Abstract: As professional’s teachers in the field of education, at least, they have the duties of teaching, mentors, class administrators, curriculum developers, professional developers, and community relations builders. Competence in the educational perspective is a necessity, because a professional job, in this case, the teacher, have to be based on the field of the knowledge. The purpose of this study was to describe teachers’ social competency in improving students’ extracurricular skills that extra-curricular activities can influence development in academics, social skills, and school completion. This study was literature research that discusses the social competence of the teacher in applying at school for improving students’ extracurricular skills surrounding Batam area. Over half of a student's time is spent being involved in some sort of structured activity. It is important for teachers, counselors, and parents to know the overall impact of participating and being involved in out-of school activities. Social competence of teachers as part of the community to communicate and socialize effectively with learners, fellow educators, education personnel, parents of learners, and the surrounding community. The school educates students to be smart and they must have a teacher who is competent in the field. If the teacher already has the competence then the student relationship with the teacher goes well, the achievement will also be good. The teachers need social competence because they share their knowledge to the students. Therefore the only teacher should learn a lot from communicating to be clear and cautious.

The study examined attitudes of secondary school teachers toward learner centered approach in Hanang‟ District. This study used self-determination theory and Meta cognition theory in theoretical review. The employed cross sectional survey research design. The target population included all secondary school teachers, students and academic masters in Hanang‟ District. The sample consisted 5 secondary schools, 20 teachers was sampled, 4 teachers from each sampled school, 60 students where 12 students and 1 academic teacher from each sampled school. This study used questionnaires as research instruments. Test-retest reliability method was used to calculate the coefficient of correlation by using Pearson product coefficient rule. The study concluded that teachers were not using learner centered method since they tend to use only group discussion method of learning which is not enough for teaching, learners were interested in learner-centered methods that allowed students were in class for discussion, debate, field trips and brainstorming while learner centered preferred by teachers were role play, drama, class discussion and brainstorming. The recommendations which can be made is the government should fund some learner centered methods such as field trips and projects, the Ministry of Education and vocational training through the school managers should encourage teachers to use the preferred learner centered methods which do not need the use of a lot of resources. And schools should provide and arrange activities in line with learner‟s interest.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Arthrospira platensis var. Lake Chad, also call spirulina. A phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract was done for the characterization of the secondary metabolites. The microbiological quality was estimated and essays of acute toxicity were made. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the method of the oedema led by carrageenan; total phenols were determined and the antioxidizing activity was estimated by the method of trapping of the radicals free of the DPPH. The phytochemical test showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols, saponosides and alkaloids. Subsequently, during the microbiological quality control, no presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, molds and salmonella was observed.

To assess learning readiness skills on digit span paired and associate learning test among Government and Shantytown School Children. Sample consisted of 50 children: (n= 25) government school and (n= 25) was taken from shantytown school of Lahore with age range of 5 to 9 years. The subtests of Wechsler Memory Scale (Paired Associate Learning Test and Digit Span) were used to assess the learning readiness skills of children. The result of the findings indicates that there was significant difference between government and shantytown school children. Government school children perform better than the shantytown children. It should be necessary for parents to concentrate and improve basic skills of children and then got admission in school. When they have some exposure of basic skills then child can easily communicate and able to learn.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the aphrodisiac property of the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer rhizomes (Zngiberaceae) in albino and normal male rats of the Wistar strain. Colorimetric and precipitation methods were used to highlight secondary metabolites of the plant. The acute toxicity test was conducted according to OCDE guideline 423. Four lots of 6 animals were used to evaluate the aphrodisiac property of P. africana. The positive control received sildenafil citrate (5 mg/Kg) and the negative control, distilled water. The test lots received the extract at 500 and 2000 mg/Kg for 8 days. The copulatory parameters were observed on days 1, 4 and 8. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of ginsenosids, alkaloids, tannins, saponosides and tri terpenes in the extract. No changes in the general appearance of the rats and no mortality were recorded during the toxicity test, highlighting that P. africana is non-toxic. The extract significantly increased the sex parameters of the tested rats. This aphrodisiac effect of P. africana attributed to identify secondary metabolites justifies its use in traditional medicine as a sexual stimulant.

This study explores (a) what Greek school principals value as important both for themselves as principals (desired values) and for other principals in school administration (desirable values), directly and indirectly; and the Greek school principals opinions (b) about the factors affecting their personal and professional values and (c) about the importance of values in educational administration. Twelve principals were invited to decide upon vignettes (hypothetical scenarios) for their values indirectly to be unraveled, whereas semi-structured interviews were applied for the participants‟ values directly to be investigated and the other two research questions to be answered. The data were analyzed with the qualitative content analysis. A consistent finding emerged between the principals‟ desired and desirable values, explored both directly and indirectly, was the prevalence of the values of consequences for immediate clients (students, educators and parents) and collaboration. Regarding the factors impacting on principals‟ personal values, family, friends, and the Christian religion were mentioned as highly influential, while the principals‟ professional values were shaped mostly through their professional experience and their career path in Greek educational administration. However, interestingly, the principals‟ immediate supervisors seemed to affect mainly negatively the participants‟ professional values. These findings were found to reinforce and extend the research indicating the significance of values in educational administration, and they are discussed in terms of their implications for value-led principalship and principals‟ professional development

