The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus, a multiorgan system metabolic disease is on the increase even in developing countries like Nigeria. This study therefore investigated the protective effects of stem bark extract of Garcinia kola on the histology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic whistar rats using histological and histochemical techniques. The animals used in this study were divided into 6 groups viz: Control group, Diabetic control group, Garcinia kola stem bark only group, Diabetic+Glibenclamide group, Diabetic+low Dose Garcinia kola group and Diabetic+High Dose Garcinia kola group. The duration of study was 56 days. Studies on the rats on days 7 and 14 were regarded as short and medium term effect study. Day 21 study was taken as long term effect study while day 56 study was for reversibility study as treatment had been discontinued. On day 7, 14, 21 and 56, 3 rats from each group were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and pancreas harvested for histological assay. The data obtained were analysed using GraphPad Prism® software version 6.01 to determine the mean and standard error of mean, changes in body weight, insulin and glucose levels were represented in percentages while one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05) was used to show the level of significance. Results revealed that the histology of the pancreas was grossly distorted in the diabetic control group animals whereas histology of the glibenclamide and Garcinia kola stem bark treated groups showed grossly repaired pancreas. These results demonstrate a protective effect of the hydro-methanolic extract of G.kola stem bark on organ damage in Diabetic mellitus.

As the legal subject of the company in the course of business undertaken by its managing business has the burden of moral rights and responsibilities, and it is not just for moral responsibility and obligation to shareholders or investors only. However, the company's management also has the responsibility and moral obligation to other parties related to the business operations of a company. The concept of CSR embodies the meaning that the company has a responsibility that includes legal, economic, ethical, and environmental responsibility. The present study used a constructivism paradigm or more precisely Legal Constructivism. This paradigm belongs to a group of non-positivistic paradigms. The constructivism paradigm chose it by considering that the law is a social reality; thus the truth depends on how people interpret. Through the constructivism paradigm, the authors want to study objectively with accurate data, then constructed through legal concepts that are still being tested for their strengths. The specification of this research is descriptive analytical. Ten manufacturing companies in this study admit they have been implementing the CSR program for ten years. Hence the significance of regulation about their CSR is understood. In fact, there has been a change in the paradigm of the implementation of CSR initially only a philanthropic act that is temporary, as government rules and community demands are further evolving into a sustainable CSR implementation paradigm. The manufacturing company argues that by applying CSR programs to communities around the operational areas of the company can enhance the image and caring for the fellow to have a good effect to improve the welfare of the people around the company.

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been a well known health problem. Recently, there are certain studies proving it more common as previously understood. Many have sorted for vegetarian food, with about 10% of the population deciding not to consume animal foods. This depends on ethical, ecological and religious belief, but also on health reasons. When the reasons are ethical, individuals ignore on nutritional value. The link between vitamin D and anemia has emerged in recent years, indicating potential roles for vitamin D in iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. Very few studies exist on vitamin D levels in anemia. Studies are including vitamin D and vitamin B12 are significantly few. Hence, the present this study aims to find the trend of vitamin D levels in vegetarians having vitamin B12 deficiency. Methods: All clinical and lab data of cases from Jan 2017 to May 2018 from the lab in which Vitamin B12 assay has been done was obtained from lab records. The vitamin B12 assay was done on immunoassay analyzer Roche e411 with chemilumeiscence method. Vitamin B12 levels <180ng/dl was considered deficient. The same was again grouped based on Vitamin D levels as deficient and insufficient. Results: The percentage of subjects in deficient group with low vitamin B12 levels had decreased haemoglobin <11 was 35% when compared with sufficient of 9.4%, P value = 0.02 was significantly correlating. Similarly the MCV(>97) and MCHC(<33) had higher percentage in insufficient Vit D3<30 group with 47.3% and 56.3% respectively. Both parameters also have significant P value being < 0.05. Conclusion: The study found that apart from vitamin B12 deficiency, there are higher chances of these patients being associated with vitamin D3 deficiency.

