The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has made it a universal health difficulty in both developed and developing countries, spreading fears, uncertainties and death. Worldwide, the disease is skyrocketing, spinning from a total of 124, 719 cases in 118 countries on March 12, 2020 to a high of 1,004,336 cases in 204 countries on April 2, 2020. Out of the 1,004,336 confirmed cases, 704,570 (95%) are categorized as mild cases 37,710 (5%) serious cases 51,556 deaths while 210,500 have recovered. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to beta coronavirus; usually these viruses form a polypeptide after genome transcription that needs to be cleaved enzymatically in order to produce non-structural proteins, this process is only possible with synergistic functions of Main protease or 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and Papain-like protease (PLpro). Inhibiting these proteases will in no doubt interfere with replication and subsequent release of viral progenies. The current in silico study was performed to predict the possibility of 7 phytochemicals from Carica papaya as potential inhibitors of Covid-19 proteases and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The protein structures and ligands were downloaded from RCSB Protein data bank (pdb) and PubChem respectively. The qualitative assessment of physicochemical properties, liphopilicity, water solubility, medicinal chemistry, drug likeness and ADMET were predicted virtually using swissadme. Molecular docking analysis showed that kaempferol, quercetin have good binding affinity and hydrophobic interactions with both Covid-19 proteases and RdRp. However, this hypothesis would be used as a background which needs to be proven otherwise in vitro.

Confucianism was born twenty-five centuries and has lasted for so long over a wide area including China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. That is one thing that needs to explain why. Explaining this would certainly be difficult to convince if the mere theory of its richness and depth. It must have the conditions to be born and exist in the socio-economic base of East Asia, first of all in China, where it was born. The conditions for its birth only exist in China, but the conditions for its long-term survival are in all three countries of Korea, Japan and Vietnam and must be similar to those in China, at least about culture generally. In the history of Vietnam, since independence, the feudal dynasties of Vietnam have begun to use Confucianism was an effective way to govern and manage society. It is not surprising that the laws enacted by the feudal dynasties of Vietnam all have Confucianism imprints. Those were ancient laws code; the most typical was built and issued in Vietnamese history (from the 11th century to the 19th century). Based on the study of ancient bibliographies, in consultation with researchers and colleagues, this study provides insights and assessments of the Confucian imprints in the Hoang Viet Luat Le (called the Gia Long law) of Nguyen Dynasties of Vietnam; It also raises some controversial issues about the position and role of Confucianism in the history of Nguyen Dynasty Vietnam so that colleagues and researchers continue to study and debate.

Although the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on energy metabolism has been known for about a century, the relationship between thyroid function, weight control, and obesity is unclear. Objective: Our work aims to bring a focus on the association between obesity and thyroid pathology. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study of all obese patients who had consulted or been hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition at University Hospital Center Hassan II in Fez, over a period of 2 years from January 2016 to December 2018. All patients with a BMI ≥ 30 kg / m2 were included. The data were plotted on a table in the Excel 2010 program and analyzed using the SPSS 18 program. Results: 150 patients met our criteria, their mean age was 45.26+/-12.77 years with a female predominance (sex-ratio = 1/25). 10.66 % of our patients had dysthyroidism; among them hypothyroidism was individualized in 56.25% of cases. In this category, the serum TSH concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (p=0.011) and a significant weight loss was objectified after the start of hormonal treatment. While hyperthyroidism was present in 43.75% of our patients, 57.14% had morbid obesity and the response to weight gain after radical treatment (iratherapy or surgery) was minimal. Conclusion: Obese patients may develop thyroid dysfunction and even thyroid dysfunction may contribute to the gradual increase in body weight, resulting in overt obesity.

Final diagnosis of thyroid lesions requires morphological examination for which FNAC and histopathological examination become mandatory tests. In our study preoperative FNAC on 100 patients and along these histopathology reports of 22 patients were correlated and conclusions drawn after statistical analysis. Results: Diagnostic categorization of FNACs based on Bethesda classification showed that of the benign lesions (category 2), 45were Nodular colloid, 13Hashimoto thyroiditis, 13multinodular goitre, 3Primary hyperplasia and 2Hyperplastic nodule 1was of de-quervans thyroiditis, 1was of adenomatous goitre. Of the12 malignant lesions (category 6), 7were papillary carcinoma, 2anaplastic carcinoma, 1medullary carcinoma, 2 metastatic carcinoma on FNAC, 8 were suspicious for follicular neoplasm (category 4) and 1 was of follicular lesion of undetermined significance on FNAC (category 3). Among 100 cases, 22 were biopsied and subjected to histopathology. 11cases were benign. Out of these, 2 were of colloid goitre, 3follicular adenoma, 3multinodular goitre 2 was of hasimoto’s, 1 was of thyroglossal cyst. 11 cases were malignant, Out of these, 6 were papillary carcinoma, 3 were Follicular carcinoma and 1 medullary carcinoma 1 case of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary like nuclear features. Out of 22 cases examined hitopathologically findings were similar to FNAC in 21 cases and findings differed in 1 case. The sensitivity & specificity for FNAC of thyroid neoplasm in present study were 82.6, 95.2%, respectively. Conclusions: FNAC is simple, safe & cost effective modality in investigation of thyroid swellings with high accuracy. The bethesda system of reporting has high concordance with the histopathological findings.

Background: Escherichia coli is one of the commonest pathogens causing community acquired Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Increase in resistance to antibiotics and limited option of oral antibiotics for UTI calls for search for better alternative options. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL- EC) further reduces the therapeutic options complicating the management. Nitrofurantoin (NIT) is one of the commonly prescribed oral drugs and Fosfomycin (FO) though an old drug is regaining its medical importance. The aim of the study was to study and compare the sensitivity of NIT and FO in ESBL-EC causing UTI. Material and Method: A total of 215 mid-stream urine samples showing growth of E. coli were collected and ESBL-EC identified. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2019 guidelines using NIT (300μg) and FO (200μg) discs. The results were compared. Result: Out of 215 urine sample, 57(26.5%) isolates showed resistance to NIT while FO resistance was observed only in 11 (5.1%) of the isolates. Amongst isolated E. coli, 122 (56.7%) were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL). Among the resistant isolates, ESBL producers were 45.5% (5 out of 11) and 57.8% (33 out of 57) for FO and NIT respectively. Conclusion: Increase in resistance trend in NIT calls for search of other oral options for treatment and FO promises to be one of them.

Constitutions of new countries are expected to facilitate extradition relations as well as other modalities of international judicial cooperation with other countries. This is specifically important for countries, such as Somaliland, which seek recognition of their independence. However, in some cases, their Constitutional provisions do not succeed in materializing the right balance between national interests and the interest in fighting crime at the international level. As a result, the Constitution of such countries may even hurdle efficient extradition relation and eventually, isolate the country from the joint struggle against crime. This seems to be the case of Article 35 (3) of the Somaliland Constitution, in particular. This research paper is designed to explain the weaknesses of the aforementioned Paragraph 3 and provide some ideas for its improvement.

Shankha (Conch) is one of member of Sudha varga (A class of calcium containing compound). It is used in various stomach ailments from many centuries. Shankha Bhasma (Conch Ash) is chief ingredient of many formulations. Physical and chemical characterization is fundamental step to understand the importance of determining efficacy and evaluating the clinically approved medicines of Tradition and complementary medicine (TCM). The physical characterization of Conch Ash was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) and particle size analysis by sieving technique and composition of heavy metals and its limits was determined using by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). For chemical characterization pH, Loss on drying, total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Water soluble ash was performed. The results revealed that Bhasmikarana (Incineration) process use in preparation ultimately changes the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate of Shankha aragonite form into calcite from, along with formation of Portlandite and Lime in majority. FTIR spectra also confirm this assertion. Cubic-like calcite crystals of Conch Ash and rod-like aragonite crystals of conch shell powders were observed by SEM. The prepared formulation has nanoparticles with the average particle size ranging from to 62-90 nm as estimated using SEM and crystal size analysis by XRD.

Aasavikarana is an age-old technique used in Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics. It dates back to “Rig Veda” which indicates the use of Soma and Sura which has been used in different medicinal preparations, surgical procedures and in many chemical and alchemical operations. Asava Arishtas (medical tincture), and Shukta (acidic fermented product) without doubt is one of the most potent medicinal formulations. Among many other reasons, one cause for its extraordinary performance may be the method of phytochemical extraction from it. The technique of microbial maceration of phytochemical extraction is inviting much attention in nutraceuticals due to its high yield, convenient, energy-saving and cost effective. Aasavikarana is a complex pharmaceutical process of microbial maceration and various other chemical processes like fermentation, Maillard reaction, hydrolysis of polymers and formation of antioxidant species. An effort is made to enlighten the process of microbial maceration in Aasavikarana and their effect on formulations in the present article.

Advanced cervical cancer results in infiltration of adjacent organ structures and can be complicated by severe bleeding. Endovascular embolization is a life-saving therapeutic option. This case highlights a unique presentation of a severely bleeding recurrent cervical cancer infiltrating the rectum in a patient with prior hysterectomy. Arterial supply to the tumor was almost exclusively supplied by the superior rectal artery originating from the inferior mesenteric artery. She was successfully treated with selective endovascular embolization using 500 micron particles. The patient had immediate resolution of severe bleeding, no procedural-related complications, and reduced recurrence of bleeding on long-term follow-up.

Acetaminophen is the most prevalent, deliberately ingested medication in overdose episodes and a key cause of acute liver failure. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is used to treat an overdose of acetaminophen. Using NAC may cause rare fatal adverse events which could affect the safety of the patient. Generally, the type and frequency of NAC related events are too minimal to be considered as an adverse reaction. It is necessary to examine the route of administration, method of reaction detection and the nature of the reactions. These events does not preclude patients from receiving this hepatoprotective advantage, particularly in the context of significant acetaminophen ingestion. We present our case and highlight the clinical inference which can be derived from this entity.

The research was conducted at the Spatial and Housing Settlement Department, Integrated Licensing Service Board, and the Industry, Trade, Cooperatives and Small Medium Enterprises (UKM). The type of the research is descriptive qualitative by analyzing transparency of local government bureaucracy in serving Building Construction License (IMB) and Trade License (SIUP), seen from standard aspect of service procedure, communication, and bureaucratic behavior.. The results of the research reveal that the transparency of operational standards of Building Construction License (IMB) procedures in the Office of Spatial Planning and Housing has not been implemented properly. The requirements, costs and also the time of the completion of the Building Construction License (IMB) permission have not been listed transparently on the notice board while transparency of operational standard of Trade License (SIUP) procedure in Integrated Licensing Service Agency shows more transparent result because aspect of requirement and time of settlement process have been listed on notice board. In relation to the communication aspect, Building Construction License (IMB) and Trade License (SIUP) services have not been properly executed. Informants from the society complained that they still have not obtained a clear information about the importance of getting those licenses. The pattern of communication or socialization carried out on Building Construction License (IMB) and Trade License (SIUP) is still limited to bureaucracy elements only of district and village. Then, it is forwarded to the society. The culture of local policy which is called Nosarara Nosabatutu internalized in the organizational culture is quite influential on the behavior of government bureaucracy.

Several medicinal plants have been documented for their effects on physiological processes in the body, among are their effects on haematological parameters and plasma electrolytes. Several medicinal plants have the ability to synthesize wide varieties of chemical compounds that perform important biological functions, and defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous animals. They also contain several phytochemical compounds that can alter the physiological processes to varying extent in animals and human. Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of ethanolic extract of Aspilia africana on some haematological parameters and plasma electrolytes. Methods: Twenty five albino male wistar rats were divided into five groups: group I(control, received 1ml/kg of distilled water), Group II(received 1ml/kg of 70% ethanol), While Groups III, IV & V were given 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg of the extract respectively. After two weeks of administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture into sample bottles for haematological and plasma electrolytes analysis. Results: It was observed that there was significant increase in; red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total white blood cell count, platelet, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte of treated groups, mostly in group that was given 150mg/kg of the extract, while ethanol reduced haematological parameters. There were dose dependent increase in plasma sodium (88.52±2.58mEq/l), potassium (4.89±0.20 mEq/l) and calcium (2.00±0.15 mEq/l) compared respectively with control (Na- 71.70±1.66mEq/l, K-3.19 ±0.24mEq/l and Ca-1.41 ±0.13mEq/l). Conclusion: Aspilia africana showed positive haemopoietic effect and also increase plasma electrolyte concentration.

