Underground wells are widely used as source of water for household needs and other purposes in rural communities. Water quality and quantity are necessary requirements for use of water for various purposes, and ground water quality problems have been created anthropogenically and have become a menace to the users. This study therefore focused on the physiochemical and microbiological quality of hand dug well waters in a rural settlement in Rivers State. Sampling points (wells) were randomly chosen from wells operational in the sampling communities of Akabuka, Obagi and Obuburu. Physicochemical parameters were analysed using standard analytical procedures and aerobic plate count (APC) as well as most probable number (MPN) techniques were used for microbiological analysis of water samples. Results revealed that pH of the sampled wells were acidic compared to the permissible range. Other physicochemical parameters were lower than the permissible ranges for drinking water quality. Sampled well waters had high load of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (THB), total coliform bacteria (TCB), and faecal coliform bacteria (FCB)/thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TtCB) far above the permissible limits for potable water. Occurrence of faecal coliform bacteria/thermotolerant coliform bacteria in all the sampled wells indicated faecal contamination, and high load of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria revealed organic contamination of the water sources.

Student learning-centered is intended for mastery of material that demands maximum student abilities through cooperative task completion that is presented in front of classmates. The presentation is being held by a direct discussion of all students guided by groups of presenters and examiners. The research was carried out through a learning process, explorative way purposed of increasing student learning activities. The technique of presenting the assignment results is a debate, that begun by arranging seats in three (3) sections. Two parts face to face and one more part is formed of letter U seats. Learning activities occur when the presenter team presents a material discussion; the examiner team and/or the moderator directly respond and do the rebuttal to review the presenter's material. The audience is invited to give questions and comments to the presenter. The specificity of students’ assignments outcomes presentation is a concern of learning process involve the whole aspects of class either the presenter or the all students.

Drug and alcohol are significant problems that affect school-age adolescence at earlier age than in the past. Young people frequently start to experiment alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs during the middle school years, with a smaller number beginning during middle school years, and a smaller number starting during high school. The purpose of this study was to look into challenges faced by teachers and learners on drug and substance abuse in selected public secondary schools in Kenya. The research was based on social learning theory. The research was conducted in Nandi County schools in Kenya. Twenty four randomly selected schools out of 235 county schools were engaged in the study. A sample size of 1292 respondents was obtained using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The participants included Deputy Principals, Counselors, and teachers teaching Life Skills subject, students and Focus Discussions Groups. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect the data. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency tables and percentages. The findings of this study revealed that more than half (65%) of all respondents pointed out that there was poor implementation of drug abuse policies that hinder drug abuse decline among students in public secondary schools. More than half (54%) indicated that family challenges were pressing and most critical hindrances towards decline of drug abuse among secondary schools. Majority (85%) of the respondents, Deputy Principals, Life Skills teacher and Counselors, Focus Discussion Group reported that frustrations have made students to abuse drugs. Most respondents (85%) of the four major groups combined, Deputy Principals, Life Skill Teachers, Counselors, Focus Discussion Groups pointed out day school students was one of the critical challenge in drug abuse reduction among students in public schools.