Statement of Problem: Although identification of risks to dental healthcare workers has been explored in several industrialized nations, very little data is available from semi urban population. This paper examines the occupational hazards present in the dental environment and reports survey results concerning attitudes and activities of a group of practicing dentists belonging to Nalgonda population. Aim: This study was conducted to assess occupational hazards among the dental surgeons of Nalgonda town. Methodology: A self assessing questionnaire was provided among 100 practicing dentist belonging to Nalgonda population so as to survey the risk encountered through occupational hazards. Results: out of the study conducted only 2% of the study population suffered from very severe occupational stress, severe stress levels among 4%, moderate among 18%, mild among 31%, mild among 40% and 5% experienced no occupational stress levels. 53% of the practicing dentists suffered from musculoskeletal problems. Conclusion: It can be concluded that most of the occupational stresses are musculoskeletal pain. These problems are mainly because of not following proper ergonomics into practice.

Western part of Odisha is a region where prevalence of sickle cell disease patients is much high. The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Odisha is about 21-40%. Most of these patients suffer from different types of crises & require frequent blood transfusion. As a result they develop alloantibody resulting in hemolysis in vivo at the time of subsequent blood transfusion. Till now no study has been done in this part of Odisha regarding the prevalence of alloantibody in these patients. In general population, the prevalence of alloantibody is 5%- 8%. So, in our medical college which is a tertiary care center, a prospective study has been done to find out the prevalence of alloantibody in these groups of patients. All diagnosed Sickle Cell Disease patients by HPLC method of different age groups who have received Blood Transfusion were taken for study with their grouping & Rh typing. Then by semi automatic method, three panel antibody screening was done for each sample & DAT was also done for all cases. Out of 90 no. of Sickle Cell Disease patient’s alloantibody was detected in 11 samples. Direct Antiglobulin test was positive in all these cases. In Sickle Cell Disease, who received Blood transfusion, alloantibody formation in these patients is a probability in some cases leading to Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions. In these patients corresponding antigen negative blood transfusion should be given.

Background: Presence of septum and anatomical knowledge of hepatopancreatic ampulla morphometry plays major role in understanding safety surgical procedures of duodenal cancers Objective: to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla in Karnataka population. Materials and Methods: 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla and its clinical importance. Coloured solution was injected at the junction of major and minor pancreatic duct to study the length of hepatopacreatic ampulla. The length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla was measured till its opening into duodenal papilla. Results: The presence of hepatopancreatic ampulla was observed in 39 specimens out of 50 cases. The measurement of length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla revealed that the length varied from 2 mm to 10 mm. The length varied from 1 to 2 mm in 3 (6%) out of 50 specimens and 3 mm or more in 36(72%) specimens. The hepatopancreatic ampulla was absent in 11 specimens (25%) due to presence of complete septum till the duodenal orifice in the present study. Conclusion: The present study gives basic knowledge in understanding the extension of hepatopancreatic ampulla from its point of origin to termination before planning a surgery.

Statement of problem: The choice to replace missing teeth among patients suffering from an edentulous condition is always preferred with a fixed treatment option. The two major options among the fixed prosthetic treatment are tooth supported prosthesis and implant supported prosthesis. There has always been a need to assess the level of awareness and understanding about both the options of fixed prosthetic treatment among the rural group of Nalgonda population. Aim and objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the awareness, expectations level of knowledge among the dental patients regarding fixed treatment options to replace missing teeth. Material and Methodology: 153 patients Indian adults referred to Kamineni institute of dental sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda district, Telangana state, India were presented with a questionnaire including 13 questions regarding level of information and awareness about fixed treatment options. The data were collected and statistically analysed with Chi-square test. Results: Among 153 patients almost 99% of the screened study group were aware that missing teeth could be replaced by fixed treatment options. Out of which, 60% of the information regarding tooth and implant supported denture were received from doctors, 15% from friends, 14% from media and 11% from family. Knowledge related to the validity for both the types of treatment options, 27% and 50% were unaware of tooth supported and implant supported prosthesis respectively. Further, the opinion for restoring the missing teeth, 90% of the population felt the necessity for replacing the missing teeth whereas 10% were not interested to restore the missing teeth. Conclusion: The general awareness level of fixed prosthesis are satisfactory and however there is need for more awareness to know the validity , advantages, disadvantages and effectiveness of each fixed treatment options when compared with each other.

The present work studied experimental results obtained on an artificial mandibular bone in according to tests carried out on live animals. In particular, in order to consider the dynamic response of an implant bridge caused by occlusion, the deformation of the bridge and the near mandible subjected to occlusional force was measured by holographic interferometry. An experimental specimen was built for the above purpose and a screw type ceramic implant was placed in the site of the second molar. An implant bridge was then fabricated between the implant and the first and second premolars that were splinted together. Stress concentration was found on the mesial side of the pontic when the vertical load was applied to the second premolar. The results also show that by applying the load to its mesial side, the mandible near the implant receives considerable stress and of course damages such as bone resorption can be expected on the mandible. The principal strains on the surface of the mandibular bone were tensile and compressive strains from anteroinferior to posterosuperior and a compressive strain from anterosuperior to posteroinferior.

Background: The final product of purine catabolism in human is uric acid. Serum uric acid is a balance between its production and excretion. The liver and intestine mucosa produce most of purine and also provided by diet. The kidneys eliminate two third of uric acid with the gastrointestinal tract eliminating one third. Objectives: The objective of this pilot study was to establish the normal values of serum uric acid in healthy adult Sudanese, males and females living in Khartoum state and compare the results with the international values. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted during 2018 in Khartoum state on adult healthy males and females aged between 20 and 30 years as a pilot for the project.40 participants, 20males and 20 females, were assessed by a questionnaire covering age, medical history, physical activity, daily caloric intake and smoking history. Body mass index BMI was calculated by measuring weight and height by standard measuring device scales. A sample of 5ml venous blood was taken and measurement of uric acid was done. Results: The range of uric acid was: Males 2-5.7mg/dl and females 2- 4.5mg/dl. The international range of males is 3.4-7mg/dl and in females is 2.4-6mg/dl. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a difference in values of uric acid between international values and in Sudan, so the normal values for uric acid in Sudanese need to be established from a large sample.

Distilled water is not supposed to contain > 5μg of chlorides and if it does, distillation is unsuccessful, and a repeat is needed. The quantification of chlorides post purification of reagent grade water though serves to illustrate the success of purification, has also been used in this study to illustrate nearness to success. A total of 50 registered Clinical Chemistry Laboratories in Lagos Mainland of Lagos Nigeria were recruited in this cross sectional study, their reagent grade water sampled and tested for chlorides using spectrophotometric technique. A questionnaire was also administered to ascertain the Laboratories’ source of water. In this study, significant amount of chloride was detected in all reagent water tested with concentration range of 0.055mg/L - 38.760mg/L. Most laboratories studied had Borehole as their source of water with few using bottled table water. The concentration of chlorides in laboratories using bottled table water ranged from 0.142 to 4.70. The average chloride concentration was 1.560mg/L and Variance of 2.953. This when compared to borehole sources with average chloride concentration of 5.912mg/L and variance of 79.378, at 95% confidence interval, p = 0.05, critical value 2.021 and calculated t = 2.896, was statistically significant. There is detection of significant concentrations of chloride implying failure of purification of water in all Laboratories studied. However, based on this study use of bottled table water is presently better than use of borehole as source of water for purification.

This study aims to determine the effect of song media on the ability to write narrative texts by class V students of SDIT Ash-Sholihin, amounting to 30 people. This research is an experimental model using one group pre-test post-test design. The results showed that the average value of the ability in writing narrative texts by students before using song media was 66 included in the sufficient category with a standard deviation of 7.89 while the average value of students' ability in writing narrative texts after using song media was 74.33 included in the good category with a standard deviation of 9.01. Based on the calculation of the normality test in the pre test it is known that Lhitung is 0.11 using ∝= 0.05 and N - 30, then Lhitung is 0.09 <Ltable 0.11 <0.161. It proves that outcomes learning of song media are distributed normally. Based on the homogeneity that has been done, the X2 value (chi squared) is calculated as 1.33. The price of X2 table at the level of 95% with dk 29 is 42.6. It turns out that X2 counts <X2 table which is 1.33 <42.6. It proves that the population variance is homogeneous. The value of 't' obtained is 3.77 consulted in table t at a significant level of 5% with table t at a significant level of 5% with dk = N-1 = 30-1 = 29, in the table with dk = 29 a significant level of 5% = 2.04. It means that be obtained is greater than t table, which is 3.77> 2.04. Thus, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and HO is rejected. Based on the analysis of the data above, it can be concluded that song media has a positive and significant effect on the ability to write narrative texts in class V, students of Sdit Ash-Sholihin Tahun 2017-2018.

The term “menstruation” is derived from the Latin word “menstruus” meaning “monthly”. Sir John Williams stated that menstruation is a cyclical process, which begins at cessation of menstrual flow, passes through the developmental changes of mucus membrane of the uterus and ends with the cessation of the next following menstruation” [1]. Objective-To evaluate histopathology of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding. The endometrial samples (endometrial curettage/ biopsy and hysterectomy specimens) sent to pathology laboratory were analysed. These specimens are fixed in 10% formalin and gross morphology was recorded. A detailed histological study was carried out and the findings were noted. Statistical analysis was done. In the present study maximum number of patients (46 cases) belongs to an age group of 31-40 years followed by 34 cases belongs to an age group of 41-50 years and 12 cases belongs to 21-30 year age group (Table-1). In the present study maximum number of patients (58 cases) presented with a symptom of heavy bleeding followed by Inter-menstrual Bleeding was seen in 24 patients and Heavy & prolonged bleeding was seen in 6 cases (Table-2). Proliferative phase was the most common histo-pathological finding accounting for 41% followed by secretory phase accounting for 24%, simple hyperplasia without atypia accounting for 17%, complex hyperplasia with atypia in 8%, endometrial polyp & Disordered Proliferative endometrium in 3%, endometrial adenocarcinoma 1% (Table-3). Histopathological evaluation of endometrial sample in women with AUB has a vital role in the diagnosis of different histological patterns. Therefore, histo-pathological examination is of paramount importance particularly in women of peri-menopausal and post-menopausal age groups who present with AUB.

Introduction: Improper handling and disposal of medical waste is hazardous to waste handlers, health care workers, environment and also increases the risk of nosocomail infections. This study was planned to evaluate the practical calibration and awareness of dental auxillaries in disposal of hazardous biomedical waste generated during dental treatment into color coded dustbins at a dental hospital. Material and Methods: The study comprises of 18 dental auxillaries who was asked to dispose the simulated biological, non-biological and semibiological material according to their knowledge into the color coded dustbin. The study was planned and carried out three times (for each dental auxillary) at different days. As each respondent was asked to dispose the waste of each category three times, thus waste was disposed for 162 times. Results: were expressed as a number and percentage of respondents for each question and were analyzed using the SPSS Version 10 software. Chi-square test was performed and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The correct disposal of biological waste in red coded dustbin was n=31 (57%), non-biological waste in green coded dustbin was n=30 (54%), semi biological waste in yellow coded dustbin was n=27 (50%). Thus waste was correctly disposed 88 times (54%). Conclusion: Dental auxillaries should be motivated to attend training and education programmes concerning waste management so that they will be efficient to properly segregate, disinfect and dispose hospital waste in an eco-friendly way.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are generally classified into two main categories of which are copyright and industry property rights. The scope of copyright is a creative work in the field of science, art, and literature, while the scope of the Industrial Property Rights is in technology. In IPR terminology known term creators and/or inventors. The current study uses a legal approach with data collection procedures that are characterized by library research that is deductively processed. Qualitative research analysis aimed to find out how the law urgency was setting up copyright. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that there are laws and regulations governing copyright. In Indonesia, the legal regulation of copyright has been regulated in the Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright. After being reviewed, the authors discovered some disadvantages and advantages contained in the legislation governing local artworks that are expected to be review material for improvement on the next legislation.

Radiculopathy is a mechanical compression of a nerve root usually at the exit foramen or lateral recess. Cervical radiculopathies (CR) was conditions involving a pathological process affecting at or near the root of the nerve, shortly after its exit from the upper back spine. The pain or other symptoms often radiate to the part of the body served by that nerve, if a nerve root impingement involved in the neck can produce pain and weakness in the forearm. Aim of present study to evaluate diagnostic utility of nerve conduction studies in cervical radiculitis/radiculopathy. Thirty five patients with unilateral cervical radiculopathy, confirmed by clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidences were studied. Selected patients were divided in two groups GROUP A- Asymptomatic side in subject clinically diagnosed with radiculitis/radiculopathy is used as control group. GROUP B- Symptomatic side in same subjects clinically diagnosed with radiculitis/radiculopathy used as case group. A high-voltage electrical stimulator was used to elicit nerve response bilaterally at various stimulation sites for the diagnosis of cervical nerve-root radiculopathy. The reduced CMAP of median had shown significant variation on symptomatic side as compare to asymptomatic side. These variations in side to side nerve conduction parameters by non-invasive technique brings awareness to clinicians about the radiculopathy and this report may also be useful to clinician for early diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy.