Ovarian cancer is one of the most important causes of pelvic masses and is the fifth leading cause of cancer related mortality. As in all cancers, method of early diagnosis for ovarian cancer should be easily applicable, economically, has high safety and specificity. Our study included 155 cases that were operated due to adnexial masses at Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic of Trakya University. Inclusion criteria for the study were decision of surgery due to an adnexal mass and presence of preoperative evaluation for parameters examined in this study such as age, serum CA125 value, Ultrasound score, menopausal score and thrombocyte count. Risk of Malignancy Index was calculated. Localization and amount of vascular flows in adnexial masses were evaluated using Color Doppler USG. Ages of the cases ranged between 17-75 years. Histopathologically 122 benign, 6 borderline, 27 malignant masses were detected. As surgical approach to malignant tumours is similar to borderline tumours, they were assessed within malignant tumour group. Malignancy was suspected in 27 of 155 cases which were evaluated with RMI. Malignancy was suspected in 33 patients evaluated with CDUS and malignancy was suspected in 26 cases evaluated with thrombocyte count. Evaluation of RMI according to histopathological results revealed that there was no difference between the two assessment methods. Specificity of the RMI evaluation was 98.4% and its sensitivity was 75.8%. Thrombocyte count demonstrated malignancy in 16.8% of the cases. Evaluation of CDUS findings revealed that 122 cases diagnosed as malignant in pathology were also diagnosed as malignant in CDUS and the other cases were detected to be benign with Doppler. CA125 values were below 35 U/mL in 86.8% of the cases with benign adnexal masses and above 35 U/mL in 72.7% of the malignant cases. Better preoperative benign-malignant differentiation will enable performance of optimal surgery in experienced centres. RMI which can be used for early detection and differentiation of malignancy has opened the way for objective evaluation of adnexal masses.With use of parameters such as CDUS, thrombocyte count, and age together with RMI benign-malignant differentiation of adnexal masses can be made more effectively.

The traditional English teaching focuses on the grammar and sentence structure but ignores the relationship between the sentences and paragraphs thus causing students’ lack of awareness of using cohesive devices. This study aims to illustrate the cohesion and coherence problems in college students’ writing. As one of the four basic language skills, English writing skill is the most indispensable but complicated one for English learners to master. According to College English Curriculum Requirement and under the theoretical framework of Halliday and Hasan’s Cohesion Theory, this study finds out the misuse of reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion in students’ English writing. By illustrating the examples of the discourse errors in students’ English compositions, this study tries to put forward some suggestions to ameliorate traditional English teaching and improve students’ writing skill.

Water samples of River Gwagwarwa and River Rafin Malam were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed for organic pollutants. The organic parameters were determined using the standard methods of America Public health Agency (APHA) and was extracted and analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Ten different organic compounds were detected at different percentage values at River Gwagwarwa while only seven different compounds were detected in River Rafin Malam. The compounds fall within five classes of organic compounds, which include carboxylic acid, acid chloride, ester, aldehyde and acid anhydride. The distribution pattern of the organic pollutants at the two sampling stations depict the pattern; River Gwagwarwa > River Rafin Malam. The study shows that organochlorine was the predominant organic pollutant present in River Gwagwarwa sample which is a hazardous pollutant while River Rafin Malam has no toxic pollutant which is attributed to lack of activity of the River.

This study aims to calculate the fishery economic value of Limboto Lake including aquaculture, catch, and bibilo fishery. The research was conducted in Limboto Lake area and using survey method that based on questionnaire in collecting data. Respondents were 100 people who determined randomly. The productivity method is an estimate of the ecosystem economic value for a product or service that contributes to the commercial goods production in the market. The results showed that the fishery economic value of Limboto Lake is 51.474.000. 000 IDR / year. More than 50% of the value is contributed by aquaculture fishery.

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the increasingly important topic of women empowerment which plays a determining role in the economic development of any nation. The paper is designed to study the empowerment of women through microfinance in the context of a developing nation like Pakistan. Pakistan is a largely patriarchal society where women face numerous challenges in terms of setting up and managing business ventures while respecting the cultural norms and practices deeply embedded in the society. This a review paper and the methodology used is desk research. A number of scholarly articles and reports have been reviewed to get an insight into this topic. The paper mainly attempts to identify the definition of empowerment, women empowerment; major challenges faced by women globally, Pakistani women in the labour market, the outreach of Microfinance Institutes to women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Last but not the least, it provides recommendations for the future on how to further increase women empowerment in Pakistan.