Mainly, SARS-CoV is transmitted through inhalation of respiratory droplets and direct or indirect contact. The Covid-19 has become the biggest pathogens of emerging respiratory disease outburst. These pathogens are a large family of RNA viruses that is single stranded that can be isolated in a lot of different animal species. The complete information about epidemiology, pathogenesis of Covid-19 remains unclear. There is need to study clear diagnosis and pathogenesis of this virus. The symptoms of COVID-19 infection started to appear after an incubation period of almost 5.2 days. The period from the attack of COVID-19 symptoms to death are ranged from 6 to 41 days with an average of 14 days. The patients >70-years old had shorter incubation period compared with those who are the under the age of 70. The most common symptoms at attack of COVID-19 dry cough, illness are fever, and fatigue, while other symptoms include sputum production in lungs, diarrhea, headache, hemoptysis, lymphopenia and dyspnea. The patients infected with COVID-19 showed high number of leukocytes, abnormal respiratory findings and with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2, and technical advancement is very helpful for development of vaccine. Rhesus monkey human ACE2 transgenic mouse for development of vaccine, and some SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are already under experimental clinical trial. Probably, the mechanism of vaccination offers the best option to control COVID-19.

The bioactive constituents of five Nigerian plants in use in Traditional medicine namely, Spindias mombin (family: Anacardinaceae), Calliandra portoricensis (family: Fabaceae), Dennettia tripetala (family: Annonaceae), Anthocleista djalonensis (family: Loganiaceae) and Croton zambasicus (family: Euphoirbiaceae), were investigated for antimicrobial activities. The morphological parts of the plants evaluated were the leaf and root. The dried and pulverized samples were subjected to successive extraction using organic solvents; n-hexane, ethylacetate and 70% aqueous methanol. The respective extracts were concentrated en vacuo using a rotatory evaporator at less than 40o C. Seven human pathologically viable and clinical strains of microganisms comprising the G+ve, G-ve, fungi and nocosomial strains were used as test organisms, ciprofloxacin and fluconazole solutions served as the control reference standards. Agar well diffusion assay method was used and the Inhibition Zones of growth were measured to assess activities for all the extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concenyrations (MIC) and Total Activity (TA) were also determined. C. zambasicus exhibited a broad antibacterial activity whereas C. portoricensis showed the best spectrum of both antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract of D. tripetala ranked lowest in activity of all the test samples. Ethyl acetate extracts ranked the highest of all the three organic solvents used for the study.

Since the WHO announced Covid 19 as a global pandemic, the government of India started adopting strategies to tackle the crisis and ramp up the health infrastructure to deal with the cases. In this backdrop it was watched with great expectation that Ayurveda, the traditional health care system of India would be considered to play a role in the management of cases. During this period there were a lot of discussions on social media groups by Ayurveda physicians across the country questioning as to why Ayurveda was still not being considered? This provided the stimulus to develop the survey ‘Ayurveda for Covid 19” and was released on the 29th of March 2020 by the authors to collect opinions and suggestions on the issue. A total of 17 questions were created with multiple choice options and a few questions were open ended for respondents to suggest single herbs, herbal and herbo-mineral formulations that could be used in the management of Covid 19 cases. A total of 449 responses were received by the authors and these were analyzed and a report was generated. This report was then used by the authors to develop a proposal titled “Comprehensive Ayurveda Treatment Response Strategy for Covid 19” on the 2nd of April 2020 which was submitted to the Government of India. The authors present the analysis and its implications.