Abstract: The pricing role of idiosyncratic risk has remained debatable to date, In this paper, we applied an innovative method of dual-predictor regression models to test for the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk in major African stock markets, we find that even though the conventional measure of aggregate idiosyncratic risk exhibits some predictive power for future stock returns, the dual-predictor method, which is developed to reduce the noise effect and is subsequently applied to the US stock market in Ruan, Sun, and Xu (2016), can substantially improve the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk in all of the five major African stock markets, consistent with the effect of the dual-predictor on noise reduction. We conclude that innovative approaches help to improve the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk and just as is the case in the US markets, the same argument of noise reduction through innovation also holds in major African stock markets.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of constituency bursary provision timings on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in TransNzoia County Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on Human Capital Theory developed by Schultz in 1971. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 77,337 persons. 78 (30% of 261) schools were randomly selected 16 from each sub-county with the exception of Endebes with 14 schools. A sample of 399 respondents was selected using Fischer formula. These included 306 form three students, 78 principals and 5 DEO, 5AEO and 5 CBF. A maximum of 4 form three students were randomly selected from the sampled schools. Data was collected data using questionnaires, documentary analysis and interview schedules. The instruments were validated by the three experts. Reliability of the instruments was determined through a pilot study where the Pearson‟s correlation coefficient of 0.73 was obtained, hence the instruments were considered reliable. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and presented in tables, while qualitative data from interviews was organized into themes and subthemes. The study established that, there was a significant (p= .001; α = 0.05) relationship between constituency bursary provisions and internal efficiency in public secondary in Kenya. It was therefore recommended that for enhanced internal efficiency in public secondary schools, there should be greater stakeholders‟ involvement during the bursary provision time.

Repetitive behavior is a common symptom in children and is characterised by sameness, rigidity and repetitiveness. These stereotypic and repetitive behaviors are seen in various psychiatric as well as neurological disorders. Till today, the focus of almost all studies was on repetitive behavior in ASD & OCD. The purpose of this study is to bring all the children presenting with repetitive behavior under the same roof, to investigate the patterns of repetitive behaviour in children associated with different childhood disorders and to study the distribution and severity of repetitive behaviors among childhood psychiatric disorders. A Cross-sectional observational study, for the duration of 1 year, was performed on 72 Children (0-12yr) with repetitive behaviour attending the child guidance clinic, who had given consent. Children were screened by using CBCL and diagnosed as per ICD-10 DCR. Severity of repetitive behaviors was assessed using the RBS-R scale & score of different subscale of each disorder were compared. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 23. Total 8 types of disorders were included in this study. Stereotyped behavior, Self-injurious behavior more in PDD than OCD, MR &TIC. Compulsive behavior more in OCD than PDD, TIC & MR. Ritualistic behavior, sameness behavior, restricted behavior and total score are more in OCD than tic disorder. Stereotyped behavior more in Tic disorder than OCD. Stereotyped behavior and self-injurious behavior more in MR than OCD. This research contributes to the literature looking at domains or specific groups of repetitive behavior within children with PDD, OCD, TIC and other disorders. As per our knowledge this is the first study in India on repetitive behavior in different childhood disorders.

The provision of education in Kenya has been tremendous over the past years. Notwithstanding the fact that a major stride through the secondary education policy has been attained, the current indicators exhibit high levels of inefficiency. This is evidenced by high national poor performance in national examinations in many schools. The quality of education, including its relevance to the country’s needs has also been questioned. The study intended to highlight the role of leadership among secondary schools principals in improving academic performance among students. Leadership is viewed as an ingredient in accounting for differences in the success of schools. The study utilized quantitative survey approach and involved 364 respondents in Trans Nzoia County. The study found a positive correlation between the role of principals and quality academic performance. It recommended that school principals should be pivotal in transforming their schools into successful institutions through enhancement of curriculum, development of instruction and learning environment and leadership styles. Principals are pivotal in transforming their institutions.

The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge and practices of nurses towards postoperative pain management. The data collected from 92 participants were female nurses. In this study cross-sectional study design was used and self-administered structured questionnaire was conducted in government hospital Layyah Pakistan. Likert scale was used in this instrument. After data collection, it was analyzed by SPSS version 21. The results were analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics frequency, percentage for data analysis. A total of 100 questionnaire were returned from 120 questionnaires distributed to participant. Results of the study revealed that nurses have good knowledge about post –operative pain management but practices were not good Overall, study shows that knowledge of pain management of nurses statistically and significantly is good but practices were poor. In conclusion, patients are still hurting because of poor practices of nurses towards pain management thus the hospital management should focus on these factors to improve the nurse’s practices.

