Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has a negative impact on women reproductive health, causing impaired cognitive abilities and decreased physical performance. Aim: to assess the factors influencing iron treatment among anemic pregnant women. Research Design: Correlational descriptive research design was adopted for this study. Setting: The primary health care unit in El-Baranea is affiliated to directorate of health in Ashmon El-Menofea. Sample: A Purposive sample of 150 pregnant women was recruited for the study. Tool: Two tools were used for data collection I) structured interviewing questionnaire, II) Self-report practices questionnaire. Results: most of the sampled women had malpractices in their nutritional habits & in receiving the iron treatment although they complied to take iron treatment every day. There was a relationship between the level of knowledge about iron treatment and the level of education (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: There are many factors influencing iron treatment as women’s level of knowledge and malpractices in receiving their iron treatment. Recommendation: Continuous health education for all women who receive iron treatment should be provided in antenatal clinic.

Background: The retrohepatic segment of the inferior venacava lies in the groove on the posterior surface between caudate and the right lobe of the liver and has the hepatic veins opening into it, these openings are known as “Ostia Venae Hepaticae”. Aims & objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyse and interpret the axial direction course and its variations in the retrohepatic segment of inferior venacava in the Tamilnadu population. Material and Methodology: Seventy formalin-fixed adult liver specimens were taken for this study and carried out in the department of anatomy, SRMC &RI, during the year 2012-2015. To keep the liver in anatomical position to find out the axial direction in the retrohepatic segment of the inferior venacaval groove concerning the longitudinal axis of the liver, it was observed to have vertical, oblique toward left or curved toward left. Observation & Results: Our observation of the oblique axial direction of the RHIVC was close to the other observations reported by previous authors in Indians. The incidence of the left curve in the present study was close to the results reported by the majority of previous authors. The vertical orientation of RHIVC was similar to the results reported in the existing literature. In the present study in Tamilnadu population n=70, axial direction shows n=18-25.7%, vertical n=32 - 45.7%, oblique n=20 -28.5%. Conclusion: To conclude, this study re-emphasizes the vitality of the knowledge of the varied pattern of the retrohepatic segment of inferior vena cava in facilitating an accurate and better-designed road map for the hepatologists, liver transplant surgeons and interventional radiologists.

Introduction: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a recognized risk factor for developing glaucoma, cataract and lens dislocation. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is also associated with increased risk of complications during cataract surgery due to poor mydriasis and zonular weakness. Objective: The aim is to find out the prevalence of glaucoma in Pseudoexfoliation syndrome patients attended to Shaheed Doctor Aso hospital, Sulaimaniya city, Kurdistan region of Iraq and Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk city - Iraq. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study encompassed 378 patients (756 eyes) with whom the pseudoexfoliation syndrome was detected as an incidental finding aged 50 years or older. A detailed evaluation including general and ophthalmic history, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement (TOPCON computerized tonometer CT-80 and Goldmann Applanation tonometer), gonioscopy (Goldmann three mirrors goniolens) and dilated eye examination were performed. Oral informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results: Out of the 378 patients who had pseudoexfoliation syndrome, 58 (15.3%) were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and 34 patients (9%) with ocular hypertension. In the glaucomatous patients, men to women ratio was 2:1, this was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Most of patients in the age group (70-79) years of age, represent 23.3%. Bilateral Pseudoexfoliation syndrome was associated more with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (58.6%), while unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome was associated more with ocular hypertension (64.7%). The Kurdish race patients expressed the highest prevalence of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and ocular hypertension (31.5%) followed by the Arabic race (20%) and lastly the Turkmen (16%). Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome showed to be a significant glaucoma risk factor locally, with a prevalence of (15.3%), and if we added the Ocular hypertension (9%), it will be (24.3%). Recommendation: Patients with Pse

Background: In the current era of globalization and modernization teaching - learning methods employed in medical education needs revamping to keep pace with the changing trends in teacher-student interactions and teaching-learning methods. Social media as an educational tool seems to be a promising adjunct to impart medical knowledge to the millennial minds. So, the current study was done with students studying anatomy in first year M.B.B.S 2017 – 2018 batch at GMC &ESICH, CBE to evaluate the usefulness of social media as an educational tool in learning anatomy. Aims & Objectives: To assess the impact and usefulness of social media in learning anatomy among students studying in first year M.B.B.S 2017 – 2018 batch at GMC &ESICH, CBE for a period of one year. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was prepared containing 9 questions pertaining to the usefulness of social media as a tool in the learning anatomy after getting ethical clearance. The same was given to 100 students studying in the first-year MBBS and their responses were collected and evaluated statically. Results: Out of 100 questionnaires distributed, all were completed, collected and evaluated (response rate: 100%). Of 100 students, 86% students felt that using social media helped them to understand the subject better, 81% students felt that social media tools they used made their learning experience enjoyable and subjects interesting, 67% students felt that they were motivated to learn more through social media and that they could inculcate the habit of learning through social media with ease, 52% of students answered positively for usefulness for all topics, 44% of students answered excellent as their overall rating, 41% of students felt that using social media tools was more time consuming, 38% of students felt that it was useful for preparing and facing their various theory and practical examinations, 16% of students reported using social media regularly for their study of anatomy. Conclusion: So

