Complications involving the lungs as a sequela of a systemic disease process are not uncommon, and in fact, pulmonary involvement could be the first or even the only manifestation of systemic disease in a handful of clinical cases. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by mucosal inflammation involving the GI tract that can follow a relapsing-remitting course. Respiratory tract diseases in the setting of IBD can be quite variable and warrants clinical recognition and proper treatment as it could have a significant impact on the patients' health. Here I summarize the potential pathological involvements of the respiratory system in the cohort of IBD patients and summarize the clinical assessment steps necessary to achieve the proper diagnosis.

This research is about meninkatkan ability of student in mastery of Indonesian student vocabulary by using picture and picture method. The purpose of this research is to improve students' vocabulary mastery through picture and picture method. This research method is action research consisting of two cycles. The subjects of this study were the 3rd graders of elementary school, which amounted to 25 students. In completing this study, the authors of observation methods, written tests and field notes, as a means of collecting data collection. By conducting this action research, it was found that using the picture and picture method can improve students 'ability in mastery of students' vocabulary in each cycle. The results can be seen from the improvement processes in improving students' vocabulary mastery in each cycle. The first cycle found the mean completion criteria and the second cycle found an average value of 95.7 which means above the completeness criteria minimal, so the use of picture and picture method can help students in improving students' vocabulary mastery.

This study was designed to compare the properties, kinetics and stability of the immobilized lettuce protease with the free one. We also aimed to test the use of the immobilized lettuce protease for the production of novel bile binding and tyrosinase-inhibitory peptides from plant food processing wastes (cauliflower midrib and broad bean leaves). Immobilized lettuce protease was prepared previously from Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds. Free lettuce protease was immobilized on alginate-glutraldehyde beads by covalent bond at optimum conditions with high immobilization efficiency. In the present study, immobilized protease showed optimal activity 221.5 U/mg enzyme protein at pH 10 and 70°C, while the free one showed 22 U/mg enzyme protein at pH 7 and 60°C. Km values of the immobilized and free protease toward azocasein were 1.143 and 1.442 mg, and Vmax values were 142.9 and 24.6 U/mg enzyme protein, respectively. Immobilization of lettuce protease resulted in an increase of activation energy (Ea) for azocasein hydrolysis from 9.6 to 23 Kj/mol. Immobilization improved its turnover number Kcat (15.96 Kj/mol) and catalytic efficiency Kcat /Km (13.96 Kj/mol) compared to that of the free one (3.09 and 2.143 Kj/mol, respectively). Deactivation energy (Ed) values were 38.76 and 55.41 for the free and immobilized protease, respectively, confirming the enzyme stability by immobilization. Free protease could be stored for 70 days at 4°C with loss of only 20% of its initial activity, while the immobilized one could be stored for 23 and 46 days with retention of 114 and 74.5% of its initial activity at 9°C, respectively. CaCl2 increased the rigidity, stability and activity of the immobilized enzyme by 125%. Cauliflower peptides were enzymatically prepared from cauliflower protein. It had higher bile binding and tyrosinase inhibitor potency than the parent protein. Immobilized lettuce protease and cauliflower peptides could be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries.

There has already been the ongoing trend in the shift of focus in specialized translator training from domain-specific knowledge training to an all-round competence development. Based on the analysis of the current problem with the specialized translator training with subject knowledge, this study is to propose suggestions as to how translators deal with the problem of lacking in subject knowledge. Provided in this paper is the detailed illustrations of four methods of selfenriched translator training with specialized subject knowledge, i.e. self-training in efficient subject knowledge management, self-training for efficient reading, selftraining to reuse translations in parallel corpus, self-training to use post-editing machine translations. This study aims to contribute to the future specialized translator training by serving as a reference source or even an inclusion as component parts in these training programs.

The Aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of non-fixed combination (NFC) of dorzolamide (2.0%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) versus NFC of latanoprost (0.005%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) regarding reduction of intra ocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. This was a 12-week, randomized, open label, parallel group study with primary open angle glaucoma (IOP range: 24 – 36 mmhg), which included 40 subjects in dorzolamide/timolol group [dorzolamide (2.0%) instilled twice daily and timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily] and 40 subjects in latanoprost/timolol group [latanoprost (0.005%) instilled once daily, timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily]. IOP was measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks at 10 am. Adverse events were recorded at each visit. The difference in reduction of IOP in two treatment groups from baseline to 12 weeks was the main outcome measure. Mean IOP was similar at baseline for both groups. Absolute reduction in IOP from baseline to 12 weeks was 9.6 mmhg in dorzolamide/timolol group (P <0.001) and 9.7 mmhg in latanoprost/timolol group (P <0.001). No significant difference was found regarding reduction of IOP between the groups (P < 0.85). Both treatments were well tolerated. NFC of dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol showed comparable efficacy in reducing IOP. They were also comparable regarding safety profile.

