This paper highlight, the techniques used to analyses symmetric structures subject to general loading. After an extensive review of previous work in this field, the paper introduces the most public way of structure analysis, based on conventional three methods which is force, matrix stiffness and column analogy techniques. It shows how this approach can systematically simplify a structural analysis and clarify a technique which is best known to structural engineers. For each method, a portal symmetry plane frame considered for analyzing with an explanation of the analysis calculation procedure, and it also shows that the influences of symmetry can observe and utilization in different methods to simplify the analysis procedure.

This paper highlights the review of the behavior and strength of strengthening reinforced concrete columns by reinforced concrete jacketing. Even with the fact that on a massive scale, numerous experimental studies on column strengthening with the assistance of reinforced concrete jacketing are performed after which suggested, however, there may be nonetheless an apparent need for locating and executing new approaches to improve the performance of classical RC jacketing. As in the case of RC structure, columns are subjected to uniform and non-stop loading, which increases with the boom in a number of stories and might cause partly damage or even general failure of the column. To overcome the whole failure of RC columns, instant attention is needed in and the broken part of reinforced concrete repaired by way of reinforced concrete jacketing. This paper additionally focuses on the effect of presenting dowel rebar by way of drilling holes and using concrete jackets made with particular types of concrete. The results show that each use of dowel rebar and distinctive kinds of concrete will increase the bond strength, basic load wearing capability, and primary crack load. Critical cases clarified to avoid such as reinforcing limit and form, type and property of concrete, types of surface preparation, and a recommendation for high temperature.

This paper examines structural transformation mechanisms in developing countries, focusing on the shift from high-productivity, tradable sectors (agriculture and manufacturing) to low-productivity, service sectors and assesses how these elements contribute to rising income levels. Different relationships exist between countries’ structural transformations and economic development. The first group of countries shows sluggish income growth and rapid growth in services, and the second group of countries shows a more gradual shift to services, resulting in higher economic growth. With a simple, static model, with sector-specific distortion that replicates the actual, two-sector, relative TFP, capital stock and capital share well, we find a gradual increase in capital intensification in the tradable sector, coupled with a gradual shift to services (in line with comparative advantages) is the most important cause of sustained economic growth.

This paper empirically examines firm-characteristics determinants of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) likelihood by Malaysian public listed firms. This study specifically investigates the impact of firm characteristics on acquisition likelihood using 9998 firm-year observations during the period from 2001 to 2018. Past studies regarding Malaysian M&As mostly focus on the performance of M&As and its determinants. Using probit regression, findings suggest that firms’ size, sales growth, and stock return positively affect firm probability to involve in M&As. while, leverage, profitability, cash holding, and tangibility affect M&A likelihood negatively. The findings also suggest that firms’ characteristics in the current M&A year can explain M&A decision better than they do in the pre-M&A year. Our findings provide insights to mangers, investors, and regulators in order to understand more about corporate takeovers which is an important growth and survival strategy for businesses.

This study is a follow-up study of tax compliance study that has been done previously. The perspective of the taxpayer's perception of tax evasion is important to analyze apart from the perspective of the perception of tax compliance that has been done so far. The fact that tax revenue in Indonesia has not reached the target so far and the level of tax compliance that is less than optimal in Indonesia encourages researchers to analyze the factors that influence taxpayers to carry out tax evasion actions. As a theory reasoned action that a person's actions are influenced by internal factors of the person himself. Adopting previous studies, some internal factors analyzed in this study are Religiosity, Ethics, and Understanding of Taxation of Taxpayers then a comparative analysis of respondents' Gender is analyzed which effects on Tax Evasion are analyzed. SMEs in Pasar Tanah Abang were used as the unit of analysis for this study because of their status as Individual Taxpayers and personal traders in Pasar Tanah Abang. The results found that women's religious and ethical levels had a significant negative impact on tax evasion, while women's understanding had a positive impact on tax evasion. These results differ from the level of religious, ethical and understanding that men have that do not have a strong impact on tax evasion.

Given the increasing importance of agribusiness in the world’s emerging economy, the dissemination of financial literacy information is necessary to content and sustain commercial production. Financial literacy is being a coded a great contributor to financial stability and sustainable economic development. Studies have showed that financial literacy affects the level of agribusiness performance. However, these studies have failed to incorporate the moderating role of farmers’ attitude and social media in the relationship between financial literacy and agribusiness performance. The results indicate that farmers’ attitude and social media practices positively and significantly moderates in the relationship between financial literacy and agribusiness performance in a 21st century.