This theoretical paper uses document analysis to probe South Sudan‟s new National Curriculum Framework (2014) as an official text and its implications as a change agenda with a view to arriving at a perspective about the task of the school in the world‟s newest country. The study notes that the country‟s curriculum change policy seeks to enact a curriculum model that provides both equality and quality with a pedagogic philosophy that is humanistic in essence, transformative in outlook and historical in perspective. The new model shifts from subject-specific to generic curriculum that offers more student choice, relies on environment and accentuates social and life skills in a broader milieu of competencies. The new arrivals on the subject scene are information & communication technology, vocational education & enterprise, and values education in the form of environmental sustainability, life skills and peace studies to consolidate civics and cement the country‟s diverse society. However, the facility of the Framework to promote inclusive education is constrained by its design possibilities and the practical realities of school education in South Sudan as its official launch date of 2019 approaches. The scope for broader learner experience beyond conventionality will remain largely rhetorical or even inimical in as far as the resources for emancipatory practices are held back by the dual force of curriculum novelty and state priority. The prospect of wide gaps between planned, delivered and experienced curriculum is, therefore, real and vexed. It remains to be seen if the Ministry has a strategy at all to deal with any eventual knock-on effect. The fact remains, too, that the Framework is heavily prescriptive in nature and as such could potentially prove counter-productive to teacher agency with drastic consequences for local teacher appraisal practices. Thus, implementing a new curriculum short of resources and through the political doldrums of shifting timelines is principally an unmitigated disaster. It could lead to a tacit rejection of curriculum change, more out of repulsion than upon reflection. The fortunes of South Sudan‟s National Curriculum Framework (2014) are thus defined; and the broader discourse of reform duly confined.

Telehealth is increasingly used to manage many long-term conditions including ones which affect physical and mental health. The range of methods of delivering telehealth is increasing as technology, and the internet, develop and become increasingly ubiquitous. The various means of delivering telehealth includes the use of computers, smart phones, mobile phones and landlines. As the means of communicating remotely increase, so do the range of ways in which telehealth can be used to both monitor long-term conditions and aid in the delivery of self-care. This paper reviews various applications of telehealth as they are applied to the management of type II diabetes. It examines the role of the different forms of technology in monitoring the disease remotely, in prompting episodes of self-care and in the delivery of proactive education. The review identifies sixteen randomised controlled trials which all use telehealth, in at least one of its forms, to deliver monitoring, disease management prompts and proactive education (or any combination of the three) remotely. The quality of the evidence uncovered is variable, with the long-term utility of many of the approaches remaining largely unproven because of the time limited nature of the research available. The least equivocal findings are from the studies which take a three pronged approach to the delivery of telehealth – monitoring, prompting and educating – which all showed measurable benefit in terms of the management of blood glucose levels. This improvement also held true for the studies which employed both monitoring and real time disease management prompts alone. The evidence suggests therefore, that attempts to use telehealth to improve the management of type II need to include, at the very least, an element of remote monitoring and real-time disease management prompts. Whether the benefits which accrue from these approaches have any long-term value needs to be further researched.

This paper addresses the inconsistencies that exist between the stated objectives of the National Policy on Education and the delivery of the content of the national curriculum in the educational system of Nigeria. This stems from the fact that what is intended in the curriculum is different from what is perceived by learners. This concept which has been identified as the hidden curriculum is what this paper strives to relate as the root cause of some unhealthy relationships in the society. It reveals ultimately the reason why education in Nigeria has not been able to provide the needed thrust visa-a-vis the three key values necessary for national development. In view of this exposition, recommendations are made towards a redirection of focus on the educational delivery to strike a balance between what the curriculum intends and the final outcome on the learners.

A very simple, accurate, precise, robust, rugged and stability indicating method with gradient elution was developed for simultaneous estimation of Linagliptin and Empagliflozin in tablets. The developed method was rapid with a run time of 25 minutes eluting the peaks at 5.388 min (Linagliptin) and 8.390 min (Empagliflozin) and economic. The Chromatographic separation was achieved gradiently on a Hypersil ODS 3V, 250 x 4.6 mm.5.0µ. Column by using Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 2.20 with ortho phosphoric acid) as mobile phase –A. Water: Acetonitrile (5:95) is used as mobile phase-B.. Flow rate of 1mL/min with UV detection at 225nm was used. The retention times of Linagliptin & Empagliflozin are 5.388 min and 8.390 min respectively. The developed method was specific and well separated from the impurities of both Linagliptin & Empagliflozin. The method is linear in a range of 40% to 160 % against the standard concentration for both Linagliptin & Empagliflozin. The correlation coefficient was found to be R2= 0.995 & 0.996 for Linagliptin & Empagliflozin respectively. Both standard and test solutions proved to be stable for up to 48 Hrs. Forced degradation study showed that the method is stability indicating. The developed method can be used for routine analysis of Linagliptin & Empagliflozin fixed dose combination.