As one of Chinese four great classic novels, A Dream of Red Mansions, which is considered as the encyclopedia of feudal society, is of great value to be studied. Up to now, most researches mainly focus on the translation, cultural and pragmatic fields. When it comes to the investigation on the dialogue in this works, most researches just center on the leading roles in the novel. Whereas, attention paid to the subordinate figures such as Granny Liu. Taking Granny Liu’s typical dialogues extracted from the English version of A Dream of Red Mansions translated by famous translator Yang Hsien-yi as corpus, this thesis launched an exploration on how the subordinate figures Granny Liu carried out communication in the three aspects of RT respectively including the ostensive-reference process, context and cognitive environments, and the optimal relevance. Surely, this analysis can exert favorable influence on readers to evaluate Granny Liu more comprehensively and objectively, and also nudges readers to appreciate the exquisite and superb artistic charm of this novel and digest the writer’s creation intension. Meanwhile, this analysis is of substantial benefit to expand the research objective and field about Relevance Theory.

Mentorship programs have been established in pharmacy education, both on the undergraduate and graduate levels. These programs are anticipated to improve the learning experience of mentees. The aim of this review was to assess the role and outcome of mentoring on pharmacy education. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline electronic database was conducted from 2000–2017, with relevant keywords (mentor OR mentorship) AND (pharmacy education OR pharmacy practice OR pharmacy training). Studies were screened by two independent reviewers for eligibility and data were extracted. This systematic review focused on the outcomes associated with application of mentorship programs in different educational settings. Our search retrieved 180 unique citations. Eight cross-sectional studies with a total of 662 pharmacy graduates were included. From included participants, there were 36 (5.4%) Masters, 58 (8.75%) pharmacy doctorates, 22 (3.3%) Baccalaureates, 60 (10%) assistant professors, and 20 (3%) PhD. All included studies reported that mentoring programs were successful, effective; and improved research skills, team working; and supported students' confidence. This study demonstrated that mentoring programs are effective, promising, and can be used as an adjunct to enhance student confidence, scientific, and professional efficiency. Outcomes of mentorship can be on organizational level, on mentees’ level, and on mentors' level. Thus, applying mentorship in pharmacy educational programs is expected to have significant results. We recommend further follow-up and research for the effectiveness of mentoring programs in all medical fields.

Based on Lillian’s (2008) and Chen’s (2016) studies on women’s courtesy titles, this study makes a comparison and contrast of women’s courtesy titles in mainland China and Taiwan, with reference to those in the Whites and Blacks. It is based on a survey of a questionnaire, which is almost the same as the one used in Chen (2016) that was modelled on the one used in Lillian (2008). The results confirmed that age is an influential factor in the selection of courtesy titles for women of different marital status. It also confirmed Lillian’s observation that a woman’s occupational status may outweigh her marital status. However, even mainland China and Taiwan belong to the same Chinese community, they have statistically significant difference in women’s courtesy titles, especially in the use of XJ (Miss). Its fill-in-the-blank method of collecting women’s courtesy titles, rather than fixed-choices method, also seems to be effective.

A holistic study of tinnitus to explore the etiology of tinnitus and to examine a successful alternative self-help approach, which combines the human voice (toning) with energy alignment. Four case studies of adults who suffered from tinnitus are used to illustrate the benefits of approach. Each adult sustained a three - week self-help programme of toning, colour and energetic alignment. The clinician researcher evaluates the methodology of the approach and cause of symptoms from a physiological and metaphysical perspective.

Determining sex plays important role in the identification of the unknown person. The positive identification of human remains requires the matching of physical characteristics of the deceased with records of the physical characteristics made before death. Several methods may be used to produce identification with an aggregate high level of reliability. Sex determination is usually done by osteometry, DNA analysis and even by odontometric parameters. Aim of the study was to identify gender using measurements of mesiodistal crown width of the six maxillary anterior teeth (later added to derive combined mesiodistal widths), fronto-occipital head circumference, height, and diameter of the skull on a lateral cephalography. In this study, 100 persons were evaluated. After obtaining informed consent from the subject selected, measurements of mesiodistal crown width of the six maxillary anterior teeth (later added to derive combined mesiodistal widths), fronto-occipital head circumference, height, and diameter of the skull on a lateral cephalography were performed. Combined data, male, and female data were analyzed separately for binary logistical analysis for sex determination to the parameters recorded and discriminant function equation were derived for each parameter. In the present study mean values of all the parameters were calculated and showed a statistically significant variation between males and females. Discriminant function analysis was performed for all the variables which correctly classified 91% of the cases. Our Study suggests that the discriminant functional analysis has proved that the sex of unknown sex skull can be determined using above mentioned parameters. Studies at a large scale are in need to approve or disprove the above factor.

