Background: Like in other developing countries, cancer of cervix is one of the leading malignancies in women in Nepal. In Nepal cervical pap-smear screening is not done my most of woman due to lack of awareness. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of abnormal cervical epithelial lesions. This was a retrospective study of 396 conventional cervical Pap smears reported from the Department of Pathology, Birat Medical College in Biratnagar, Nepal. The time period was from March 2016 to March 2018. We used Bethesda system to report our all our slides. We used the pap stain to use the slide. All the case was reviewed by consultant pathologist of Birat medical college. Total cases were 396 in two year period in which 396 cases were satisfactory for evaluation and 20 cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation which is due to thick neutrophilic exudates, mucous, degenerative cells and hemorrhage. Out 0f 396 cases 7 cases is ASCUS that is 1.76%,4 cases is LSIL that is 1.01%,3 cases is HSIL that is 0.75%,1 cases is SCC that is 0.25%.Negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy is 381 that is 98.21%

Oncogenesis is a very complex and multistep process with many factors involved. Among the various cancers viral oncogenesis constitutes about 12%. The human population has been plaqued by viruses particularly viruses with oncogenic potential. Worldwide, viruses cause numerous miseries ranging from flu to complex cancers. A noteworthy few among them are caused by oncoviruses such as Human papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HTLV-1, EBV. Among these viruses Human papilloma virus and Human T Lymphocyte virus have direct oncogenic potential whereas HIV, EBV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have indirect oncogenic potential. In this review, we aim to discuss briefly about the pathogenesis of the most commonly 6 occuring oncoviruses and their oncogenic potential.

HIV-related cutaneous manifestations are very common and can be easily detected. If studied systematically, they can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. It is aimed to study the skin biopsies of various dermatological manifestations that occur in HIV seropositive patients attended to a tertiary care centre. This is a prospective study of cases of 104 were studied histopathologically who were Seropositive for HIV. Majority are of 31- 40 years (32.69%), and closely followed by the age group 21-30 years (28.84 %). Patients of both sexes were affected with males females ratio of 1.19:1. The most common cutaneous manifestation observed was Papulosquamous lesions with 37.5% cases and in this 53.84% cases were pruritic papular urticaria. Infections observed were 25%, among which majority were of bacterial infections. Drug reactions were observed in 15.3% of cases and majority of patients presented with Stevens Johnson syndrome. Dermatitis was seen in 11.53% of patients and seborrheic dermatitis is the common non-infectious dermatosis. Other cutaneous manifestations like vascular involvement, neoplasms contributed minority of cases. Most of the patients presented with cutaneous manifestations having CD4 count in the range of 350-500. It was conclude that the dermatological lesions are extremely common and may present with early, severe, unusual and atypical manifestations in the course of HIV infection. Awareness of the varied pattern of these manifestations would help in the early diagnosis and management of HIV infection, which would in turn decrease the morbidity and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the important causes of hepatitis in developing countries. It is transmitted through feco-oral route. They pose major health problems. To determine the prevalence of HAV in patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis. Serum samples of the patients presenting with fever, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice were collected and analyzed by using commercially available RecombiLISA ELISA kit for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) against HAV. A 20 months retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Shri M. P. Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat (India). Of the 532 serum samples subjected to RecombiLISA ELISA for detection of anti-HAV IgM in patients, 157 (29.51%) were found to be positive. The prevalence was found to be more in male patients than in female patients, that is, 81(51.59%) and 76(48.41%), respectively, and was predominantly seen in the 6–15 years of the school-going age group. Peak cases were found in the monsoon season. Regular monitoring of clinical, serological and molecular characteristics would help in understanding the epidemiology of HAV and in planning the intervention studies.

Mature cystic teratomas comprise of 10-20% of ovarian neoplasms. Malignant transformation in a dermoid cyst occurs in 0.17-2% of cases. Primary ovarian melanoma arising in a dermoid cyst is an extremely rare entity. It must be differentiated from a metastatic melanoma which is more common. A fifty nine year old female presented with lower abdominal pain and heaviness. A right adnexal mass was noted on Computed tomography (CT) scan. Left ovary and uterus were normal. She underwent a right salpingo-oopherectomy. Histopathological examination along with immunohistochemical analysis and clinical correlation serves the diagnostic purpose and surgery with adequate margin clearance plays an important role in management. We report a rare case of primary malignant melanoma arising in a mature cystic teratoma.

Abstract: Background: Lung cancer is a type of cancer that arises in the lungs. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two major subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, over a period of 1 year at a tertiary care hospital and teaching centre. A total of 125 cases comprising of 70 adenocarcinomas and 55 squamous cell carcinomas of lung were included in the study. Result: All 27 cases of well differentiated Adenocarcinoma were negative for P40 and 1 case showed positive P63 expression. Out of 43 cases of moderately differentiated Adenocarcinoma, 1 case was positive for P40 and 4 cases were positive for p63. Out of 19 cases of well differentiated Squamous cell carcinomas 18(94.7%) cases were positive for P40 and 18 (94.71%) cases were P63 positive. All 36 (100%) cases of moderately differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma showed positive P40 and P63 expression. Conclusion: Strong and diffuse P40 expression was noted in majority of lung squamous cell carcinomas and absence of P40 in most of the lung adenocarcinomas. Thus, p40 is an excellent marker for distinguishing lung squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma, and that its expression is equivalent to that of p63 in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Since P63 shows variable expression in lung adenocarcinomas; in moderately differentiated cases, a two-panel approach of p63 and p40 help to distinguish adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinomas.