Background: Transfusion of blood and blood components can save millions of lives worldwide each year and its safety is the subject of real concern. Transfusion associated transmission of some of the life threatening infections has demanded screening of blood for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aims & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) among the donors. To analyse the trends of TTI in private and government settings. Materials and method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Blood donor data over a period of 9 years from 2010 to 2018 from Blood bank of Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya and Blood bank of Shimoga institute of medical sciences, Shimoga was included in the study. All the donors including voluntary and replacement donors during the study period were included in the study. Results: Total number of voluntary and replacement donors in a Private medical college blood bank were 11225 and 4853, whereas that in a Government medical college blood bank were 50931 and 9736. Prevalence of various TTI in a private and government medical college was as follows – HIV (0.15%, 0.18%), HBV (0.67%, 1.07%), HCV (0.09%, 0.09%), Syphilis (0.02%, 0.004%) and Malaria (00%, 00%). Conclusion: Donor criteria should be followed strictly and effective screening facilities should be used to reduce the incidence of blood transfusion transmitted infections.

Background: The under recognition and consequent mistreatment of migraine headache highlight the importance of quicker and easy to apply tools for migraine screening and diagnosis. The ID migraine fits the description of such a rapid screening diagnostic tool. Objective: To evaluate the ID migraine, in migraine headache diagnosis, among clinical students in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: Using a cross sectional design, we compared the performance of the ID migraine with that of the IHS criteria, used as a gold standard for migraine headache diagnosis, on a set of persons with recurrent headaches. Participants were recruited from a pool of 220 apparently healthy clinical students of the University of Calabar. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20; and the level of significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: Fifty one persons who had recurrent headaches from the pool of students, comprising 25 (49%) males and 26 (51%) females, proceeded to complete the study. The mean age of the participants was 24.22 years ± 4.575. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive and negative predictive values we obtained for the ID migraine tool were 69.2%, 63.1%, 64.7%, 39.1% and 85.7%, respectively (kappa = 0.258; p= 0.043). Conclusion: The ID migraine had moderate sensitivity and specificity in our locality, and a low level of agreement with the IHS criteria. Its usefulness in our locality may be more in ruling out, rather than ruling in, migraine in persons with recurrent headaches.

A loving and harmonious family bond between parents and children will bring peace and tranquility not only to the individual but also to a nation. Children are bound to provide for their parents’ maintenance in their old age under the Al-Quran and Sunnah. Now-a-days children are often neglecting and avoiding maintaining and looking after their parents’ need. The Parents Maintenance Act is a beginning of a new step of protection for those unlucky parents who are often ignored by their children. Though there is specific legislation that provides for rights of maintenance to parents but still necessary to amend more specific provisions to reduce the gap between the existing provisions and reality for the betterment of parents. This paper finds out the rights of parents to maintenance under existing laws in Bangladesh. This study also analyzes the reasons behind not providing proper maintenance to parents by their children as well as addressing some recommendations which will be benefited for parents at their old stage.

The study aimed at identifying and describing the phonological differences between Somor and Aror sub-dialects of the Tugen dialect of the Kalenjin language. The Kalenjin language is characterised by eight dialects of which Tugen is one. These dialects can be mapped according to the geographical location of speakers. Of particular interest is the fact that there exists a dialect continuum, where neighbouring groups understand each other well, while mutual intelligibility decreases gradually to near-zero depending on the geographical distance. Even within given dialects, variations exist to significant levels. The study was guided by Natural Generative Phonology. Stratified and random sampling procedures were used to get samples of Somor and Aror speakers from the population of those who practice in the selected domains in Torongo and Kapuskei locations of Baringo County. The data for the study was a Swadesh list of one hundred and fifty words and fifty sentences. These were drawn from the fields of education, domestic life, religion, health and administration. Data was collected by use of language performance test, which was recorded, on an audiotape. These words were written in gloss and transcribed using the IPA symbols. This was in preparation for the phonological analysis, which was done by using Natural Generative Phonology and Descriptive Linguistics. This study will be an addition to the knowledge in the area of theoretical linguistics of Nilotic languages and Kenyan languages in general.