The demand of aesthetic orthodontics has increased among young and adult population. The request for fast and invisible orthodontic treatment has encouraged the development of clear aligners. Clear aligners are considered as an alternative to dental braces. They are devices that use thermoplastic materials which apply pressure to teeth to move into the desired position. Dozens of company around world offer some type of clear aligner orthodontic product and is widely considered as the future of Orthodontics. Advantages of sequential aligner therapy has been discussed widely, this article discuss concerns and adverse effects and reactions associated with aligner therapy. However, until more clinical research becomes available, aligners cannot be routinely prescribed as an effective alternative to fixed labial appliances. Let us look before we leap.

Laboratory testing plays a critical role in healthcare delivery with test results used for disease screening, diagnosis, treatment progress and prognosis. Some tests are performed outside the laboratory by non-laboratory trained individuals using Point of Care Testing (POCT) devices. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge, factors that may affect results generated, quality control practices and the importance of POCT regulation on the overall testing process. This is a prospective study which 70 POCT devices operators / users gave their consent at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Pretested questionnaires were used as the tool for evaluation. The respondents were 70 in number including medical doctors (51.4%) and Nurses (45.7%). The most commonly used POCT devices included glucose meters (91.4%), urine testing strips (65.7%) and haemoglobin meters (25.7%). Other devices in use were bilirubin meters (5.7%) and cholesterol meters (1.4%). About half (56%) of respondents understood the test reaction principles of their devices. Accident and Emergency department had the highest use (37.1%). Quality control practices were undertaken by 24.3% of respondents. Majority (65%) of operators used their devices for monitoring the progression of illness. Opinion on the regulation of use of POCT was supported by most respondents. Periodically validating and calibrating POCT devices within the hospital by the central laboratory will go a long way to ensure uniform testing and improve result quality.

The existence of Indonesian Elementary Schools in Malaysia is difficult to detect. That is because there are many variations in the types of basic education, the status of parents in Malaysia as illegal workers, and the location of the organization in accordance with their workplace. All of the basic education units must all be prepared by the Indonesian government. This study aims to portray the provision of teachers who will be assigned to teach Indonesian primary schools in Malaysia. The research uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were the Indonesian teacher provider authority, consulate general, and the principal of the Indonesian primary school/ CLC in Malaysia. Data collection techniques with interviews, observation and focus group discussions. Data is processed inductively with flow analysis. The results showed that the provision of Indonesian primary school teachers in Malaysia had not met the needs in the field. Many problems in the field, among others: the provision of teachers has not been able to meet the number and quality of competencies, variations in basic education patterns, lack of guidance, limited learning space, and future unclear teacher career development. Suggestions to the authority of the teacher supply provider in order to be able to meet the teaching staff in accordance with the needs of the field and be able to overcome the shortage of teacher staff.

People are transferring large amount of data that are critical and consume large amount of time through the Internet such as email, banking transaction and online purchase. But due to high exposure they are susceptible to being heavily attacked or become attractive targets for attackers. This can be solved by using a modern phenomenon called symmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption is used to ensure that information is hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended. This research conducted a performance evaluation of symmetric data encryption algorithms namely Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Blowfish. The evaluation is done for four different data types: image data type, audio data types, video data types and textual file data types. The performance evaluation metrics are encryption time and throughput. The prototype is developed using JAVA, compiled using the Netbeans IDE7.1.2 with default settings in jdk 7.1 development kit. Results obtained from this evaluation indicated that blowfish is more efficient than AES. But for Blowfish the encryption time sometime decreases with the increase in data size. This can be attributed to the fact that Blowfish uses 126, 192 or 256 key sizes.

After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, CAMELS model for evaluating banks financial soundness became questionable since the model was unable to predict the financial collapse of Asian banks. As a result, new models of evaluating the financial soundness of banks were developed. One of these models was the EAGLES model that showed to be a worthy model to consider. The model examines six areas that mostly affects the financial soundness of banks. These areas are earning, assets quality, growth, liquidity, equity, and strategic responsiveness. This study aims to compare the financial soundness of Islamic and conventional banking sub-sectors in Kuwait over the period 2011-2018. Results shows that conventional banks outperformed Islamic banks in all areas except in the growth side. The results obtained from the trend analysis revealed that Islamic banking sector is improving more rapidly in all areas, except in liquidity, and that can be explained by the fairly young age of Islamic banking and its position in the learning curve which is much steeper than conventional banking position which is somewhat flat.