The history of constitutional development in Nigeria reveals the tortuous road the legislators have taken to bestow a legacy of a befitting Constitution. Constitutional provisions on amendment are tedious, and sometimes, manifestly insurmountable. It therefore behoves the National Assembly to painstakingly adhere to the various provisions of the Constitution in order to fill the lacunae in the Nigeria corpus juris which has constantly plagued the country’s political, judicial and socio-economic sectors. From the colonial era, it has always been the same story of exploring different types of constitution. This “try and error” approach has never yielded any acceptable grundnorm for the Federal Government of Nigeria. The peculiar composition of Nigeria as a multilingual, multi-culture and religiously diversified country has virtually been cited as the key issue in Nigeria’s tortuous road to a satisfactory constitutional achievement. The much touted “unity in diversity” has proved to be nothing more than political slogan. With the pervasive cry for restructuring in Nigeria, and the continuous failure of successive governments to find sustainable solutions to the yearnings and cravings of the citizenry, this writer looks back at where it all went wrong. This article identifies the obvious sections of the Constitution to be amended by the National Assembly. The author commends the effort of the defunct Sixth National Assembly by its wide consultation and vigorous drive to sensitize numerous interest groups in Nigeria. The general conclusion is based on the views of constitutional experts in Nigeria and some notable judicial pronouncements. The recommendation, however, is that some identified provisions of the Constitution needs further amendment to simplify the mode of constitutional amendment in the nearest future.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between emerging forms of bullying and depression among students in Bungoma County, Kenya. The Social-Ecological Theory and Psychosocial Theory guided the study. The research population was 29,040 Form Three students. Deputy Principals and Guidance and Counseling teachers from 360 secondary schools were the study respondents. A sample size of 399 students was drawn from boys, girls and co-education schools. Form Three Students were randomly selected from the sampled schools. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design using a mixed-method approach. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected concurrently. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling was used to sample schools and students, respectively. A pilot study was conducted on the 30 Form Three students selected from three categories of secondary schools in Bungoma County. Data was collected using a self-response questionnaire and interview schedule guide. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, namely mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to describe data. Inferential statistics such as Pearson Correlation statistics, ANOVA were used to test the significance of the stated hypothesis at the alpha level (α = 0.05). The qualitative data was thematically analyzed based on the objective and presented in a prose form. All analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between emerging forms of bullying and depression (R2 =.304 (30.4%).

The purpose of this study was to find out how school administrators implement ICT in human resource administration in public secondary schools in Kajiado County, Kenya. Descriptive survey design was therefore suitable for this study. The design was useful in describing the characteristics of a large population and made used large samples in making the results statistically significant. The target population for this study was the 61 public secondary schools’ principals, 1220 teachers, 610 students, 25 ICT teachers, 6 Sub-county Directors of Education in the 6 Sub-counties and 1 County Director of Education in Kajiado County. The study used 30% of the accessible population as sample size. The sample size for this study was therefore 18 principals, 366 teachers, 8 ICT teachers,183 students, 2 Sub- county Directors of Education and 1 County Director of Education. This study used questionnaires, Observation schedules and interview schedule as tools for data collection. The overall implication of the findings in this study was that use and implementation of ICT in all the departments of school administration of the public schools in Kajiado County was very low. The study concluded that most of the public secondary schools in Kajiado County had not embraced ICT in various areas of administration. Based on the findings, the study recommends that proper technology should be put in place by purchasing of the required ICT facilities in schools to enhance management of schools using the current technology.

A novel impurity profiling technique for Amlodipine Besylate (ADB) and Olmesartan Medoxomil (OSM) in fixed dose combined tablets has been proposed by HPLC with Acquity Quadrupole Dalton analyser (QDa) mass detector coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detector. This online coupling technique has significant advantage over conventional HPLC techniques that mass and spectral characteristics can be evaluated simultaneously in a single run. The chromatographic separation was achieved on ACE C18 (250 x 4.6mm id, 5µ particle size) column with gradient mode using mobile phase composition of ammonium formate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. Finalized flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with quantification of 237 nm. Moreover, identification of potential degradation product in stability condition samples was carried out by online coupling of PDA/QDa mass detection. This QDa mass spectrum reveals protonated molecular ion peak [M+H]+ at m/z 875.5 for degradation product. This major degradation product was further characterized using MS/MS2 integrated analytical tools. The method was validated systematically in terms of specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per International conference on harmonization (ICH) general guidelines. This proposed study can provide a creative idea and effective method for routine analysis of ADB/OSM in tablet formulation in quality control department where impurity profiling as well as identification of unknown impurities can be evaluated simultaneously.

