Given the increasing importance of agribusiness in the world’s emerging economy, the dissemination of financial literacy information is necessary to content and sustain commercial production. Financial literacy is being a coded a great contributor to financial stability and sustainable economic development. Studies have showed that financial literacy affects the level of agribusiness performance. However, these studies have failed to incorporate the moderating role of farmers’ attitude and social media in the relationship between financial literacy and agribusiness performance. The results indicate that farmers’ attitude and social media practices positively and significantly moderates in the relationship between financial literacy and agribusiness performance in a 21st century.

This study is a follow-up study of tax compliance study that has been done previously. The perspective of the taxpayer's perception of tax evasion is important to analyze apart from the perspective of the perception of tax compliance that has been done so far. The fact that tax revenue in Indonesia has not reached the target so far and the level of tax compliance that is less than optimal in Indonesia encourages researchers to analyze the factors that influence taxpayers to carry out tax evasion actions. As a theory reasoned action that a person's actions are influenced by internal factors of the person himself. Adopting previous studies, some internal factors analyzed in this study are Religiosity, Ethics, and Understanding of Taxation of Taxpayers then a comparative analysis of respondents' Gender is analyzed which effects on Tax Evasion are analyzed. SMEs in Pasar Tanah Abang were used as the unit of analysis for this study because of their status as Individual Taxpayers and personal traders in Pasar Tanah Abang. The results found that women's religious and ethical levels had a significant negative impact on tax evasion, while women's understanding had a positive impact on tax evasion. These results differ from the level of religious, ethical and understanding that men have that do not have a strong impact on tax evasion.

The main goal of military physical training is balancing the need to improve and maintain a high fitness level whilst minimizing injury risk. Injury risk increase is dependent on inter alia movement quality. The study group was composed of 54 soldiers with an average age of 34,7 ± 6,33 who served in the Polish Army Land Forces. The purpose of this study was to determine if body composition data, Functional Movement Screen results as well as fitness test results confirm their practical application for evaluation of physical condition of soldiers and their predisposition to injury. Furthermore, based on gathered data, we attempted to verify if there was a correlation between body composition or Functional Movement Screen scores and physical efficiency. The average distance for the Yo-Yo test was 827,4 m. The average FMS score was 14,6±2,24. The FMS scores ranged from 10 to 19 points. Based on received FMS results, soldiers were divided into 3 groups. Group I (n-17) comprised of soldiers who received less than 14 points on a 21-point scale. Group II (n-26) comprised of soldiers who received between 14 and 16 points, and group III (n-11) included subjects who scored above 17 points. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the body composition analyser will be more useful for a quick, initial assessment of exercise capacity than results of the Functional Movement Screen. Examination using the body composition analyser provides data correlating with the exertion capacity of subjects and is less time consuming.

Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the major endocrine diseases involving various organs including musculoskeletal systems. Musculoskeletal involvement has led to varying degree of morbidity. The mechanism of musculoskeletal involvement is probably auto-immune related. Methods: This was a prospective study of the patients with diagnosis of hypothyroidism referred from the endocrine clinic with various musculoskeletal complaints. The duration of the study was one year (July 2018-June 2019). All the patients with hypothyroidism with musculoskeletal complaints were included. Excluded were patients with other endocrine and infectious diseases. Results: Eight hundred and fourty rheumatology patients were seen over the study period. Females constituted 72.6%. One hundred and twenty-six hypothyroid patients were seen during the period comprising 112 (88.9% females and 14 (11.1%) males. The mean age of patients was 44 ± 8 years. Most patients (90.3%) presented at the rheumatology clinic after the third year of diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Generalized body pain was the leading non-articular disease, while myopathy ranked first among muscle and articular disorders. Normocytic normochromic anaemia, abnormal lipid profile and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme were the predominant laboratory abnormalities. Conclusion: Due to overlapping of symptoms of hypothyroidism over those of systemic auto-immune diseases, it is therefore important to perform thyroid function test in patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints.

