This study investigated the effectiveness of discussion method of teaching in curriculum delivery in secondary schools in Ogbia Local Education Authority (LEA) of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Nigeria has thirty six States in which Bayelsa State is one of it and Bayelsa State has eight Local Education Authorities which Ogbia is one of it. Ten secondary schools were randomly selected from the thirty schools in Ogbia LEA and eighteen teachers from each of the ten selected secondary schools were randomly selected for the study. The study was guided by three research questions. The instrument for the study was questionnaire developed by the researchers. Split half reliability was used to determine the reliability of the instrument, r = 0.87 was realized which is within the acceptable reliability benchmark. The instrument was administered to respondents and was retrieved and analyzed using percentage. The findings revealed that discussion method of delivering curriculum had positive impact on student because it encourages listening, talking and critical thinking among students which leads to better performance. It also encourages cooperation and teamwork among students and teachers. From the study, it was also discovered that discussion method of curriculum delivery helps students to deal with stereotype, gender bias and social disability. The best subjects suitable for discussion method are art/social science related subjects as well as science subject like health education. Teachers have adequate preparation but lack adequate instructional materials for effective curriculum implementation using discussion method of teaching. Based on the findings of this research, the researchers made some recommendation which includes curriculum planners and textbook writers should provide topical issues/discussion topics before, during and after every reading task to make lessons more participatory, meaningful, purposeful, exciting, enjoyable and pleasurable. Teachers should be encouraged to attend seminars, workshops and conferences in methodology to update their skills in discussion.

Abstract: Infertility is more of a social problem rather than a medical problem. The term “subfertility” used to describe any form of reduced fertility that results in a prolonged duration of unwanted lack of conception. The difficulty to conceive or subfertility constitutes a major social and psychological burden amongst couples especially in lower-middle country like Bangladeshi women. Accurate and precise diagnosis is mandatory prior to management of case. Although there are many diagnostic tests available, the clinical presentation of each patient can usually be linked to specific and efficient testing strategies. Ultrasonography is an accurate and reliable test for evaluation of subfertilty. Ultrasonographic imaging is easy to use, safe, and readily available noninvasive means to evaluate fertility potential. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and correlate the clinical findings with ultrasonography finding of the subfertile female patient. A hospital based cross sectional study conducted Department of obstetrics & Gynecology (Infertility unit), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka. Sample was selected from the population by Purposive sampling. All subjects were subfertility in reproductive age group. Total 50 patients were enrolled for study after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria Detail demographic data were collected from the patients and recorded in structured case report form. All collected questionnaire checked very carefully to identify the error in the data. Data processing work consist of registration schedules, editing computerization, preparation of dummy table, analyzing and matching of data. Maximum numbers of patients (62.0%) were between 20-30 years age group with mean age was 26.47 ± 11.57 years. Detailed history taking, examination suggested that, etiology for subfertility were (14%) for tubal factors and (26%) ovarian factors. Clinical and pathological factors for subfertilty were verified by pelvic ultrasonography in all the cases. In case of female infertility, uterine factors account for 32% of the cases. Among the uterine causes, fibroids or myomas in the uterus found (16%) cases, endometrial thickening (10%), endometrial polyp and endometriosis (6%) cases. Ovarian factors like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) found (18%) cases. In 24% of women, USG tests were normal and there is no easily identifiable cause for infertility. Subfertility is not an uncommon problem in our country, major social, personal and economical burden. When pregnancy is considered such an important event in life, and considered a “socially unacceptable condition”, it can lead to a search for treatment appropriately and accurately. Aetiology of infertility are numerous and presentation also variable, sometimes confusion occurs regarding the actual diagnosis and thus delay the prompt management which may result in poorer clinical outcome. Therefore proper clinical evaluation with sonographic and other pathological findings correlation, interpretation helps to proper diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of Plyometric and weight training on selected physiological variable of football players. Total Sixty (60) male football players were selected as subject randomly who participated in the national level competition from Manipur University, Canchipur. They were divided into three equal groups and designated as experimental group (I), experimental group (II) and control group (III). Plyometric training was given to experimental group (I), Weight training was given to experimental group (II) and even though, the control group was allowed to attain their daily physical activity programme, they were not allowed to participate in the experimental treatment. The groups were administered initial tests on physiological variable. After the initial test, the Plyometric and Weight training were administered to the two experimental groups, where no special training was administered to the control group. The training was administered for the period of twelve (12) weeks, four (4) days in a week in progressive manner. To find out the significance of difference between pre and post –test means‘t’ test was employed. The level of significant was set at 0.05 levels. To find out the significance of mean difference among pre – test, post- test and adjusted means and analysis of variance techniques were employed.