Abstract: The promulgation of the Belt and Road Initiative brings to fore the shift in world economic power to the east. The relations between members of Initiative and the changes of their positions will determine the long-term success or otherwise of this Initiative. The paper adopts social network analysis to set up the network relation between member countries, studies the network structure and its evolution trends, and identifies the position and role of members in the Initiative with data from bilateral investments for the period 2005 to 2015. We conclude that the network structure of Belt, Road Initiative’s broad purpose of ensuring a greater level of economic integration between and among countries on the Belt, Road corridor with regards to bilateral investments is gradually being achieved although at a slower pace than may have been expected by framers of the Initiative with less influence being exerted by China. The beneficial economic integration will be very much enhanced with China in the core position.

The main objective of this study was to identify causes and perceived effects of rainfall variability on access to water in Baringo County. The study used a descriptive survey design. Purposeful sampling and stratified proportionate random sampling procedures were used to obtain the sample. A total of 376 households were selected for the study. Questionnaire, key informant interview schedule and observations were the main instruments of data collection. Analysis of data was done using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the effects and causes of climate change in Baringo County. Rainfall variability affected access to water in Baringo County. More frequent and severe droughts were perceived to be responsible for the reduced water level in Lake Baringo and intermittency of most rivers that were previously permanent. Deforestation is the main cause of rainfall variability in Baringo County hence there is need to increase awareness on climate variability and change and encourage people to use alternative sources of energy and plant trees.

Abstract: Education as a means of achieving economic development has become a respectable and challenging subject for scholarly research and analysis. Most studies indicate that many children are growing up without proper guidance from their parents. The parents/ guardians are largely absent and housemaids, the media and peers have become the main socialization agents of most children today. This study established the part guardians and parents play in addressing students’ discipline problems in public day secondary schools in Nakuru sub County, Nakuru County, Kenya. Nakuru East sub-County has 31 public day secondary schools, 18,600 students, 31 principals, and 806 teachers. Sixteen schools were randomly selected for the study. Data was collected from 80 parents, 50 students, and 24 teachers who were selected randomly from the 16 schools using questionnaires. Eight principals were also interviewed. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic technique. Result found that stealing/ theft, skiving or truancy, and distraction in class were the most common forms of indiscipline in the schools. It was also found that there is little involvement of parent in addressing disciplinary issues. The study did arrive at a concrete verdict regarding the parenting styles of most parents/ guardians because different stakeholders have varying views. However, all stakeholders agreed that parenting style influences students’ discipline to a great extent. The study recommends that stakeholder particular teachers educate parents regarding parenting styles and their impact on student’s behavior. The study also recommends strengthening cooperation between teachers, students, principals, and parents so as to enhance discipline within the schools.

Programming foreign television soap operas on free to air TV stations in East Africa is a common feature. However, an interesting phenomenon is developing where regionally produced serial dramas are increasingly consumed across borders; drawing good audience share. A case in point is „The Hostel‟- a Ugandan soap opera aired weekly on both NTV Uganda and NTV Kenya. What could be the cross cutting attraction of this programme on the Kenyan audience where similar genres have not performed as well? Using the audience reception theory, the study conducted 8 FGDs in two university campuses. An in-depth interview was also conducted with the NTV station programme coordinator. The findings revealed a favourable reception towards the programme but with character identity, accent and story realism as strong indicators for its attraction. Though the findings cannot be generalized, it is an insight for those who intend to produce such drama across the East African region.

Abstract: This dissertation examines the way Arabs are stereotyped in Hollywood war films. The dissertation shows how the enemy is portrayed in Hollywood war films. After World War II Nazis were the enemy in Hollywood combat films, and most of the films about WWII, depict Nazis as such. After WWII, the role of the enemy shifted from the Nazis to the Vietnamese. The fear of communism and the victory after the Cold War led Hollywood to depict Vietnamese as enemy in Vietnam War combat films. To study the way the Arabs are stereotyped in Hollywood war films, this dissertation makes a comparison between the depiction of these historical enemies and the representation of Iraqis in war films. By analysing motion pictures produced by Hollywood following each war, similarities and differences are identified in the way enemies are portrayed.