We describe the use of porous silicon fabrication technique for fabricating non-manhattan structures in silicon using wet etching. The fabrication method is simple to set up, economical and produces smooth etched surface. A solid source diffusion of N++ in a P type wafer with low stress thermally grown silicon nitride is used as a masking layer. Comparison of porous silicon etches with wafers solid source diffusion and implanted diffusion is presented. The result show that areas where a solid source diffusion is used form an etch angle of 70-80°, however using an implanted diffusion the etch angle is closer to 90°. The selectivity of the etch during porous silicon fabrication using any of the above two as masking layer results in fabrication of high aspect ratio non-manhattan structures. These structures since are wet etched do not have surface roughness and can be used for optical applications.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMC) was first described by Pickrell in 1947, and perfected in 1979 by Ariyan. The reconstruction of oral cavity defects represent a challenge esthetically and functionally. The case reported, we reconstructed oral mucosa and skin cheek-labial in one-step procedure preserving the deltopectoral flap from the same side. The patient was a 55-year-old male who had sustained squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor ablation resulted in oral cavity exposure. A PMMC flap was used to reconstruct oral mucosa and skin cheek. We opted to preserve the deltopectoral flap in the event that skin island necrosis did occur. The pedicle pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap based on the thoracoacromial artery procedure, has been widely used in the reconstruction of head and neck defects but in literature a few case of oral reconstruction is reported. PMMC flap applications mainly in oral cancer surgery include the tongue, floor of mouth, buccal, mandible reconstruction, reconstruction of full thickness defects of the cheek. It’s due to its simple technical aspects, versatility and proximity to the oral cavity region. Disadvantages of the PMMC are reported and minor complications that did not require second procedures. The use of PMMC flaps in reconstructive oral surgery is a safe, quick, one-step procedure, not requiring microvascular experience that is particularly indicated in elderly patients and/or those with severe medical comorbidities. Whether the low rate of complications and donor site morbidity, we consider that the well-being of the patient should not be underestimated.

In 2019, Santos Dumont Airport (SDU) completed 83 years of existence. The first civil transportation airport in Brazil was inaugurated on November 1936, while Rio de Janeiro was the Brazilian capital, two kilometers from the downtown area. To date, 29 thousand passengers are transported per day, approximately ten million per year, the second in public transportation in Rio de Janeiro, and the sixth Brazilian airport. On September 2019, SDU airport re-opened the two airport runways, closed for maintenance since August 12. Key findings pointed SDU airport important for regional flights in Rio, where Galeão International Airport (GIG) operates international flights. Also, despite the Brazilian capital has been changed from Rio to Brasilia, in 1961, SDU Airport, nevertheless, kept increasing civil transportation rates, due to its strategical location, in front of Guanabara Bay. Analysis of civil aviation in Brazil and worldwide, and discussion complete the present article.

The paper highlights the metallic contents of cosmetic product includes whitening cream and lipstick of different brand and colour and they are commonly used products in Bangalore city. Sample were analysed to determine the heavy metals like Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (F-AAS). The heavy metals like Cu, Fe and Ni were detected in all the samples with varying concentration except iron, iron was below detectable level in lipstick samples. The concentrations (ppm) of Iron (Fe) ranged between BDL and 4.4881ppm in both lipstick samples and whitening creams samples. The concentration of Copper (Cu) ranged from 0.5392ppm to 0.5054ppm in lipstick samples and 0.5704ppm to 0.495ppm in whitening creams. The concentration of Nickel (Ni) ranged from 28.2911ppm to 26.713ppm in lipstick samples and 31.383ppm to 27.670ppm in whitening cream. The partial elimination of heavy metals from cosmetic products after manufacturing can be possible. However, the quality of the products can be improved by consideration of raw materials and heavy metal levels. The excessive use of cosmetics should be discouraged by public awareness. Therefore, efforts are necessary to make aware of the users and the general public especially pregnant women and children about the harmful consequences of cosmetics use. It is suggested to regular monitoring of heavy metals and chemicals used in cosmetics as pose health risk among the users.

