History as a master of the past; a commander of the present and subtle compass of the future is continuously bulging in length and breadth as new facts, intelligible methods of construction and auxiliary tools are discovered and used by professional historians to refocus emerging themes and concepts. With these new discoveries, the historical enterprise is expanding rapidly with a deal of both concord and disagreements arising from the analyses of commonly investigated historical facts. The ability of modern history to float freely and fittingly within the world of science and that of arts; further polished by its dynamism to use the other disciplines of the social science family to assert its causation and unique kinds of Historical truth, places the course on a complex paradigm. On a broad plain, European and western historians have fought hard to minimized disagreements on their historiography but African history and historiography is still bedevilled by the scourge of bias, misinterpretation and ignorance. The Republic of Cameroon at any point in time is a fine fitting to showcase the re-investigation of the past, understanding the present and casting the future. Going by colonial history, Cameroon shares a triple experience (German, British and French).By geography, her coastline gave her wider exposure to the Atlantic slave and legitimate trades and her geographical position permitted her to be influenced by historical developments in both west and central Africa.This paper from its various sources refocuses and interrogates the emerging debates and contrasting themes like colonial misgivings, self-centeredness of early nationalists and irresponsible leadership blamed for current multifaceted problems of Cameroon historiography today. It argues that the actors behind these themes and episodes can only be better appreciated and comprehended in the light of the prevailing circumstances at the time. Such a scholarship enterprise will create a sense of positive approach to Cameroon historiography thereby, giving us a command of the present trend of issues and casting an assuring future. It further perceives the diverse Cameroon historical heritage and the harm done to it by Eurocentric writings, not as vices but as potent episodes that reminds us of our foundational frames pointedly awful but worth being used to stimulate development and hope instead of remaining steadfast in the apportioning of blames in an era of abounding opportunities.

This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of competence, motivation, and facilities of education advice on the performance of teachers XYZ Senior High School Jakarta. The population of all teachers of XYZ Senior High School Jakarta is 50 teachers. The research method used is a quantitative approach and explanatory with survey method. Data were collected using questionnaires given to 50 respondents; with sampling technique used is census. Methods of research analysis used multiple linear regressions. Data processing used software program Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20. The results showed competence, motivation, and infrastructure facilities have a significantly positive effect on teacher performance. The influence of competence, motivation, facilities, and infrastructures shows positive influence to teacher performance. Competence is the greatest variable of influence on teacher performance. The three independent variables namely competence, motivation and means facilities education have a positive and significant effect on teacher performance in XYZ Senior High School Jakarta.

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial and analgesic activities of ethanol extract from Solanum torvum (Family: Solanaceae) aerial parts. The bioactive compounds such as glycoside, tannins, sterols, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins are detected in ethanol extract shown promising antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria viz. B. subtilis and S. aureus. Analgesic activity was evaluated against both thermal and chemical induced stimuli, which were evidenced from acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and formalin induced paw licking test. The assessment of peripheral analgesic effect of the ethanol extracts exhibited a significant percentage inhibition in the writhings which were induced by acetic acid in mice. Similarly test drug significantly increased the latency period in the tail immersion test and the formalin study showed that both the aphasic and tonic pain was blocked by the extract. The overall analgesic effect of ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was lower than the standard drugs aspirin. The presence of flavonoid compounds in ethanol extract of Solanum torvum aerial parts may be responsible for the analgesic effect

Dengue and chikungunya are two mosquito-borne viral ailments transmitted by the same species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti and these ailments are of great public health concern in country like India. Thus, the present study was aimed to check the influence of antagonistic crustaceans on population of Aedes mosquitoes. Based on our laboratory experiments, the best ratio of antagonistic crustaceans (Cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops aspericornis and cladoceran, Daphnia magna) was chosen against Aedes aegypti larvae to test the influence of these crustaceans under simulated conditions. During the study it was observed that overall time taken for the larvae to convert into adult was 14.82±2.65 ranging from 14.0-21.0 days i.e. 4 days longer than the control sets. L1 larval stage was more prone to mortality i.e. 42.35±0.69 than other larval stages. Total adult emergence was significantly reduced i.e. 52.30±1.57 (31.65±0.69 males and 20.65±0.88 females). Significant reduction in body size of both male and female was observed i.e. 3.79±0.16 mm (control 4.44±0.07 mm) and female size significantly reduced to 4.17±0.15 mm when compared with control sets i.e. 5.48±0.08 mm. Life span of males was reduced from 15.35±1.20 to 9.33±0.33 days and in case of females longevity was reduced from 22.00±1.15 to 11.67±0.66 days.