Abstract: Schwannoma is a tumor developed at the expense of Schwann cells. It is a very rare tumor both by its frequency and its retroperitoneal location. Varied presentation and difficult preoperative diagnosis. Although the vast majority of schwannomas are benign, there are malignant forms frequently associated with Von Recklinghausen's syndrome. Its diagnosis is histological and its surgical treatment consists of a complete excision of the mass due to a tumor degenerative risk. We report a case of a 59-year-old patient, followed for chronic pelvic pain associated with digestive signs, ultrasonography and scanner showed a pelvic retroperitoneal mass of 8x6 cm long axis. Exeresis was performed by laparotomy. The histological and immunological study concluded to a benign schwannoma. The clinical and paraclinical evolution over 5 years did not show local or distant recurrence. Through a review of the literature we recall the frequency, diagnosis, imaging data, treatment and evolution of this rare tumor.

Supervisory practice has evolved since its origins in colonial times, and its effectiveness as a means of improving instruction depends on the ability of educational leaders to remain responsive to the needs of teachers and students. An educational leader’s resolve to remain adaptable also depends on an appreciation of the changing and evolving nature of supervision, especially in the new millennium. An educational leader who understands the history of supervision and how current demands are influenced by that history will be better able to confront the technological, social, political, and moral issues of the day. Educational leaders also will have to develop the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions that are the foundation for effective supervisory practice. This chapter explicates how supervision has evolved to its current state, how you might respond to ever-increasing supervisory needs and demands, and how your beliefs and attitudes affect how you react to daily challenges.

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of increased morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral vascular diseases. Dyslipidemia is one of the important causes that result in atherosclerosis. The incidence of atherosclerosis has been on the rising recently. Therefore prevention of dyslipidemia can decrease the development of atherosclerosis. Aims: The study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of atorvastatin alone and its combination with omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hyperlipidemia in patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional prospective study conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and General Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College and Hospital, Warangal. The patients were selected from those visiting General Medicine OPD and diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. Sixty patients in the age group of 20 – 70 yrs, were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. The Group I included the patients receiving Tab. Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Group II Atorvastatin 10mg/day plus Cap Omega-3 fatty acids 600mg/day for the duration of six months and follow up were done every month. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by the changes in laboratory parameters of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C. Results: The efficacy of combination therapy i.e., Atorvastatin plus Omega-3 fatty acids showed a statistically significant rise in HDL cholesterol with the mean percentage difference of 4.24% when compared to monotherapy with Atorvastatin. The efficacy of other parameters like total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG'S) levels with the low dose of omega-3 fatty acids in combination therapy was not statistically significant and produced nearly identical alterations in serum lipoprotein levels when compared to monotherapy. Conclusion: Although statins are being used as first-line therapy for hyperlipidemia and in patients with elevated triglycerides. For patients with elevated LDL-C and low HDL-C combination therapy appears to be a better option. Thus omega-3 fatty acids may be a potential supplement for combination therapy apart from niacin and fibrates.

Middle level managers play a very vital role in employee talent development in institutions of higher learning since they man a large population of employees at this level. Talent development seems to be the key theme driving the educational institutions. The study sought to investigate the influence of leadership styles of middle level managers on employee talent development at Rongo University. Descriptive research design was used for the study because it allowed for the statistical analysis of data to describe the trends about responses to questions and to test research questions. The study targeted 10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments and sections, 80 middle level employees, 100 low level management employees. Simple random sampling was used on middle and low level employees from different sections and departments.10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments was sampled using purposive sampling method. Reliability was ensured through test-retest which yielded 0.78 Cronbach‟s alpha. To ensure content validity, the questionnaire is to be given to the experts and researchers of Rongo University who examined the items critically and pass on their comments to the researcher. Statistical techniques of averages and percentages with the aid of Computer Statistical Software for Social Sciences to yield descriptive results. The findings revealed that 63% of the respondents observed that stakeholders were involved in talent development in Rongo University while 37 % indicated that stakeholders were not involved. The study concluded that leadership styles of middle level managers influence employee talent development in Rongo University since effective leadership style is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage. The study recommended that the middle level managers in Rongo University should be trained on talent management and leadership style to apply in management of employees talents. The study adhered to ethical considerations.

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which acts as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. This research work was aimed at demonstrating the effects of oral administration of indomethacin on some biochemical parameters in plasma of male wistar albino rats. Each of the 15 male wistar albino rats in experimental group one was given 2mg/kg of indomethacin capsule daily for two weeks while the other 15 male wistar albino rats in the experimental group two were given 2mg/kg each of indomethacin daily for four weeks. However, the 15 male wistar albino rats in the control group were not administered with indomethacin. Five ml blood specimen was collected from each of the groups into lithium heparinized anticoagulated bottles respectively. The specimen was spun and the plasma obtained was used for the quantitative measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. The results revealed significant elevations (P<0.05) in the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine in the male wistar albino rats administered orally with indomethacin for four weeks as compared to that of the control group. It was further revealed from the result that the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine were not significantly elevated (P>0.05) in the rats administered with indomethacin for two weeks as compared to that of the control group. The elevated levels in the mean values of the rats orally administered with indomethacin for four weeks may suggest damage on their liver and kidney. It is therefore recommended that further histopathological examinations of these organs be carried out in order to ascertain the extent of damage.

Abstract: All over the world particularly in the developing nations including Nigeria more than half of the population are suffering from a situation in which one problem causes another, this problems include ignorance, poverty, malnutrition, disease and early death. Approximately, one third of a life is spent as a result of a struggle for food. A conservative estimate places the daily toll from kwashiorkor at 10,000. A figure indicates that between 800 million and one billion persons suffer from some degree of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) alone. The resultant effect of protein deficiency kwashiorkor which leads illness, stunted growth, among others. Kwashiorkor and its effect could be mitigated in West African and Nigeria through insect’s consumption. Insects are the most successful, biologically, of all the groups of arthropods, and they abound in great numbers in Nigeria because of the large forest and grass land areas, fresh water and wide coastal regions which supports the existence of insects. Insects supply high quality protein which are requiring in children nutrition and they are abundant, cheap, easy to harvest, and are available throughout the year. Therefore, this paper, after reviewing the availability and the nutritional values inherent in insects, recommend that insects be produced and consumed to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of kwashiorkor in Nigeria, and indeed in the developing nations.

The main objective of the work was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicities of the combinated of aqueous extracts of the bark trunk of Musanga cecropioides and the fruit of Combretum micranthum. The respective extraction yields of 12% and 3.6% were obtained for Combretum micranthum and Musanga cecropioides. Tests of alkaloids, sterols, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, reducing sugars, tannins were positive with at least one solvent while those of anthraquinones and anthocyanins were negative, with all solvents whatever the species considered. At the end of the fourteen days of study of the acute toxicity, no abnormality of the studied parameters was observed, except for the aggressiveness of the rats, during the first five days. Most parameters varied in different groups during the subacute toxicity study. The values of blood biochemical and hematological parameters of the rats fluctuated sometimes. The study pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo would allow the development of medicinal products based on these medicinal plants.

If societies are indeed different, it is not unreasonable to reaffirm the argument advanced in that theories and principles of instructional supervision are not necessarily universal. In consequence, there is need to construct instructional supervisory strategies and educational goals that are appropriate to the nature and operation of educational organisations in developing countries. Supervision of instruction in developing countries exists in different contexts from developed countries. It is therefore incumbent to understand the various contexts that instructional supervisors carry out their tasks. This paper looks at some of the contextual realities of instructional supervision in prismatic societies.