The research aimed to find out the difference in calcium concentration in breast milk between the good nutritional status and Chronic Energy deficiency in postpartum mothers. The research was the Cross Sectional design research type. The samples are 40 people who were chosen using the purposive sampling technique, and who met inclusive criteria. The samples were collected. Fourteen days after giving the researcher, they came to the respondent's house to measure BB, LILA and 24 hours foodrecall and milked 3 cc, done by the researcher, and will check their breast milk through laboratory test using Colorimetric Assay. The data with not normal distributed were tested using the statistical shapiro-wilk test with the resultof α> 0,05. The analytical test used Mann Whitney and Chi-Square test.The research indicated that there was a very significant difference of calcium concentration between postpartum the mothers with good nutrition status and the mother chronic energy deficiency with p value = 0.025 (p <0.05). The research also revealed thet postpartum mothers who experienced the decrease of low concentration (median 166.7 mg/L) 7.0 times more risk to experience the deficiency of cronic energy compared to the mother with postpartum good nutrition status.

The experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701 during the period from December, 2015 to April, 2016 to observe the effect of nitrogen and zinc on the growth and yield of late sown wheat. The experiment comprised four nitrogen levels viz. (i) N0= Control (No nitrogen), (ii) N1=140 kg ha-1, (iii) N2=160 kg ha-1, (iv) N3=180 kg ha-1 and five zinc levels viz. (i) Zn0 = Control (No zinc), (ii) Zn1= 2 kg ha-1, (iii) Zn2 = 4 kg ha-1, (iv) Zn3=6 kg ha-1, and (v) Zn4=8 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications assigning N-levels in the main plots and Zn-levels in the sub-plots. The interaction effect of N and Zn levels showed significant variation regarding grain yield and the highest grain yield (1.96 t ha-1) was found in N2Zn3 combination ascribed to the highest number of tiller (376.33 plant-1), grain (37.07 spike-1) and 1000-grain weight (36.26 g) significantly different from other combinations. Grain yield decreased significantly beyond the levels N2 and Zn3 due to their either individual effect or interaction effect. The lowest level, N0 and Zn0 gave significantly the lowest grain yield due to their either individual effect or interaction effect (0.69, 1.24 and 0.61 t ha-1 respectively).

A population of spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia) exists in Hengam Island in the Persian Gulf. The field work was carried out over a period of 10 days by the use of a four-member group work in May 2015 through 10 random transects in the whole Island by the use of motorcycle. Once the animal’s cavity was found, some plots with dimensions of 10 by 10 meters were established over the center hole of the spiny-tailed lizard and habitat variables such as the region slope, geographical direction, type of the soil texture, percentage and number of plant cover according to species, distance to the nearest water source, road, and vegetation patches were measured. The habitat factors measured in the control points where there were no signs of the animal’s holes were also measured and compared with the present points. Ultimately, 28 holes of the spiny-tailed lizard in 7colony that had far from each other, were considered in the region. The results showed that the spiny-tailed lizard of the regions with a mean slope of 10% facing towards the north preferred rather semi hard soils (contain gravel and silt) (p<0.05). To protect the population of this species in the region, paying attention to some effective parameters such as the percentage cover of plant species, region slope and Acacia tree are of the most important factors for the use of the habitat of this species.

Water is one of the most natural resources in dry areas, as it controls the presence, distribution and density of plants, animals and humans. Water is scarce or non-existent on the surface of dry lands around the world, it is clearly characterized by the appearance of dry areas on the appearance of the adjacent rain areas, However, in order to utilize dry areas in grazing and in stable agriculture, in trade, in the utilization of mineral resources, and in the establishment of urban centers, water must be found in sufficient quantities that are reliable and have qualitative characteristics that allow for selected economic activity. The western Anbar Plateau (116,000), or 26.5% of Iraq's total area of 438,317 km2 and 84.2% of the Anbar region, is characterized by low water availability. It is therefore necessary to increase efforts and harness energies to discover new water sources which are represented by ground water that compensates for the shortage of surface water quantities, especially as its use (groundwater) began to increase in most countries of the world. Generally water is the source of life for all human creatures on the surface of this planet, In the near future; the conflict will also be over water rather than energy. Here the problem of the research appears which is identified by the following question: - Is there in the western plateau of Anbar, despite the large space occupied by the scarcity of water sources mature development projects rely primarily on the investment of groundwater reservoirs located therein, which contributes to the regular redistribution of the population. The hypothesis of the research was summarized as: - Defining the requirements of economic and social development that contribute to the foundations of human stability in that region by studying the groundwater and its areas of presence in the western plateau of Anbar.