Himachal Pradesh is lying between 30.22' to 33.12' North latitudes and 75.47' to 79.04’ East longitudes. The area of the state is 55,673 km2 with almost mountainous elevations ranging from 350-6500 m above the mean sea level. Shimla is surrounded by Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, Uttarakhand in the southeast, Solan to the southwest and Sirmaur in the south. It is the third most populous district of Himachal Pradesh, after Kangra and Mandi. In the present study 24 climber species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera have been reported. Cucurbitaceae and Ranunculaceae with 4 species, Apocynaceae with 3 species, Convolvulaceae with 2 species, Dioscoreaceae and Menispermaceae with 2 species and other families with one species.

Brain tumors account for 85% to 90% of CNS tumors. In 20-40% of the patients suffering from brain tumor (BT), seizures are common during the commencement of the disease. The relationship between the onset of seizures and brain tumor is poorly understood. These patients show a complex therapeutic profile making selection of the drugs very tough. The quality of life of the patient is highly compromised due to brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE) as it is drug-resistant and poses the challenging risk factor for everlasting disability. Hence, there arise the need of unique and multidisciplinary approach of proper selection of medications with minimum side effects. Glioblastoma Multiforme is a grade IV highly malignant tumor attacking the glia, which provides nourishment and assist in signal transmission. Glioma cells secrete glutamate and choose neurotransmitter receptors for their invasive growth. Glutamate binds to ionotropic receptors, activate calcium release mediating excitatory neurotransmission. The alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are the major mediators of glutamate-mediated excitatory neurotransmission and are critical for spread of epileptic activity. Glutamate is the main culprit for both the occurrence of seizures and glioma metastases. Hence there lies an opportunity to use the anti-epileptic drugs which targets calcium permeable AMPA receptors for the treatment of glioblastoma as well as BTRE. Topiramate (TPM), a derivative of D-fructose is a novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drug which shows antagonistic effect on AMPA receptor. When treated with TPM a dose-dependent decrease in live cell number, increase in the number of apoptotic cells, decrease in the calcium influx, reduction in phosphorylation of Akt, Erk1/2 expression were observed. Also phosphorylation of AMPA receptor in presence of EGF was observed. The data suggests that topiramate lead to decrease in proliferation and survival by decreasing calcium influx and inhibiting mitogenic and survival signalling in U87MG cells.

TV talk show is a program in which a host communicates with a guest about a certain topic or person. Usually, the host and guest follow the cooperative principle during their communication, but both sides violate the cooperative principle in the program, realizing the conversational implicature of avoiding answering questions directly, implicit expression and additional information and so on. This article, based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle, attempts to analyze the similarities and differences between Jin Xing Show and A Date with Lu Yu in terms of programming orientation as well as host style from the perspective of violation of cooperative principle. And the examples in this article are chosen from two Chinese shows, in which Hu Ge, a popular actor in China as the guest. It is hoped that this study can provide some reference for other talk shows, and can improve people’s ability of daily conversation and enhance people’s language charming and communicative competence.

Software has frolicked an increasing significant role in methods acquisition, engineering, development, mainly for large complex systems. For such systems, accurate estimates of the software costs are a perilous part of effective software management. The preparation of forecasting the cost of the software has evolved, but it is far from perfect. Constructive cost model is the most widely used among all the models available. The proposed model focusses on data set obtained from 91 models nick named as “Maxwell”. The projected model is tested and the test results from the neural network are matched with that of COCOMO model. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the amalgamation of the proposed model for the “Maxwell” data has proved better than the existing COCOMO and another model as obtained from literature.

Langerhans cells are dendritic, antigen-presenting cells which reside within the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and various mucosae, where they function as the outermost arm of the immune system. Langerhans cells play an important role in inflammation and immune responses, including anti-tumour activity. Thus this study is aimed to identify the role of Langerhans cell in oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells were done in normal oral mucosa (n=10), oral dysplastic epithelium (n=20) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (n=20) with immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against CD1a. Counting was done in ten non-overlapping consecutive high power fields by two independent observers. An increase in the number of Langerhans cells were observed from normal mucosa to oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was no statistically significant increase observed from oral dysplastic epithelium to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The immune system responds to the dysplastic and invading epithelium in oral squamous cell carcinoma by recruiting Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells present altered antigen to naïve T cells, thus initiating an immune response. However, tumour microenvironment has a critical role in modulating the recruitment and function of Langerhans cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Tetracera rosiflora Gilg is a medicinal plant used in the Congolese pharmacopeia for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this work was to achieve the micrographic analysis of the powder of leaves of T. rosiflora from Pumbu City (Kinshasa) and Lukala areas (Kongo Central), to determine their chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of their different extracts. Extracts from leaves of this species were characterized for their chemical fingerprint by Thin Layer Chromatography and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS, DPPH assays. Microscopically leaves can be characterised by non-glandular trichomes, sinuous anticlinal epidermal cells, and parenchymal cells with cristal of calcium oxalate, polycytic stomata and spiraled vessels. Thin Layer Chromatography showed that leaves of Tetracera rosiflora contain varied phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins, iridoids, phenolic acid, tanins and the terpenes. All tested extracts (methanolic and dichloromethane) have exhibited high antiradical activities. The obtained results showed that the interesting bioactivities of T. rosiflora correlated with the chemical composition, which depends on several factors including climatic conditions. T. rosiflora is a phytogenetic resource of the Congolese pharmacopoeia with promising therapeutic potentials for the management of various pathologies associated with oxidative stress.