Background: Caffeine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in plants. It is a widely consumed food/drug constituent and has well-documented benefits like improvement in mental alertness, concentration, fatigue and athletic performance. The primary objective of this study explores the behavior and attitude of Saudi people in Northern Border Area regarding caffeine intake. The secondary objectives of the study are to determine the mostly used caffeinated products, the frequency of caffeine use and the study group background about drug interaction with caffeine. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to carry out this study from December 2015 to March 2016. The study was conducted in different areas in Northern Border region. The sample comprised of 454 Saudi persons aged between 15 and 60 years. Data was collected through a structured paper questionnaire, mentioning the purpose of the study after taking oral consent. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing MS EXCEL program functions. Results: The males represented more than half (57%) of the study group. Participants with university education represented 48.5% and secondary education represented 42% of study population. Only 11% of this study participants informed about having chronic diseases. Coffee is the most preferred drink containing caffeine (51%), followed by carbonated soft drink (22.5%). 26% began consumption at age group of 8 to 16 years and 28% began at age group of 16 to 18 years. 39% of participants have no certain cause for caffeine consumption. 31% of study group drink one cup/bottle per day, while 25% of study group drink two cups/bottles per day. 28% participants experience some symptoms when quitting or delaying caffeine drink mainly headaches (18.1%). 56% participants use more than one type of caffeine. The cost is not a significant factor in caffeine product choice (77%). 69% of participants reported that their friends have no effect on the choice for caffeine type. .................

Background: The aetiology of dental caries is multifactorial and all contributing factors have been studied extensively. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been implicated as a primary odontopathogen and is an important target in caries prevention and management. Bacteriophage therapy is an antibacterial therapy that has garnered interest in human and veterinary medicine due to its numerous advantages. Bacteriophages are more numerous than bacteria and are highly specific and may be used to target S. mutans without disturbing the remaining oral flora. Aim: The purpose of this study was to isolate S. mutans from dental plaque and to attempt to isolate S. mutans-specific bacteriophages from the same material. Methodology: Plaque samples were obtained from patients using sterile swabs with transport medium. Samples were serially diluted and plated on TYCSB selective media. Suspect colonies (based on morphological appearance) were subjected to biochemical tests (catalase test and Gram staining). The presumptive identity of isolated bacterial colonies as S. mutans was confirmed molecularly (PCR, followed by electrophoresis). A filtrate prepared from dental plaque samples was used in spot assays against the S. mutans isolates to screen for presence of bacteriophages having lytic activity against them. Results: Seven isolates of S. mutans were obtained and a single bacteriophage having lytic activity against one of these isolates was recovered from the dental plaque filtrate; host-range studies indicated that the bacteriophage had a narrow range of activity (within the samples tested). Conclusion: This study has indicated that it is possible to isolate bacteriophages specific to S. mutans from the oral cavity. Further work is required to prepare an effective mix of bacteriophages that are suitable for targeting cariogenic bacteria within a plaque biofilm and potentially, these bacteriophages could be incorporated into future caries-management programmes.

A previously healthy 12-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and clinical and laboratory features highly suggestive of diabetic ketoacidosis. When his blood glucose plummeted and his urinary ketones disappeared within the first hour of insulin therapy, while his abdominal pain, acidosis and hemodynamic status failed to improve despite vigorous fluid resuscitation, the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis was questioned. At laparotomy, gangrenous, hugely dilated large bowel was found, requiring a subtotal colectomy from the cecum to the sigmoid colon; leaving the patient with an ileostomy. The child survived a complicated postoperative course and is currently doing well.

The Knowledge of the root canal morphology is essential for the success of the endodontic treatment. The most common anatomical configuration in mandibular canines is to have one root with one canal. However, previous studies reported 4.6 to 15% of the cases to have a second canal. In order to increase the knowledge about root canal morphology in Saudi population, we reported a clinical case about successful endodontic management of mandibular canine with two joined canals (Vertucci type II) in Saudi female.