With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat strange war emerged. With the technological development and the invention of modern computers, this threat has become inevitable and imminent for both big and small countries. The new form of conflict is as challenging to international peace and security as the traditional ones and came with new threats that take place in a virtual battlefield known as cyberspace. Thus, cybercrimes, cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare came under the limelight on the international stage and became one of the primary concern of the world of the United States and other world powers. The western powers started considering cyberterrorism to be same with traditional terrorism and advocate for the application of equal measure to address it. The qualitative descriptive method of data analysis was utilized in making meaning out of the data collected from the secondary sources. It involves a descriptive summary of the information collected on specific events of the issues under study. This paper dwells on the phenomenon of cyberterrorism with inquisition of whether international law applies to cyberspace. Finally, some recommendations are offered on how to address the issue.

Gingival hyperplasia or enlargement is usually a secondary manifestation of underlying systemic diseases or drug induced or part of a syndrome. In certain cases if the causative factors of gingival enlargement are unknown, then it should be categorized as idiopathic gingival hyperplasia. We are presenting a case report of idiopathic gingival hyperplasia with the chief complaints of generalized gingival hyperplasia with supernumerary teeth mimicking Zimmermann Laband syndrome. The management of patients with idiopathic gingival hyperplasia should be thoroughly examined to rule out the known cause and blood samples should be taken to exclude blood dyscrasias.

Background: The patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have impairment in lower limb function which negatively impacts mobility and daily activities. Over a period of time, the patients with PAD experience difficulty in their walking ability (i.e., walking distance, speed, and/or stair climbing). The reduced walking ability leads to the mobility loss and thereby an inability to perform the daily activities of live. Objective: This study highlights the gap in literature on the basis of the views of the patients as well as the experience of primary care health professionals on the diagnosis and the management of PAD. It also demonstrated the problems that the patients and the primary care health professionals experience regarding the PAD diagnosis and management, and reveals the issues that could explain the delayed in the diagnosis and under- management of PAD. It also throws light on the need for providing the information to PAD patients and also to motivate them for regular follow-up. A more proactive attitude is needed for early identification of PAD by probing for the symptoms during the routine interactions. Method: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with PAD register patients (P; n = 20), practice nurses (PNs; n = 10), district nurses (DNs], n = 10), registered nurses (RN; n = 10), and General Physicians (GPs; n = 20). Results: The attitudes of health professionals towards PAD, difficulty in the accessing tests, and the delay in the patient reporting impacted upon the diagnosis. Some health professionals had a proactive while others had a reactive approach to PAD identification.

Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in a group of 5100 dental patients in Yemen. Methods: A total of 5100 digital panoramic radiographs were retrospectively examined for the presence of congenitally missing permanent teeth. The radiographs were obtained from the archival records of patients attending a local dental centers, and colleges of dentistry at the provinces of Ibb, Thamar, and Sana'a in Yemen. Results: A total of 293 congenitally missing teeth were observed in 165patients (136 females and 29males); the overall prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in permanent dentition was 3.23% (2.23% in males, 3.58% in females). Congenitally missing teeth was more prevalent in the maxilla (55%) than in the mandible (45%) and in the right side of the jaws (52.6%) than in the left side (47.4%). The most common congenitally missing permanent tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor (44.48%), followed by the mandibular 2nd premolar (34.48%), the maxillary 2nd premolar (15.51%), the mandibular lateral incisor (5.17%), and the maxillary canine (0.7%). Certain anomalies were co-existed along with tooth agenesis in 66 (40%) patients. Canine impaction was the most common among 29 (17.58%) patients followed by microdontia among 27 (16.37%) patients. Other anomalies present were transposed teeth among 4 (2.43%) patients, ectopic eruption among 4 2.43) %) patients and supernumerary among 2 (1.21%) patients. Canine impaction was commonly seen in relation to the lateral incisor agenesis followed by microdontia. The present study results give a clue of the magnitude of the problem, but further studies are required to identify the etiology of dental agenesis in Yemen.