 days) compared to Group B (10.71 ± 3.89 days) (p=0.002). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal gentamicin lavage significantly reduced postoperative fever, wound infection rates, and hospital stay duration in children undergoing dirty laparotomy. These findings suggest that gentamicin lavage can serve as an effective adjunctive measure to minimize postoperative infectious morbidity and enhance recovery in pediatric contaminated abdominal surgeries.