The main goal of military physical training is balancing the need to improve and maintain a high fitness level whilst minimizing injury risk. Injury risk increase is dependent on inter alia movement quality. The study group was composed of 54 soldiers with an average age of 34,7 ± 6,33 who served in the Polish Army Land Forces. The purpose of this study was to determine if body composition data, Functional Movement Screen results as well as fitness test results confirm their practical application for evaluation of physical condition of soldiers and their predisposition to injury. Furthermore, based on gathered data, we attempted to verify if there was a correlation between body composition or Functional Movement Screen scores and physical efficiency. The average distance for the Yo-Yo test was 827,4 m. The average FMS score was 14,6±2,24. The FMS scores ranged from 10 to 19 points. Based on received FMS results, soldiers were divided into 3 groups. Group I (n-17) comprised of soldiers who received less than 14 points on a 21-point scale. Group II (n-26) comprised of soldiers who received between 14 and 16 points, and group III (n-11) included subjects who scored above 17 points. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the body composition analyser will be more useful for a quick, initial assessment of exercise capacity than results of the Functional Movement Screen. Examination using the body composition analyser provides data correlating with the exertion capacity of subjects and is less time consuming.

Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the major endocrine diseases involving various organs including musculoskeletal systems. Musculoskeletal involvement has led to varying degree of morbidity. The mechanism of musculoskeletal involvement is probably auto-immune related. Methods: This was a prospective study of the patients with diagnosis of hypothyroidism referred from the endocrine clinic with various musculoskeletal complaints. The duration of the study was one year (July 2018-June 2019). All the patients with hypothyroidism with musculoskeletal complaints were included. Excluded were patients with other endocrine and infectious diseases. Results: Eight hundred and fourty rheumatology patients were seen over the study period. Females constituted 72.6%. One hundred and twenty-six hypothyroid patients were seen during the period comprising 112 (88.9% females and 14 (11.1%) males. The mean age of patients was 44 ± 8 years. Most patients (90.3%) presented at the rheumatology clinic after the third year of diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Generalized body pain was the leading non-articular disease, while myopathy ranked first among muscle and articular disorders. Normocytic normochromic anaemia, abnormal lipid profile and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme were the predominant laboratory abnormalities. Conclusion: Due to overlapping of symptoms of hypothyroidism over those of systemic auto-immune diseases, it is therefore important to perform thyroid function test in patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints.

Background: Caffeine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in plants. It is a widely consumed food/drug constituent and has well-documented benefits like improvement in mental alertness, concentration, fatigue and athletic performance. The primary objective of this study explores the behavior and attitude of Saudi people in Northern Border Area regarding caffeine intake. The secondary objectives of the study are to determine the mostly used caffeinated products, the frequency of caffeine use and the study group background about drug interaction with caffeine. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to carry out this study from December 2015 to March 2016. The study was conducted in different areas in Northern Border region. The sample comprised of 454 Saudi persons aged between 15 and 60 years. Data was collected through a structured paper questionnaire, mentioning the purpose of the study after taking oral consent. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing MS EXCEL program functions. Results: The males represented more than half (57%) of the study group. Participants with university education represented 48.5% and secondary education represented 42% of study population. Only 11% of this study participants informed about having chronic diseases. Coffee is the most preferred drink containing caffeine (51%), followed by carbonated soft drink (22.5%). 26% began consumption at age group of 8 to 16 years and 28% began at age group of 16 to 18 years. 39% of participants have no certain cause for caffeine consumption. 31% of study group drink one cup/bottle per day, while 25% of study group drink two cups/bottles per day. 28% participants experience some symptoms when quitting or delaying caffeine drink mainly headaches (18.1%). 56% participants use more than one type of caffeine. The cost is not a significant factor in caffeine product choice (77%). 69% of participants reported that their friends have no effect on the choice for caffeine type. .................

Objectives: To investigate the Quality of Life (QOL) of Family care givers and characteristics of QOL associated with caregivers who are involved in the care of individuals with Cerebro Vascular accidents patients. Research Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 50 caregivers of stroke patients taken from four different hospitals of Lahore. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. Data was collected by questionnaire of assessment of Quality of Life of family caregivers translated into Urdu version. Findings and Discussion: A Significant high ratio of female caregivers was found, out of 50 caregivers only 20 (40.0%) were male. According to data, the average score of Social relationship domain score 63.7 ± 18.4 was followed by Psychological 58.8 ± 15.1 and Physical health domain score57.4 ± 17.6 as compared to the Environment domain score. The environment domain score 53.5 ± 15.4 was lowest as compared to all four domains’ score. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that environmental domain is a leading factor for poor Quality of Life. It is needed to improve the environment and surroundings of patient care premises to improve quality of life of caregivers in hospital. Hospital policy, resources, set up and certain interventions were required to improve the caregivers’ quality of life.

A previously healthy 12-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and clinical and laboratory features highly suggestive of diabetic ketoacidosis. When his blood glucose plummeted and his urinary ketones disappeared within the first hour of insulin therapy, while his abdominal pain, acidosis and hemodynamic status failed to improve despite vigorous fluid resuscitation, the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis was questioned. At laparotomy, gangrenous, hugely dilated large bowel was found, requiring a subtotal colectomy from the cecum to the sigmoid colon; leaving the patient with an ileostomy. The child survived a complicated postoperative course and is currently doing well.

Background: The aetiology of dental caries is multifactorial and all contributing factors have been studied extensively. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been implicated as a primary odontopathogen and is an important target in caries prevention and management. Bacteriophage therapy is an antibacterial therapy that has garnered interest in human and veterinary medicine due to its numerous advantages. Bacteriophages are more numerous than bacteria and are highly specific and may be used to target S. mutans without disturbing the remaining oral flora. Aim: The purpose of this study was to isolate S. mutans from dental plaque and to attempt to isolate S. mutans-specific bacteriophages from the same material. Methodology: Plaque samples were obtained from patients using sterile swabs with transport medium. Samples were serially diluted and plated on TYCSB selective media. Suspect colonies (based on morphological appearance) were subjected to biochemical tests (catalase test and Gram staining). The presumptive identity of isolated bacterial colonies as S. mutans was confirmed molecularly (PCR, followed by electrophoresis). A filtrate prepared from dental plaque samples was used in spot assays against the S. mutans isolates to screen for presence of bacteriophages having lytic activity against them. Results: Seven isolates of S. mutans were obtained and a single bacteriophage having lytic activity against one of these isolates was recovered from the dental plaque filtrate; host-range studies indicated that the bacteriophage had a narrow range of activity (within the samples tested). Conclusion: This study has indicated that it is possible to isolate bacteriophages specific to S. mutans from the oral cavity. Further work is required to prepare an effective mix of bacteriophages that are suitable for targeting cariogenic bacteria within a plaque biofilm and potentially, these bacteriophages could be incorporated into future caries-management programmes.

Background: Tibial shaft fractures were common occurrence due to road traffic accident, most casualty affecting the active working people, male were more affected than female. Treatment of diaphyseal fractures were treated by close reduction and internal fixation with interlocking intramedullary nail showed in many study with excellent results. Objective: To evaluate and analyze the results and outcome of tibial shaft fractures by interlocking intramedullary nail. Methods: This prospective observational study (case series) was conducted in the department of orthopaedic and traumatology department, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and NITOR from January 2011 to December 2012. This study included both sexes and age between 18 years to 55 years and 30 patients were included in this study. As per inclusion and exclusion criteria all stable or non-displaced unstable or displaced and Gustilo type-1 fractures of proximal, middle and distal third fractures were included in this study .Diagnosis of the tibial diaphyseal fracture was made by history, clinical examination & radiological evidence. Results: A total number of 30 patients were treated and followed up in this study. Among 30 patients 21 (70%) were male and 9 (30%) were female, mean age was 31.8 years with a range of 18 years to 55 years median was 32.5 years mode was 34 years and SD was 2.1. in the study mode of injury distribution was 21 (70%) RTA, 6 (20%) fall from height and 3 (10%) assault. In this study severity injury 46.7% are stable 33% are unstable and 23.3% was Gustilo-1 , distribution of level of fracture was middle third 57% distill third 29% and proximal third 17% , injury surgery interval average 11.5 days (60%) in 18 cases and 5 days (40%) in 12 cases. Partial weight bearing given at 2 weeks & full weight bearing at 6 weeks and union occurred in average 18.5 weeks. In rating of final outcome 24 cases (80%) were excellent, 3 cases (9%) were good, 2 cases (7%) were fair and 1 case.......

The Knowledge of the root canal morphology is essential for the success of the endodontic treatment. The most common anatomical configuration in mandibular canines is to have one root with one canal. However, previous studies reported 4.6 to 15% of the cases to have a second canal. In order to increase the knowledge about root canal morphology in Saudi population, we reported a clinical case about successful endodontic management of mandibular canine with two joined canals (Vertucci type II) in Saudi female.

Intracranial mature teratoma is a very rare neoplasm. Its location in posterior fossa of cranium is extremely rare, only few cases have been reported in English literature. Though rare, it nevertheless warrants greater emphasis than it receives in the literature. The authors report a case of mature cystic teratoma in posterior cranial fossa in a 5 month old female child. On MRI examination heterogeneously enhancing solid cystic lesion measuring 4.2x4.0x3.9 cm was noted in posterior fossa involving left cerebellar hemisphere. On histopathological examination confirm diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma was established.