Background: Male infertility is a multifaceted state and overlaps a lot of factors and affects infertility in about 8–5 % of the people in the world and the man is responsible for 40% of these cases. Dietary insufficiency of trace element, zinc and copper may play a role in male infertility as trace element plays an important role not only in normal testicular improvement, but also in spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Objective: The current study was intended to analyze the level of seminal plasma trace elements mainly zinc and copper amongst dissimilar groups of infertile men. Method: The concentrations of zinc and copper were measured in 160 semen samples from normozoospermic, oligoathenospermic, and azoospermic men using the atomic absorption spectroscopy, data was analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS version 17. Result: Outcomes showed that the mean values of seminal plasma zinc concentrations were significantly decreased in the two groups of infertile male subjects, azoospermic (P.value=0.000), and oligozoospermic (P.value=0.013) compared with fertile males, while there was significant decrease in seminal plasma copper concentration of azoospermic patients compared to control (P.value=0.000), and significant decrease in oligozoospermic patients compared to control (P.value=0.000).

"Il n'est pas possible de réduire l'activité tumultueuse des humains à un ordre géométrique exempt d'irrégularité et de confusion. De même que les lois simples et constantes de la nature ne peuvent éviter les perturbations qui surviennent dans le cours des planètes, les lois humaines sont incapables d'empêcher le trouble et le désordre résultant des forces d'attraction innombrables et opposées du plaisir et de la douleur. C'est pourtant la chimère que poursuivent les hommes aux facultés limitées quand ils ont en main le pouvoir. Lorsqu'on défend une foule d'actes indifférents, on ne prévient pas des délits qui ne sauraient en résulter, mais on en crée de nouveaux en déplaçant arbitrairement, entre le vice et la vertu, des limites que l'on proclame cependant éternelles et immuables. (...) Si l'on veut prévenir les délits, il faut faire en sorte que les lois soient claires et simples, et que tous les membres de la nation unissent leurs forces pour les défendre, sans qu'aucun ne puisse travailler à les détruire."

The study investigates the impact of the credit crunch and shadow economy on economic growth in the Libyan banking sector using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for hypotheses testing. The proxy for economic growth is GDP in current price growth; the annual negative change of ratio for total credit in a commercial bank to GDP in current value is the indicator for credit crunch; and complete economic transactions or activities outside of conventional banking system as a ratio to GDP as a proxy for shadow economy. We transform the dataset into log-linear before data analysis for standardisation and consistency. The empirical evidence from this study shows the existence of a credit crunch and shadow economy in the banking sector in Libya. Results from ARDL analysis reveal that there is a profound impact of the credit crunch and shadow economy on economic growth. We also find that the shadow economy is thriving in the existence of a credit crunch despite the effort by the government to increase the money supply M2 in the banking sector. The liquidity problem caused by the credit crunch in the banking sector is significantly related to the shadow economy. Though the shadow economy contributes to economic growth without government intervention, it can deprive the money supply and the people's trust in the banking sector.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and to investigate its correlation with caries experience in primary dentition in 3- to 5 year-old children in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which focused on children in preschool establishment in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. It consisted on an oral examination of 393 children and a data collection through a questionnaire completed by parents. The ANOVA test and the Pearson chi-square test were used to assess the relationship between the prevalence of malocclusion and caries experience in primary dentition. Results: The prevalence of ECC was 49.9 %. The prevalence of malocclusion was 17, 3%. The relationship between the prevalence of ECC and malocclusion was non-significant (p=0.578). An association was found between malocclusion and other factors such as breathing type and night time bottle feeding. Conclusion: The current study showed that the appearance of malocclusions was not associated with caries experience in primary dentition. Further studies are warranted to explore the risk factors of malocclusion in primary dentition.

Colloid cyst at third ventricle is a common entity noted in the neurosurgical practice. Presentation ranges from an incidental presentation to patient presenting with comatosed state with sudden acute hydrocephalus. Careful planning either to observe or operate is taken. Surgery ranges from keyhole endoscopic excision to microsurgical excision. Outcome is good if treated appropriately.

Background: Prescriber plays a vital role of choosing the drug and its brand for the patient which affects the patient in terms of safety, efficacy as well as the cost. In India, the infectious diseases form the major burden. Fluoroquinolones are one of the most prescribed antibiotics which provide therapeutic cure. The study aimed to see the cost variation of oral fluoroquinolones available in India. Methods: The costs of a particular oral fluouroquinolones were obtained from CIMS and Drug Today for the same strength and dosage. Results: Of 25 drugs used as single drug therapy Levofoxacin (500 mg) showed highest price variation of 14526.87 % and only 6 had less than 100 % variation. Of the 10 types of combinations are available with 12 types of dosage forms. Maximum cost variation (390.63%) was seen with ofloxacin and ornidazole (200+500) combination. Conclusion: There is a wide cost variation among oral fluoroquinolones which adds to the dilemma for the prescribing physician. There is a need to include pharmaco-economics in medical curriculum for sensitizing the doctors about cost of prescriptions and need for regulatory authorities to initiate measures to bring regularities in cost and monitor it.

The Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, is typically characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. As the Syndrome X and diabetes mellitus has increased in the recent decades, the importance of early detection of insulin resistance is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the association of HbA1c with Syndrome X with insulin resistance using HbA1c as marker. This was a prospective, case control study and including 100 subjects. Out of which, 50 subjects were the patients of Syndrome X and 50 were normal control subjects. Venous whole blood specimen of case group was collected. Samples were also taken from healthy age and sex matched controls. All samples were analyzed for Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) on HbA1c Analyzer. HbA1c level was significant (p<0.0026) in Syndrome X patients. Our results suggest that HbA1c may be a marker for metabolic syndrome and may identify in a certain degree insulin resistance in subjects.

Ethics is an inherent feature of a well cultured and civilised society. It develops the mind to distinguish between good or bad behaviour, character and practices running around our society, country or the world at large. Religious ethics is vital for the proper functioning of the economic, political and social network and, therefore, for the wellbeing and development of the potential of every Nigerian citizen. This goes to mean that, the extent to which Nigeria nurtures religious principles such as integrity, self-discipline, tolerance, patience in its citizens beginning from the smallest unit of the society – the home – will determine the extent of its socio-political and economic growth. The socio-economic and political backwardness of Nigeria today is an indication for a lack of instilled ethics and moral standards in the citizens. This paper examined religious ethical values as a sine qua non for a developed Nigerian nation. The paper employed the use of comparative and analytical methods. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The findings are that, religious values are important for the growth of Nigeria. It is also established that the dissemination and adoption of shared ethical and moral values is essential in order to take advantage of the enormous opportunities that will lead to the growth and sustainability of the Nigerian nation.

Teachers constitute an important fraction of Nigerian workforce whose sedentary nature of work lead them to intake of calorie dense food and more sitting during the day. Overweight and obesity seem to be responsible for the occurrence of diseases among the workers. The study therefore determined the factors influencing overweight among teachers in Nigeria. 360 teachers ranging from head teachers, classroom teachers and school heads were recruited for this study. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. 165 (46%) were male while 195 (54%) were female with average age of 40.9 ± 8.8 years and average body mass index (BMI) of 26.7 ± 5.9 kg/m2. BMI and blood pressure measurements were taken using standard techniques. BMI was classified using the National Institutes of Health criteria, 2000. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of significance was used to test the relationship between variables. Based on BMI, the prevalence of overweight and generalized obesity among teachers in South South Nigeria Training Colleges, were 31.7% and 25.5%, respectively. Overweight and obesity are more common among female teachers than their male counterparts. Using the waist circumference, approximately 60% of the teachers had central obesity, while 57.2% are either overweight or obese. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity seen among teachers calls for the introduction of therapeutic lifestyle modification in this group of workers which can be achieved through appropriate health education and interventional measures.

A case of sustained transfusion independence in a patient affected by chronic bone marrow failure by gelatinous transformation under long term self-administration of moringa oleifera is reported.

