Colloid cyst at third ventricle is a common entity noted in the neurosurgical practice. Presentation ranges from an incidental presentation to patient presenting with comatosed state with sudden acute hydrocephalus. Careful planning either to observe or operate is taken. Surgery ranges from keyhole endoscopic excision to microsurgical excision. Outcome is good if treated appropriately.

Background: Prescriber plays a vital role of choosing the drug and its brand for the patient which affects the patient in terms of safety, efficacy as well as the cost. In India, the infectious diseases form the major burden. Fluoroquinolones are one of the most prescribed antibiotics which provide therapeutic cure. The study aimed to see the cost variation of oral fluoroquinolones available in India. Methods: The costs of a particular oral fluouroquinolones were obtained from CIMS and Drug Today for the same strength and dosage. Results: Of 25 drugs used as single drug therapy Levofoxacin (500 mg) showed highest price variation of 14526.87 % and only 6 had less than 100 % variation. Of the 10 types of combinations are available with 12 types of dosage forms. Maximum cost variation (390.63%) was seen with ofloxacin and ornidazole (200+500) combination. Conclusion: There is a wide cost variation among oral fluoroquinolones which adds to the dilemma for the prescribing physician. There is a need to include pharmaco-economics in medical curriculum for sensitizing the doctors about cost of prescriptions and need for regulatory authorities to initiate measures to bring regularities in cost and monitor it.

The Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, is typically characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. As the Syndrome X and diabetes mellitus has increased in the recent decades, the importance of early detection of insulin resistance is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the association of HbA1c with Syndrome X with insulin resistance using HbA1c as marker. This was a prospective, case control study and including 100 subjects. Out of which, 50 subjects were the patients of Syndrome X and 50 were normal control subjects. Venous whole blood specimen of case group was collected. Samples were also taken from healthy age and sex matched controls. All samples were analyzed for Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) on HbA1c Analyzer. HbA1c level was significant (p<0.0026) in Syndrome X patients. Our results suggest that HbA1c may be a marker for metabolic syndrome and may identify in a certain degree insulin resistance in subjects.

Ethics is an inherent feature of a well cultured and civilised society. It develops the mind to distinguish between good or bad behaviour, character and practices running around our society, country or the world at large. Religious ethics is vital for the proper functioning of the economic, political and social network and, therefore, for the wellbeing and development of the potential of every Nigerian citizen. This goes to mean that, the extent to which Nigeria nurtures religious principles such as integrity, self-discipline, tolerance, patience in its citizens beginning from the smallest unit of the society – the home – will determine the extent of its socio-political and economic growth. The socio-economic and political backwardness of Nigeria today is an indication for a lack of instilled ethics and moral standards in the citizens. This paper examined religious ethical values as a sine qua non for a developed Nigerian nation. The paper employed the use of comparative and analytical methods. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The findings are that, religious values are important for the growth of Nigeria. It is also established that the dissemination and adoption of shared ethical and moral values is essential in order to take advantage of the enormous opportunities that will lead to the growth and sustainability of the Nigerian nation.

Teachers constitute an important fraction of Nigerian workforce whose sedentary nature of work lead them to intake of calorie dense food and more sitting during the day. Overweight and obesity seem to be responsible for the occurrence of diseases among the workers. The study therefore determined the factors influencing overweight among teachers in Nigeria. 360 teachers ranging from head teachers, classroom teachers and school heads were recruited for this study. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. 165 (46%) were male while 195 (54%) were female with average age of 40.9 ± 8.8 years and average body mass index (BMI) of 26.7 ± 5.9 kg/m2. BMI and blood pressure measurements were taken using standard techniques. BMI was classified using the National Institutes of Health criteria, 2000. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of significance was used to test the relationship between variables. Based on BMI, the prevalence of overweight and generalized obesity among teachers in South South Nigeria Training Colleges, were 31.7% and 25.5%, respectively. Overweight and obesity are more common among female teachers than their male counterparts. Using the waist circumference, approximately 60% of the teachers had central obesity, while 57.2% are either overweight or obese. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity seen among teachers calls for the introduction of therapeutic lifestyle modification in this group of workers which can be achieved through appropriate health education and interventional measures.

A case of sustained transfusion independence in a patient affected by chronic bone marrow failure by gelatinous transformation under long term self-administration of moringa oleifera is reported.

Pigmented lesions encountered in routine clinical practice are mostly asymptomatic and benign in nature. However, rarely, a pigmented lesion can be a sign of malignancy. Primary oral mucosal melanomas are rare and aggressive malignancies. At the time of diagnosis most melanomas are in an advanced stage due to early asymptomatic nature. The prognosis remains poor despite treatment. We report a rare case of cerebral metastasis, from primary malignant melanoma of the mandibular gingiva in a 70-year-old male patient who eventually died before initiating the treatment.

the Six Big Losses that occur on the cutting machine. The research data are monthly data for the period January 2017 to June 2018. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. From a population of 18 carline areas with a total of 148 cutting machine units, 3 carline areas with the lowest OEE achievement as a sample. The analytical method used in the study is the analysis of OEE calculations and six big losses with a fishbone diagram analysis. The results showed the cause of the OEE value not yet achieved in the Toyota Bfree carline was the low Performance Efficiency results of 72.56% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 94.57%. In the Toyota Hiace carline is the low Performance Efficiency results of 69.25% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 88.70%. On the Toyota Vitz carline is the low availability of 76.81% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 87.01%. With suggestions for improvements given to increase the value of OEE companies based on factors Man, Machine, Method, Material, and Environment.

The purpose of the study is to analysis wheter management did Earning Management with approach discretionary loss loan provision and use 5 indicator of bank operation performance at bank sharia for the period 2011 – 2016. Based on empirical result from the bank sharia financial report, the study find: (1) the two earnings-related variables, namely earnings before loan loss provisions and one-year-ahead earnings, are significantly related to discretionary loan loss provision; (2) non-performing loans ratio is are not found to be significantly linked to discretionary loan loss provisions, but bad debts coverage ratio and capital adeuqcy ratio are significantly linked to discretionary loan loss provisions. Finally, our findings indicate that bank managers may use discretionary loan loss provisions to engage in earnings management when the earnings before loan loss provisions.

“Inequality is not just an issue between individuals, between classes, between regions. It’s between urban and rural”-Michael Jgnatieff. India is the country of diversity and uniqueness. Disparities and discrepancies are everywhere whether in policy making or policy implementation, economic or social characteristics in urban areas and rural areas. Rural percentage in total population was 82.7 percent in the year 1951 which lowers to 74.3 percent in 1991 and further down to 68.8 percent in 2011(census 2011). This shows a gradual declining trend in rural share in population, GDP and workforce through decades. Despite the Growing rate of urbanization, it is projected that the half of the country’s population will be rural by 2050. About 25.7 percent of total rural population lives below national poverty line (poverty estimates, planning commission report 2011). Rural societies in India suffer from disparities in terms of education, employment, gender biasness, land ownership and other assets. Thousands of people every year migrated in search for employment opportunities from rural to urban. For the eradication of these differences government tried the aid of rural development which includes the implementation of various life enhancing programmes. Uttar Pradesh has highest percentage of rural population in all states. Present study is all about rural development and the socio- economic condition of rural areas. Through which we got to know the actual condition of the cholapur block of Varanasi district. It also deals with the intensity of programmes launched by the government for development. Cholapur block is situated at 20 kilometres to the north of Varanasi city, it shows a pattern that how there will be great gap in urban and rural atmosphere.

Sheep's milk (Ovis aries) is mainly produced in Asia (45.6%), with notable quantities in China and Turkey, followed by Europe (29.0%), Africa (24.5%), Oceania (<0.1%) and in North and South America (0.9%), the latter area is reported to be increasing. In Mexico, sheep production systems for dairy purposes are poorly understood, because the population usually consume milk and dairy by-products of bovine origin; and those of goat and sheep origin consume it little. However, sheep milk production has potential; first, promoting diversification in production; second, as a promising increase in profits of the farmers (conquest of consumers of demanding palates and with high purchasing power); and third, align with new trends and modify food production to more natural systems (environmentally friendly) that harmonize with agricultural production, which promote bio diversity. This study aims to describe the model of the -Livestock Production Unit- (LPU) located in the Volcanoes region. Alternative model to produce milk and cheese of sheep origin found in the facilities of the -Centro para la Sustentabilidad de la Sierra Nevada- 'Incalli Ixcahuicopa' (CENTLI); which belongs to the -Programa de Investigación Sierra Nevada- (PISN) of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM). The sheep in this LPU are of the East Friesian breed and the choice was because it is a dairy breed par excellence and that ensures a higher yield of milk transformed into cheese. The sanitary and reproductive management carried out in this productive unit is optimal to achieve the production standards of the breed using local food resources.

Background: The congenital bleeding disorders haemophilia A and B are estimated to affect between one in 10 000 and one in 50000 males. The clinical profile of hemophilia patients is rarely reported in India. ISTH- Bleeding Assesment Tool score is one such score which not only helps us to diagnose a bleeding diathesis but may also help us in predicting the severity of bleeding potential of any patient with bleeding diathesis. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of hemophiliac patients in Uttarakhand. Calculate Bleeding Assessment Tool score in all patients of haemophilia and differentiate severe haemophilia from moderate haemophilia. Material and Methods: A total of 75 patients of all age groups with haemophilia A and B were included in the study. A detailed clinical history using ISTH -BAT along with clinical assessment by the hematologist was done. Special emphasis was laid on demographic details. Coagulation studies were done on STAGOSTA compact. Chi-square test was used for Assessing BAT scores. Results: The hospital based prevalence was 1.2% for haemophilia A and 0.3% for haemophilia B in our study. There were 74 % severe haemophilia and 5% of mild haemophilia in our study. The presence of inhibitors was 6%. There was significant statistical difference between the BAT score values of moderate and severe haemophilia (p value<0.05). Conclusion: The study suggested high prevalence of haemophilia in the state along with high numbers of inhibitors. More studies are required to establish the role of bleeding assessment tool in differentiating moderate haemophilia from severe haemophilia.

This research aims to analyse the efforts of the character building of school culture based in Senior High School of Panca Budi Medan as well as supporting factors and the termination. This research uses qualitative method with the research site, namely Senior High School of Panca Budi Medan. As for the data analysis techniques using interactive analysis Model Milles & Huberman is through data reduction, data display and data verification/withdrawal conclusion. Determination of the subject using snowball sampling technique. Data collection techniques using non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. From the results of the study obtained a number of schools culture that became the frame and base of character formation of students in Senior High School of Panca Budi Medan, namely; 1) Religious culture, 2) honest culture, 3) clean culture and energy saving, 4) Culture of discipline. The supporting factor for student character formation in Senior High School of Panca Budi is 1) family factors that emphasize the role of parents in strengthening the habituation of good behavior to the child of what results have been received in school; 2) The teacher's factors emphasize the teacher's involvement in shaping the student's character through education, mentoring, and the example; 3) environmental factors that include the school environment and community. In supporting the character building of the students, the school constantly engineered a conducive environment so that what the students see, hear, and feel are supportive of character building. The Community's environmental support is seen from conduciveness the daily behaviour of local residents in line with the values of characters obtained by students from the school; 4) Learners ' factors that appear to be high in enthusiasm and curiosity in understanding the importance of character value inherent in every activity that cultures in school..........................

Systemic delivery of drugs through nasal route requires extended residence time in nasal cavity. The aim of the present work is to fabricate an In-Situ nasal gel using thermoreversible polymer, PF-127 and mucoadhesive polymers HPMC E15 and PEG 6000 to improve the residence time and easy application of accurate dosage. Optimization of formulations was carried out in terms of their content uniformity, clarity, pH, gelation temperature, viscosity, mucoadhesive strength and spreadability. Drug-excipient compatibility was ascertained by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Optimization of PF-127 concentration (20 and 25%) was done to get gelation temperature of formulations in the nasal physiological temperature range (25-34℃). The regression value of ex vivo permeation kinetic study show highest linearity for F1 and F2 to the Higuchi Model whereas F3, F4, F5, F6 to the first order model & the ‘n’ value of each formulation shown that F1, F2 follow Non- Fickian release and F3, F4, F5, F6 follow Super Case II release mechanism. The value of exponent ‘n’ of Korsmeyer-Peppas model suggests the permeation from F1 & F2 is diffusion & erosion controlled, and F3, F4, F5 & F6 is due to the erosion of the polymeric chain. It can be concluded that as viscosity of the formulation is increased the release mechanism will transform from Non – Fickian to Super Case II release mechanism. Hence a clear In-Situ gel may be formulated using PF 127 which is a stable under accelerated conditions and releases the drug under controlled manner for sustained systemic delivery through nasal route.

Introduction: Gingival bleeding is one of the cardinal signs of inflammatory gum disease which if untreated can lead to periodontal disease and eventual tooth loss. This study assessed the knowledge and clinical presentation of inflammatory gum disease among Nigerians in the South-South geopolitical zone. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were filled by all consenting patients that attended the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between May and July 2017. Information elicited were socio-demographics, knowledge on causes and sequelae of gingival bleeding. Indices used were Gingival Index (GI), Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Data was analyzed using epi-info and level of significance was set at <0.05. Results: 308 participants were recruited with M: F ratio of 1:1.3 and mean age of 34.2(±13.4) years. Two-fifth (42.1%) had gingival bleeding while brushing. Though 51 (36.4%) knew gingival bleeding is abnormal, more than half [35(59.3%)] did not know what caused their bleeding. Some reasons given for gingival bleeding while brushing were dental infection [10 (17.0%)] and hard bristled toothbrushes [98 (13.6%)]. Majority [234(70%)] didn’t know the sequelae of untreated gingival bleeding. Clinical examination showed 76(24.7%) had halitosis, 101(32.8%) bled on probing. 131(42.5%) had a gingival index of 2. Mean MGBI and OHI-S were 1.16(±0.9) and 1.74(±0.9) respectively. 33(10.7%) participants had poor oral hygiene. Conclusion: The participants had a poor knowledge of inflammatory gum diseases. There is the need to increase awareness among the populace and encourage prompt treatment thereby reducing its avoidable sequelae like tooth loss.