Background: Tibial shaft fractures were common occurrence due to road traffic accident, most casualty affecting the active working people, male were more affected than female. Treatment of diaphyseal fractures were treated by close reduction and internal fixation with interlocking intramedullary nail showed in many study with excellent results. Objective: To evaluate and analyze the results and outcome of tibial shaft fractures by interlocking intramedullary nail. Methods: This prospective observational study (case series) was conducted in the department of orthopaedic and traumatology department, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and NITOR from January 2011 to December 2012. This study included both sexes and age between 18 years to 55 years and 30 patients were included in this study. As per inclusion and exclusion criteria all stable or non-displaced unstable or displaced and Gustilo type-1 fractures of proximal, middle and distal third fractures were included in this study .Diagnosis of the tibial diaphyseal fracture was made by history, clinical examination & radiological evidence. Results: A total number of 30 patients were treated and followed up in this study. Among 30 patients 21 (70%) were male and 9 (30%) were female, mean age was 31.8 years with a range of 18 years to 55 years median was 32.5 years mode was 34 years and SD was 2.1. in the study mode of injury distribution was 21 (70%) RTA, 6 (20%) fall from height and 3 (10%) assault. In this study severity injury 46.7% are stable 33% are unstable and 23.3% was Gustilo-1 , distribution of level of fracture was middle third 57% distill third 29% and proximal third 17% , injury surgery interval average 11.5 days (60%) in 18 cases and 5 days (40%) in 12 cases. Partial weight bearing given at 2 weeks & full weight bearing at 6 weeks and union occurred in average 18.5 weeks. In rating of final outcome 24 cases (80%) were excellent, 3 cases (9%) were good, 2 cases (7%) were fair and 1 case.......

Objectives: To investigate the Quality of Life (QOL) of Family care givers and characteristics of QOL associated with caregivers who are involved in the care of individuals with Cerebro Vascular accidents patients. Research Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 50 caregivers of stroke patients taken from four different hospitals of Lahore. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. Data was collected by questionnaire of assessment of Quality of Life of family caregivers translated into Urdu version. Findings and Discussion: A Significant high ratio of female caregivers was found, out of 50 caregivers only 20 (40.0%) were male. According to data, the average score of Social relationship domain score 63.7 ± 18.4 was followed by Psychological 58.8 ± 15.1 and Physical health domain score57.4 ± 17.6 as compared to the Environment domain score. The environment domain score 53.5 ± 15.4 was lowest as compared to all four domains’ score. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that environmental domain is a leading factor for poor Quality of Life. It is needed to improve the environment and surroundings of patient care premises to improve quality of life of caregivers in hospital. Hospital policy, resources, set up and certain interventions were required to improve the caregivers’ quality of life.

Intracranial mature teratoma is a very rare neoplasm. Its location in posterior fossa of cranium is extremely rare, only few cases have been reported in English literature. Though rare, it nevertheless warrants greater emphasis than it receives in the literature. The authors report a case of mature cystic teratoma in posterior cranial fossa in a 5 month old female child. On MRI examination heterogeneously enhancing solid cystic lesion measuring 4.2x4.0x3.9 cm was noted in posterior fossa involving left cerebellar hemisphere. On histopathological examination confirm diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma was established.

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of great public health importance. Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest incidence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection worldwide. However, the accessibility and affordability of HBV DNA quantification (viral load) assay which is the key laboratory test for therapy initiation, and monitoring is a challenge to HBV management. The study was done to evaluate serum levels of HBV-DNA concentration and HBsAg titers of hepatitis b virus-infected subjects at NAUTH Nnewi. Cross sectional study design was used with a total of 264 subjects comprising of 88 HBsAg seropositive treatment naïve subjects, 88 HBsAg seropositive subjects on antiviral therapy as case subjects and 88 age-matched apparently healthy HBsAg seronegative individuals were recruited as control subjects. Hepatitis BVirus DNA assay was performed using real time PCR technique, ELISA technique was used for Hepatitis B surface antigen quantification, Hepatitis Bcore Antibody Immunoglobulin M and Hepatitis D Virus Immunoglobulin G assay. Immunochromatography was used for HBV Panel, Hepatitis C Virus assay, Human Immunodeficiency Virus testing. HBsAg quantification showed strong positive correlation with HBV DNA viral load both in treatment and non-treatment groups (r = 0.673; p < 0.001). The non-treatment group has higher viral load (M=805.50IU/ml) compared with treatment group (M = 65.50IU/ml) (p<0.001).