Pigmented lesions encountered in routine clinical practice are mostly asymptomatic and benign in nature. However, rarely, a pigmented lesion can be a sign of malignancy. Primary oral mucosal melanomas are rare and aggressive malignancies. At the time of diagnosis most melanomas are in an advanced stage due to early asymptomatic nature. The prognosis remains poor despite treatment. We report a rare case of cerebral metastasis, from primary malignant melanoma of the mandibular gingiva in a 70-year-old male patient who eventually died before initiating the treatment.

the Six Big Losses that occur on the cutting machine. The research data are monthly data for the period January 2017 to June 2018. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. From a population of 18 carline areas with a total of 148 cutting machine units, 3 carline areas with the lowest OEE achievement as a sample. The analytical method used in the study is the analysis of OEE calculations and six big losses with a fishbone diagram analysis. The results showed the cause of the OEE value not yet achieved in the Toyota Bfree carline was the low Performance Efficiency results of 72.56% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 94.57%. In the Toyota Hiace carline is the low Performance Efficiency results of 69.25% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 88.70%. On the Toyota Vitz carline is the low availability of 76.81% and the high Equipment Failure losses of 87.01%. With suggestions for improvements given to increase the value of OEE companies based on factors Man, Machine, Method, Material, and Environment.

The purpose of the study is to analysis wheter management did Earning Management with approach discretionary loss loan provision and use 5 indicator of bank operation performance at bank sharia for the period 2011 – 2016. Based on empirical result from the bank sharia financial report, the study find: (1) the two earnings-related variables, namely earnings before loan loss provisions and one-year-ahead earnings, are significantly related to discretionary loan loss provision; (2) non-performing loans ratio is are not found to be significantly linked to discretionary loan loss provisions, but bad debts coverage ratio and capital adeuqcy ratio are significantly linked to discretionary loan loss provisions. Finally, our findings indicate that bank managers may use discretionary loan loss provisions to engage in earnings management when the earnings before loan loss provisions.

“Inequality is not just an issue between individuals, between classes, between regions. It’s between urban and rural”-Michael Jgnatieff. India is the country of diversity and uniqueness. Disparities and discrepancies are everywhere whether in policy making or policy implementation, economic or social characteristics in urban areas and rural areas. Rural percentage in total population was 82.7 percent in the year 1951 which lowers to 74.3 percent in 1991 and further down to 68.8 percent in 2011(census 2011). This shows a gradual declining trend in rural share in population, GDP and workforce through decades. Despite the Growing rate of urbanization, it is projected that the half of the country’s population will be rural by 2050. About 25.7 percent of total rural population lives below national poverty line (poverty estimates, planning commission report 2011). Rural societies in India suffer from disparities in terms of education, employment, gender biasness, land ownership and other assets. Thousands of people every year migrated in search for employment opportunities from rural to urban. For the eradication of these differences government tried the aid of rural development which includes the implementation of various life enhancing programmes. Uttar Pradesh has highest percentage of rural population in all states. Present study is all about rural development and the socio- economic condition of rural areas. Through which we got to know the actual condition of the cholapur block of Varanasi district. It also deals with the intensity of programmes launched by the government for development. Cholapur block is situated at 20 kilometres to the north of Varanasi city, it shows a pattern that how there will be great gap in urban and rural atmosphere.

Sheep's milk (Ovis aries) is mainly produced in Asia (45.6%), with notable quantities in China and Turkey, followed by Europe (29.0%), Africa (24.5%), Oceania (<0.1%) and in North and South America (0.9%), the latter area is reported to be increasing. In Mexico, sheep production systems for dairy purposes are poorly understood, because the population usually consume milk and dairy by-products of bovine origin; and those of goat and sheep origin consume it little. However, sheep milk production has potential; first, promoting diversification in production; second, as a promising increase in profits of the farmers (conquest of consumers of demanding palates and with high purchasing power); and third, align with new trends and modify food production to more natural systems (environmentally friendly) that harmonize with agricultural production, which promote bio diversity. This study aims to describe the model of the -Livestock Production Unit- (LPU) located in the Volcanoes region. Alternative model to produce milk and cheese of sheep origin found in the facilities of the -Centro para la Sustentabilidad de la Sierra Nevada- 'Incalli Ixcahuicopa' (CENTLI); which belongs to the -Programa de Investigación Sierra Nevada- (PISN) of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM). The sheep in this LPU are of the East Friesian breed and the choice was because it is a dairy breed par excellence and that ensures a higher yield of milk transformed into cheese. The sanitary and reproductive management carried out in this productive unit is optimal to achieve the production standards of the breed using local food resources.