Diversity and conservation status of plant species used for oral and dental management by the inhabitants of Bayelsa State, Nigeria were assessed. Information on the indigenous knowledge of the plant species use was obtained via semi-structured questionnaire guide, and field trip involved key informants. Species used for oral and dental care were identified, and their relative abundant status determined. The study revealed that different kinds of plant with varied growth habits were used for orodental care; however some of the plants are becoming rare due to unprecedented deforestation. Fidelity level (FL), and Respondents Consensus Factor (RCF) revealed the relative importance and level of respondents’ reliance on the plants. The study further showed that leaves, roots and plant inflorescence played significant role in oral treatment either singly or in combination of other plant parts steeped in ogogoro, a local gin. Many of the plants assessed were obtained from the wild, forest being their primary source. Thus, with the increasing level of deforestation in the State and the unsustainable collection pattern, combined with blasé attitude, the consequence of erosion of culture: it becomes pertinent to document information of plant species used for oral and dental management in the State.

In an attempt to maintain a stable exchange rate and price level in Thailand given shocks from the United States, China, Euro Area, and Japan; the top five trading partners of Thailand, this study employs the system equations of VAR model techniques. Results show that the interest rates, demand shocks, and foreign prices affect the stability of the Thailand exchange rates and price levels. More so, empirical evidences validate the existence of unidirectional causality between Thailand exchange rate and domestic (as well as foreign) price inflation.

The study investigated information sourcing situation surrounding crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Specifically, effective and responsive media sources were mapped in terms of availability, preference and Constraints to use among crop farmers in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. Preferred Sources of Information Questionnaire (PSIQ) with reliability index of 0.84 was administered on 90 Crop farmers in the study area. Data were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that the dominant age bracket constituted 64.5% of the sampled population. About 81.1% of the respondents were male and 55.6 % were married. 15.5% attended higher institution and 57.7% acquired SSC. Majority (52.22%) had between 3-10 years of farming experience while 66.67 % took crop farming as their primary occupation. 95.6% of the respondents identified mobile phones as their major available source of information while 92.2% identified both television and radio as their available sources of information. Other major available sources of information were internet (91.1%), co-farmers (90%), and extension agent (82.2%). Crop farmers association and posters (50%) each were considered the least available sources of information. Television and mobile phones with a mean value of 1.8 each were the most preferred sources of information utilized by crop farmers in the study area, followed by extension agents (1.6), internet (1.6) and co farmers (1.5). The results across all the constraints portrayed that almost all the identified constraints (16 out of 19) had influence on the utilization of available sources of information by the respondents. Adequate training centers, access to ICTs centers and increased extension agent ratio should be put in place to ameliorate the severity of the constraints faced by the respondents in utilizing the available sources of information in the study area.

Climate change is one of the environmental challenges that threatens any single aspect of development. Therefore, climate change poses both environmental and development problems. Salinization of freshwater and soil as a result of climate-induced sea-level rise in The Gambia is a growing concern for agriculture and ecosystems. This paper shed light on adaptation strategy response at the institutional level to saline-water intrusion in River Gambia and tributaries well-known for its ecological and livelihood delivery services such as rice cultivation in the lowlands. The study used stakeholder participation approach to gather data through a workshop in which 100 experts from four (04) different institutions intervening in saline-water intrusion adaptation were involved to discuss five themes relevant for institutional adaptation to saline-water intrusion in the country. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to process and analyse the data at the end of the workshop. Results revealed that saline-water intrusion adaptation at the institutional level is poor performing in terms of capacity building, financial resources allocation for saline-water intrusion adaptation, available technology as well as collaboration among institutions. The study recommends an increase in budget allocation for saline-water intrusion adaptation in the targeted various institutions, capacity enhancement of staff in the monitoring of water salinity and provision of sophisticated equipment and technology to effectively address salinity in River Gambia and tributaries in the country.

Ethanolic root extract of Solanum torvum Sw (Family: Solanaceae) was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The extract was given orally in two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. Metformin (2.5 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug for activity comparison. Various parameters studied were blood glucose concentration, serum lipids, glycosylated haemoglobin and liver glycogen. The extract showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in dose dependent manner. Further, the extract was favourably and significantly corrected the alterations in the values of the lipid parameters, organ weights, liver glycogen and glycosylated haemoglobin content in diabetic rats. Therefore, it may be suggested that the ethanolic root extract of Solanum torvum has potential ability to prevent the secondary complications of diabetes mellitus like atherosclerosis.

Rosuvastatin calcium is hypolipidemic drug and has low oral bioavailability of about 20% due to poor aqueous solubility and hepatic first-pass metabolism. These are major boundaries inefficient delivery of RC by oral route. Several delivery approaches are known to moderate the difficulties of solubility and increase the oral bioavailability of RC. Among numerous approaches, nanotechnology-based delivery of RC has prospective to overcome the challenges associated with the oral administration. This review focuses on various nano-based delivery systems such as nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, SEDDS and SNEDDS and tried for improving the aqueous solubility, dissolution and subsequently bioavailability of RC upon oral administration. Of all, solid lipid nanoparticles appear to be promising delivery system, based on current reported results, for delivery of RC, as this system improved the oral bioavailability and possessed prolonged pharmacodynamic effect.