A 25 year old man presented in 2019 with increasing pain, coldness of left lower limb and lump at left popliteal fossa. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before surgery and histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed after surgery. This demonstrated a 8x6x2 cm well defined soft tissue mass at the posterior compartment of knee engulfing tendons. A histopathologi¬cal differential diagnosis of benign spindle cell lesion leiomyoma and benign fibrous tumour was made. We describe this rare case of fibroma at posterior compartment of the knee with immunohistochemistry and treatment.

Background: To assess the significance of umbilical cord blood alkaline phosphatase and umbilical cord blood bilirubin as a combined marker for prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Methods: The present study was conducted in department of Pediatrics, Mata Chanan Devi Hospital, Janakpuri, New Delhi between march 2018 to september 2019 included 370 healthy full term newborns fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. The cord blood alkaline phosphatase level and cord blood bilirubin level were measured at birth. All the neonates were clinically observed for the development of jaundice for 5 days and serum bilirubin level estimation was done as and when required. Significant hyperbilirubinemia was considered when serum bilirubin level in term newborns was more than or equal to 12 mg/dl at 24 hrs of life, 15 mg/dl at 48 hrs, and 17 mg/dl at 72 hrs. Results: Out of 370 cases, 58 neonates developed significant hyperbilirubinemia i:e 16%. 28 babies had ABO incompatibility out of which 11 had significant hyperbilirubinemia (p=0.002) and 23 babies had RH incompatibility out of which 11 developed significant hyperbilirubineia (p <0.001). Mean ± SD cord blood bilirubin level in no significant hyperbilirubinemia group and significant hyperbilirubinemia group was 1.63±0.44 mg/dl and 2.49±0.22 mg/dl respectively with statistical analysis (p <0.001). There is no significant difference of cut off value of cord ALP level at 140.5 IU/L between significant and non significant hyperbilirubinemia group (p=0.398). Among Neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia 55.18% were having cord blood bilirubin level >2.205mg/dl and cord blood ALP level >140.5 IU/L, in remaining 44.82% the cord blood bilirubin level was ≤2.205 mg/dl and cord blood ALP level was ≤140.5 IU/L and combined statistical analysis showed significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study showed no significant association between cord blood ALP level and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Optimum

It is worth noting that mobile telephony has revolutionised the way people and businesses carry out their daily life activities worldwide and Cameroon in particular. In this regard, telecommunications and information technology is of utmost important in our social life, the economy, the business and education among others. Regrettably, the interacting innovations in products, services and technologies with a general convergence or blurring of distinctions between platforms, products and services has greated enormous challenges in the mobile telephony sector. From the forgoing, there is the need for regulatory measures in the mobile telephony sector in Cameroon in order to enhance its digital economy. This paper therefore, seeks to examine the fundamental principles of mobile telecommunications sector in Cameroon. This paper also aims at identifying the regulatory mechanisms with deterrent sanctions and fundamental rights and obligation of regulatory bodies (telecom operators) and appraises the current status of mobile telephony in Cameroon. In order to attain the above objectives, we employed doctrinal and analytical research methodology. This paper therefore, conclude with a number of recommendations which if effectively implemented and enforced, will go a long way to improve on the regulatory frameworks governing mobile telecommunication sector in Cameroon as the country strive towards emergence by 2035.