The article has focused on clarifying the concept of accountability, the head and accountability of the head of the state administrative agency, indicating the factors constituting the accountability of the head of the state administrative agency, things to do with good results and things not to do; Obligations, rights and accountability taking of the heads of state administrative agencies in complying with the law and serving the people; In planning, making decisions and directing activities of the agency, organizing the performance of functions and duties assigned by the State and the people; pointing out the characteristics of accountability of the head of the state administrative agency in order to understand, regulate and unanimously perform the accountability of the head of the state administrative agency in Vietnam.

Hand washing with soap is among the most effective and inexpensive ways to prevent diarrheal diseases and pneumonia, which together are responsible for the majority of child deaths. Routine Surveillance data shows increased morbidity from diseases of poor hygiene and environmental health in Kieni East sub-County, Nyeri County of Kenya. The objectives of the study were to assess hand hygiene, evaluate prevalence of diarrhea, find out relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and state of sanitation and evaluate relationship between hand washing practices and diarrhea diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 household selected randomly between October and November 2017. Additional data was obtained from key informant interviews with facility in-charges and community resource persons. It was found that majority (78%) of the respondents washed their hands after visiting the toilet while 20% washed their hands before preparing food. Whereas toilet facilities had a high coverage (97%), coverage of hand washing facilities was lower (60%). Coverage of hand washing facilities with soap was very low (27%). There was a significant relationship between level of education (p=0.025) and availability of hand washing facilities with soap. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between occupation (p=0.019) and availability of hand washing facilities with soap. There was a significant relationship between households with hand washing facilities with soap (p=0.00) and diarrhea cases reported in the previous 4 weeks. The study concluded that there is poor hand hygiene among residents of Kieni East sub-County. Although majority of respondents recognized the importance of hand hygiene, hand washing was not frequently observed. A sensitization program is urgently required in Kieni East sub-County on hand washing and hand hygiene.

There is a need for a rapid and reliable test to predict dengue so that the patients are managed and monitored. Beckman Coulter LH series instruments provide data on leukocyte cell volume, V; conductivity, C; and light scatter, S which is useful in distinguishing viral and bacterial infections. This prospective study was undertaken in Chennai - India for a period of one and a half years. The cell population data for the dengue positive and negative patients were retrieved from the hematology analyzer Beckman Coulter LH780. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc for Windows version 15.0. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the VCS indices between the different groups. Dengue positive, suspected and controls were 499, 493, 499 respectively. Male: female ratio is 1.4:1. The platelet count, standard deviation of volume and conductivity of monocytes, volume and percentage of lymphocytes and platelet counts were used to construct a tree model which distinguishes dengue from suspected cases with sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of 94.84%, 77.88% and 89.59% respectively. A classification tree was developed using changes in monocytes, lymphocytes and lymphocyte and platelet counts.

Gold is a safe haven asset especially in times of uncertainties and can provide long-term capital gain. The objective of this study is to investigate the causality relationship among the changes of the Malaysia stock price index (KLCI), US stock price index (DOJ), Malaysian currency exchange rate (EXR) and crude oil price (COP) on the gold price (POG) in the Malaysian Market. This study employs vector error correction method with co-integration analysis, Granger causality test, and model evaluation. Based on the findings, COP and the lagged of the gold price (POG) only have a significant short-term relationship, however, the KLCI, DOJ, EXR and COP has also a significant long-term relationship with the gold price. Moreover, POG granger causes KLCI and COP also granger causes POG, both are uni-directional causality. Furthermore, EXR granger causes POG with bi-directional causality. Evidently, EXR and COP changes are importantly affecting the gold price changes. Otherwise, the gold price changes are affecting also the changes of KLCI and EXR in the study. These findings are important for investors who are opportunities for investment in gold in Malaysia.

The largest outbreak to date was the epidemic in West Africa, which occurred from December 2013 to January 2016 with 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths. The aim of this work was to assess by a systematic literature review the impact of surveillance in health systems of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria in combating Ebola Virus Disease outbreaks. Specific objectives include identifying the strength of their surveillance systems and exploring the impacts of surveillance on the containment of Ebola virus disease in the region. The PRISMA procedure was used in carrying out the study. The SPIDER tool was chosen and modified to establish the research question. Five databases were searched in this study viz., the Cochrane librarycentral, Medline, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and a grey literature called Open grey. Studies were critically analyzed and assessed using the Crowe critical appraisal Tool (CCAT). The search strategy generated a total of 30 articles, out of which 6 articles (5 studies and 1 report) were selected for data extraction. The need for professionalism and competence cannot be overemphasized in the healthcare and surveillance systems of West African countries, especially the ones under study.