Now-a-days, natural fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites have received large attention of the researchers in various applications. The properties of natural fiber composites to a large extent influenced by the type of fibers, treatment method, types of hardener and resin, and fabrication method. In the present study, the hardness behavior of sponge gourd, coir, and jute fiber reinforced thermosetting resin-based composite has been investigated experimentally. Natural fibers were treated with 5% NaOH solution by volume and hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate these composites. The Wt% (weight percentage) ratio of resin and hardener, Wt% of resin & hardener in composite, Wt% ratio of sponge gourd & jute, and Wt% ratio of sponge gourd & coir are considered as control factors which were optimized using Taguchi L9 orthogonal design of experiments. The optimal control factor combination for maximum Brinell hardness was found out and the predicted optimal value, obtained from Taguchi analysis, of Brinell hardness was confirmed by validation experiments. At last, the interactions between control factors or input parameters with Brinell hardness are revealed graphically by interaction plots.

This article interrogates the use of figurative language in HIV/ AIDS representations and framings in Gikuyu mukingo songs. The paper locates itself within the frameworks of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFL) as the theoretical orientations to the article of HIV/AIDS discourse. The CDA primarily studies the way social power abuse; inequality and dominance are enacted, resisted and reproduced by text and talk in the social and political context, while the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) offers a contribution of language in social situations centred predominantly on its relevance to functions, explanation and interpretation of the texts. These theoretical underpinnings served to examine the functions of informative, imperative and emotive in HIV/AIDS discourse. This paper adopted a cross-section design to help to describe the characteristics of the variables of the article. The article has been conducted among public transport operators in Nyeri town. Purposive and snowball sampling was used since randomization was impossible due to the lack of sampling frame as well as due to the mobile nature of public transport operators. Structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) has been used for data collection. Data analysis was done using traditional thematic analysis. The findings of this article have shown that there is heavy use of figurative language in HIV/AIDS discourse in Gikuyu, which is culturally relevant. This language constructs sexuality and gender, depicting the role of masculinity and femininity in the HIV/AIDS spread. The HIV/AIDS discourse also constructs gender power inequalities that promote HIV/AIDS spread.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted to compare the scores obtained by students in traditional practical examination with that obtained in objective structured practical examination in Osteology, which is a “must know” component of the first-year MBBS curriculum in Anatomy. After obtaining permissions from the Institutional Ethics Committee and institutional authorities for conducting the study, first-year MBBS students were oriented about the purpose of the study, the objective structured practical examination procedure, the check-list based marking system and their written informed consent was obtained. The maximum marks obtainable in both traditional practical examination and objective structured practical examination were 10 marks each. A total of 55 (27 females; 49.09% and 28 males; 51.91%) first-year MBBS students participated in the study. The students obtained higher scores in objective structured practical examination, as compared that in traditional practical examination. The male students had a higher maximum score in traditional practical examination but the gender difference in scores was not significant either for traditional practical examination (p=0.054) or for objective structured practical examination (p=0.934). Students obtaining relatively lower scores would require remedial training. A larger study would be necessary in order to generalize the results.

With the advancement of economic globalization, intercultural communication has gradually become a practical need. From the perspective of intercultural communication, this article takes specific examples to analyze the embodiment of the pragmatic failures in daily life, including pragma-linguistic failure and socio-pragmatic failure. After summarizing the manifold reasons of pragmatic failures in intercultural communication, this article attribute pragmatic failures more too cultural differences. The significance of this article is to help students face the problems that appear frequently in intercultural communication, and help them effectively avoid pragmatic failures, thus greatly improving the competence of Chinese students to use English to communicate.