Objective: To assess nurses’ knowledge and evaluate their practice for prevention of infection among burn patients, also to suggest guidelines especially of nursing practice for prevention of infection in burn patients. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Six months, from April 2017 to Sep 2017, in burn units of 03 selected hospitals of Lahore. Methods: The study included all nurses who were providing care to burn patients (N=48). Nurses’ knowledge was assessed by using a self-structured questionnaire and their practices were evaluated by direct monitoring using an observational Checklist. Results: Females constituted 100% of study participants. 62.5% of nurses had a GNM whilst 37.5 % had a Nursing degree. 73% (35) of participants had less than 2 years of experience working in the Burns Unit. Knowledge regarding infection control was received by 89% of nurses but their source of information was practice not in-service educational programs. Consequently they had unsatisfactory level of knowledge and practices indicated by knowledge and practice score less than 75%. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed nurses’ low level of knowledge and practices. Hence, healthcare settings are required to organize advanced training sessions and to develop unit specific clinical guidelines and protocols.

An investigation was made to assessing the contribution of aquaculture on poverty alleviation in rural Bangladesh. A total of one hundred five (105) farmers comprising of seventy five (75) from fish farming households and thirty (30) from non-fish farming households were selected as sample. The farmers were selected using stratified random sampling techniques. The data were collected from the study areas through questionnaires survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and cross-check interviews. Results of the study indicated that current fish production increased on an average 4300 Kg/ha/year as compared to before records (1252 Kg/ha/year ).Aquaculture contributed 29.67 percent on total annual income after participation in aquaculture. Estimated Benefit-Cost-Ration (BCR) was 3.10. A pronounced changing state on the quality and quantity of livelihoods capitals such as human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital were observed comparing with the before situation. Fish consumption pattern analysis result showed that in before fish consumption quantity was on an average 33.66 gram/capita/day and that quantity rose to on an average of 63 gram /capita/day after participation in aquaculture. The estimated Head Count Poverty rate was found to be 16 percent in fish farming households as compared to 26 percent of the non-fish farming household which indicated that non-fish farming households were likely more poor than fish farming households. Regarding aquaculture production, income generation, livelihood assets acquisition and food fish security it was concluded from the present study that aquaculture surely have had a significant contribution to poverty alleviation in the rural Bangladesh.

Income inequality is one of the most significant impediments to the development and welfare of countries. Increased income inequality can cause to social conflict and affects social coherence negatively. Such economies become unstable and unsustainable in the long run. An inequitable distribution of income adversely affects the economic development in developing countries and inhibits the emergence of economic and political institutions that could support growth and investment. Events, which have a profound effect on societies, such as wars, revolutions, technological development and great economic crisis, might result with the elimination of income inequality in a region or country in a relatively short time. However, without such profound events, the tradition of income inequality could take centuries of efforts to achieve certain change. The present study, therefore, discusses the history of income inequality in the world, the current situation and future forecasts and presents relevant findings and suggestions.

Dental bleaching procedures are commonly performed to improve esthetics. It can be either in-office professional bleaching techniques or self-administered home-based bleaching agents. These bleaching agents contain variable concentrations of hydrogen or carbamide peroxide that initiates oxidation process mechanism which reduces the extrinsic tooth discoloration. The objective of this review was to discuss the influence of different whitening agents on the mechanical properties of restorative materials. Dentists should be aware of the mechanical properties of restorative materials and ideally prepare the patients free of carious lesions before performing the bleaching procedures. However, bleaching agents with new formulations are introduced that doesn’t impact the surface integrity of existing restorations. Moreover, composite restorations on bleached enamel surfaces should be placed after at least 2 weeks. For those patients that require restorative treatment immediately, use of antioxidant agents before bonding procedures on bleached enamel neutralizes completely the deleterious effects of bleaching and increases the bond strength.

Myopia is one of the commonest manifestations affecting school going children. Excessive use of gadgets forms the prime cause apart from the other cause like malnutrition, economic status or genetic conditions. The aim is to study the prevalence of myopia in school children in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. With required permissions from the school authorities, five schools were enrolled in the study. 1738 school children of classes 6th-10th with age ranging from 9-15 years were registered. There were 982 boys and 756 girls. The method of examination has been clearly explained to them. The results were represented graphically. The prevalence of myopia from the present study from the students of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh was 7.30%. Girls were more affected 8.33%. When the socio economic status was considered, more students from low socio economic group were found to be affected with myopia. The maximum number of students having myopia was in the age group of 12 years. The students were addressed and the results were explained to them. They were adviced the required measures to prevent further progress of the condition. The students with symptoms were suggested for an Ophthalmic consultation.

The success of the treatment rendered depends on the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment planning based on the fundamental principles. The inception of CBCT into Implant dentistry, along with its wide range of application such as in the evaluation of TMJ, assessment of pathologies in or affecting the bones, 3D reconstructions of the bones or in the fabrication of a prosthetic components of the face and jaws in the complex maxillofacial reconstructions has led to a tremendous impact on the confidence of the dentist in the intricate procedures like sinus lifts, ridge augmentations, extractions, and implant placements. This article gives an insight into the background, indications and benefits of CBCT in Prosthodontics and Image Guided Implantology.