We present the lower eyelid reconstruction using prelaminated nasolabial skin flap in a 28- year old albino, who presented with medial third lower eyelid lesion with a histopathologically proven basosquamous carcinoma. When dealing with skin cancers of the eyelid, it could involve partial and full thickness excision. The excised tissues should be replaced. The eyelid ulcer was excised, with histogically free margin of 3mm but the medial canthus was spared. There was no injury to the nasolacrimal duct. The excised defect measured 28mm by 19mm of the medial lower eyelid. In the first stage of the reconstruction, a turn over proximally based nasolabial flap was raised and stitched to the excised margin of the lower eyelid. The flap was prelaminated with skin graft taken from the upper medial aspect of the thigh which was hairless. The graft had 100% take and after two weeks, the nasolabial flap was divided and inset. There was satisfactory graft and flap survival. About 8 weeks after the second staged surgery , the nasolabial flap was defatted and a functionally as well as aesthetically acceptable eyelid to the patient was achieved .The use of prelaminated nasolabial flap is a good option in the lower medial third eyelid reconstruction .

The study objective was to establish financial challenges of nongovernmental organisations’ in promotion of quality education in Musoma District, Tanzania. Despite the efforts put by non-governmental organizations in promoting quality education in the country, there are several challenges that are encountered by NGOs which hinder their support in promoting quality education. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 19 NGO Leaders, 111 Head Teachers, the DEO, 111VEOs and DCSQAO, totalling to 243. The NGO officials, DEOs, DCSQAs, and were purposively selected because they were few. A 30 percent simple random sample was used to get33 Head Teachers and 33 VEOs .Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedules.To ensure face and content validity of the research instruments, 2 experts in the department of Educational Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University were requested to scrutinize the research instruments so as to validate them. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in 5 schools and reliability coefficients were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman ―Brown Prophesy formula‖. The co-efficient of reliability obtained was 0.721 which indicated that the instruments were reliable.Data was analysed qualitatively and SPSS programme was used. The findings of the study reveal that the majority (87) 88.6 percent of all respondents said that training on financial matters in the schools was done quarterly. It was recommended that the government to work closely with NGOs to provide quality education. Informed consent of the respondents were ensured and confidentiality adhered to.

Costello Syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disease characterized by a wide range of cardiac, musculoskeletal, dermatological, developmental and dental abnormalities. Intraoral, enamel defects, delayed eruption and malocclusion, are the most common findings. We report the case of a three-year-old girl who was referred to the pediatric dentistry department of hospital la Rabta (Tunisia). It exhibited many of the dental manifestations of CS as well as general abnormalities. In our early treatment approach, the anterior teeth which presented enamel defect were restored with composite resin to adjust the incisor shape and improve esthetics and chewing function.

The purpose of this study was study was to examine teachers’ attitude towards open performance appraisal on pupils’ academic achievement. A quantitative and qualitative research survey design was adopted. The target population involved all primary school teachers, school quality assurers’, Human Resource Officer and District Education Officer, totaling to 1213. Random sampling technique was used to obtain 328 teachers and 33 head teachers, that is, 30% of the population, while the District Education Officer and Human Resource Officer and School Quality Assurance officers were purposively selected because they are few and the only existing ones. This study used semi structured interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis for data collection. Qualitative data obtained was analyzed descriptively while SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze quantitative data. To ensure face and content validity of research instruments, two experts in the department of Education Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University scrutinized the research instruments and validated them. A pilot study was conducted for reliability reasons. Anonymity, confidentiality, privacy and informed consent of the respondents were ensured. Findings of this study revealed that 65.52% of head teachers believed that teacher attitudes influences pupils’ academic success while 34.48% disagreed. It was concluded that positive attitude was key to pupils’ success. The study recommended that teachers and head teachers should be involved in setting goals and objectives of the performance appraisal process, The study adhered to the ethical consideration accordingly.