Capsicum annum L. (sweet pepper) is a vegetable which belongs to Solanaceae family. In order to increase sustainable sweet pepper production, study was conducted on effect of natural fertilizers on its productivity under Sudano-Guinean climate of Adamawa Cameroon. Randomized complete block design with 07 treatments and 03 replications was used. Treatments that applied per plant were: compost (CBV); 20 g of vivianite (V20); 30 g of vivianite (V30); CBV and V20 mixture (CBV + V20); CBV and V30 mixture (CBV + V30); chemical fertilizer (T+) and unfertilized plants (T-). Stage of plants development; growth and yield as well as fruits physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. Results showed that flowering and fruiting of treated plants by natural fertilizers (compost and vivianite) were early compared to T- and T+ plants. Fruits yield from mixture of 1 kg of compost + 20 g of vivianite was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than that from the other treatments and is 1.46 fold higher than that from T+ plants. Overall, fruits from treated plants by natural fertilizers are richer in vitamin C and mineral elements than those from T- and T+ plants. Fruits vitamin C content from amended compost plants is 1.60 fold higher than that from T+ plants. These results suggest that the quality of natural fertilizer is important not only for improving sweet pepper growth and fruits yield, but also for improving nutritional value of fruits. 1 kg of compost + 20 g of vivianite mixture is recommended to sweet pepper grower of Adamawa Cameroon.

The study was carried out to determine the bromate contents in popular commercially available different brands of bottled and sachet drinking water in Aba metropolis. To assess the health risk of bromate in ozonised bottled and sachet water in Aba metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria Bromate determination was done using spectrophotometric method after treatment of the samples and absorbance was measured at 530 nm. The mean concentration of Br03- in different brands of bottled water was found to be 4.09±0.44 μg/l (range: 3.48±0.50 – 4.98±0.79 μg/l). On the other hand, the mean concentration of bromate ion in sachet water was 5.07± 0.78 μg/l with range 3.15±0.26 – 6.33±0.78 μg/l. Correlation analysis showed that bromate formation was influenced by the presence of bromide ions. There was a high cancer risk assessment resulting from the ingestion of bromate in bottled and sachet water which could occur overtime while both the drinking water were safe from the chemical toxicity risk point of view.

Probiotics offer a wide range of health benefits to the host. The present paper deals with 16S r-RNA sequence analysis of gut microbial diversity of M. rosenbergii fed with B. licheniformis (MTCC 429; NCBI-GenBank accession number, MK158065 supplemented diet (CFU, 935x10-6). The >10 kb genomic DNA yield ˷1500 pb PCR amplified products against specific 16S r-RNA primers. The aligned sequences of the gut of control prawns showed 1337 bp, 768 bp, 1334 bp, 1419 bp, 1315 bp, 1313 bp, 1466 bp and 1289 bp 16S r-RNA for Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Bacillus coagulans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter koseri and Acinetobacter sp., respectively. The gut of experimental prawns showed 1350 bp, 1495 bp, 1464 bp, 1307 bp, 1446 bp, and 1347 bp 16S r-RNA for Bacillus sp., Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus iniae and Citrobacter sp., respectively. The biochemical tests confirmed that the pathogenic bacteria, like Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Acinetobacter sp., have competitively been excluded from the gut of experimental prawns due to colony establishment of B. licheniformis and produced good growth [1]. The BLAST of these sequences showed almost 100% similarities with the same species retrieved from the NCBI database. The MAS showed 460 identical amino acids residues, 79 similar amino acids residues and 308 variable amino acids sites for control prawns, and 879 identical amino acids residues, 85 similar amino acids residues and 396 variable amino acids sites for experiment prawns. These sequences have less number of AT biases and more number of GC biases. Overall, the nucleotide divergence and the phylogenetic information calculated were clearly discriminated these bacterial species. Therefore, 16S r-RNA sequencing provides accurate identification of bacterial species.

Introduction: Temporomandibular joint ankylosis is defined as a bone or fibrous adhesion of the anatomical joint and its components in the glenoid fossa, and it is accompanied by limited mouth opening, causing difficulties in chewing, speaking and oral hygiene, which may influence mandibular growth. This condition in children may or may not be associated with a disease, syndrome or trauma. Method: To review the literature on the treatment of ATM ankylosis associated with micrognathia in children with osteogenic distraction, and to report two clinical cases of children with unilateral or bilateral ankylosis with mandibular micrognathia. Methods: To present a broad research on the etiology, risk factors and complications of this condition as the options of treatments for the ankylosis of TMJ in children by Buccomaxillofacial Surgery treated with gap arthroplasty surgery without interposition of materials, with the installation of osteogenic distractors for the correction of mandibular deformities. Results: The cases presented here continue to be treated and monitored since their development is not yet complete, but the procedures performed are successful without presenting recurrences so far. Conclusions: Osteogenic distraction is one of the treatments that can treat ankylosis in children with success. However, the successful treatment of children with TMJ ankylosis with dentofacial deformities is slow and prolonged, and the earlier it is initiated, the greater the success of treatment completion, always depending on the joint work of a multidisciplinary team, as well as family support and patient collaboration.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and is therefore a major public health concern. Acute exacerbations that compromise quality of life, accelerate a decline in respiratory functions, and increase cardiovascular risk during the course of COPD. Few studies have investigated the factors leading to exacerbations. Magnesium may have a role in maintaining disease stability in COPD patients. And serum uric acid has been proposed as a marker for impaired oxidative metabolism & systemic inflammation. A few data exist on the significance of serum uric acid& magnesium in patients with AECOPD. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of serum uric acid& magnesium as a biomarker for the prediction of outcome of patients with AECOPD. Study population was taken from patients admitted to K.R Hospital& PK TB Hospital MMCRI, Mysore with acute exerbation of COPD aged between 18-60years of either sex. 4ml of fasting venous sample was collected from patients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD serum was analyzed immediately for Uric acid and Magnesium. 35% of patient had hypomagnesaemia where as 55% of study subjects where normomagnesemic with mean SD of 1.7+0.8. The mean standard deviation of uric acid levels was 7.2+ 2.1. Present study showed hypomagnesaemia and hyperuricemia with increase in duration of disease, stage of the disease and duration of hospital stay. Hence the present study helps in assessing the factors responsible for frequent exacerbations and durations of stay in hospital associated in COPD patients.

Nutraceuticals is a broad term derived from nutrition and pharmaceutical. Nutraceuticals are used as a part of food for preventing and treating many acute and chronic diseases. Nutraceuticals are divided into three main categories including herbs, nutrients and dietary supplements. The food products which are used as nutraceuticals are dietary fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, spices and some other types of types of herbs and natural foods. Probiotics are ingested for their positive advantages in the digestive tract or systemic area like in the liver, brain, vagina or blood stream. Antioxidants are essential for treatment of almost all diseases because most chronic diseases occur due to oxidative stress. Flavonoids and phytochemicals have antioxidant properties due to which it act as therapeutic agents for various diseases such as anti-cancerous.Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are used for lowering the high levels of cholesterol in cardiovascular diseases and many inflammatory diseases.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is most common malignancy of the oral cavity occurring in 5th and 8th decades of life. Histopathological grading of the tumour is important to assess the biological behaviour of the tumour which has prognostic significance. Aim: To evaluate the prognostic significance of Broder’s and Bryne’s grading system in oral squamous cell carcinoma by comparing with histopathological prognostic factors. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of 45 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma received from department of General surgery and ENT during January 2016 to June 2019. Broders and Bryne’s grading systems were compared with different prognostic factors like tumour budding, worst pattern of invasion and mitotic activity. Results: Review of 45 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma showed tongue to be common site (51.11%).Common age of occurrence was 50-70 years with male predominance (66.67%) on analysing worst pattern of invasion in both grading system Bryne’s grading showed correlation with WPOI (P value-0.00001) and tumour bud/low power field (P value 0.001). Broders grading didn’t show prognostic significance when compared to Bryne’s grading. Conclusion: TNM staging system cannot assess aggressive clinical behaviour of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Broders histopathological grading system did not have prognostic significance when compared to Brynes invasive front grading system which is multifactorial grading.