This study x-rayed the psychosocial dimensions of stigmatisation of albinos in Rivers state, with its implicit learning problems among students with albinism. It adopted the descriptive survey design and the instrument for collection of data is named “Dimensions of Stigmatisation Scale (DSS)”. The population for the study consists of all albinos in Rivers State who are registered with the Albino Foundation of the state. Accidental sampling technique was then employed in selecting a sample of 392 respondents. Data were analyzed using mean (x) and standard deviation (SD) for the research questions, while hypotheses were tested using z-test at 0.05 level of significance. From the results, it was discovered among others that there is a significant difference in the social dimension to the stigmatisation of albinos based on gender. Recommendations were made based on the findings, among which is that society should be thoroughly sensitised on the true causes of albinism since superstition is a major cause of stigmatisation.

Almost 20 years after it adopted the Uniform Act on Arbitration, OHADA revised its Uniform Act on Arbitration and adopted a new Uniform Act on Mediation along with the fresh set of arbitration rules of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration in Abidjan. These three texts were revised with the assistance of consultants. Among other changes, with the 2018 Uniform Act on Mediation, a solid platform for the use of mediation in the region is now in place. The ability of mediators to carry out their adjudication function with judicial intervention remains a major challenge by parties under the OHADA zones. In this light, the worry which this article seeks to uncover is how the new mediation law is applicable and facilitates the amicable settlement of investment disputes. The article also highlights the legal basis regulating the mediation process as a whole. In attaining these objectives, we employ doctrinal research methodology. The article conclude with vigorous recommendations which if effectively implemented will go a long way to enhance business (investment) security.

The budget deficit illustrates the sub-optimal revenue of a region. When viewed from a micro approach related to the lack of services to the community it also becomes very important in development planning and strategies set by the government in achieving development goals. The objectives of this study are 1). How is the development of the district / city-regional government budget deficit in Jambi Province in the 2000-2016 fiscal year, 2). How is the degree of fiscal decentralization and the financial dependence of districts/cities in Jambi Province, 3). What factors affect the budget deficit of Regency /City Governments in Jambi Province from the micro side. The source of data used in this study uses secondary data and primary data. The number of respondents using the calculation analysis obtained 140 respondents from 5 districts/cities in Jambi Province. Based on the analysis results obtained that: 1) The highest budget deficit in the West Tanjung Jabung Regency Government during the analysis period when compared with other regencies/cities in Jambi Province, namely in the amount of Rp. 338,586 million occurred in 2013, while the lowest budget deficit occurred in 2012 of Rp. Rp. 60,000 Million, 2) the degree of fiscal decentralization in Jambi Province in 2002-2006, the percentage of PAD to TPD experienced a significant increase. But in 2007 the percentage of PAD to TPD again declined by 37.83 percent. While the regional independence ratio for 1998-2017 was 63.57 percent and in the category of medium capability, 3). Based on the results of the regression analysis it was found that political and corruption variables had a negative and significant effect on the budget deficit, while for the human resource variable a positive and significant effect against budget deficits.

There are limited data available on how the socio-economic neighborhood of a secondary school affect teachers' beliefs about evaluation and how they influence both the teaching and learning processes in secondary schools. This this research is set out to explore such an issue through a qualitative study of a phenomenographic nature. 24 participants were selected from twelve secondary schools situated in both favorable (urban) and challenging (rural) contexts throughout the country. The findings show that the beliefs of teachers working in challenging contexts have elements of a more inclusive evaluation, more adapted to all students, while teachers from schools in more favorable settings are more demanding, seeking more excellence. Therefore, adaptation to the context is the rule since it is the context that is determining the type of evaluation.

This article aims to identify the beliefs about the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language of primary school students of a private school in the Littoral region in Benin Republic. Using the focus group technique, eighty-four students are interviewed following the Inventory of Beliefs on the English Language as the basis for the questions. The data from the four focus groups are interpreted with the semantic content analysis technique that allowed for the creation of categories of emerging themes related Englishing language learning, expectations and relevance of the language, and the motivation and anxiety it generates for the participants. The results show the different types of beliefs of the students, those that are closely related to the previous learning experiences that the participants have lived. CE1 and CE2 participants show a more positive vision of the role and usefulness of English in today's society, while CM1 and CM2 students are clearly more critical of the English classes they have had and their negative experiences in language learning.

This study is intended to analyse the phenomenon of negation and the use of pragmatic strategies in two speeches given by Prime Ministers David Cameron and Theresa May before and after the historic Brexit referendum[22]. This study is intended to achieve the following objectives: ‎(a) to investigate the types of negative forms used by two former British prime ministers in two of their speeches; (b) to understand the impact of gender and ideology on the types of negation in ‎political speech; and (c) to examine the impact of certain pragmatic strategies used by two people of different genders within the scope of the phenomenon of negation in building meaning in political discourse. Furthermore, the nature of the study follows the cognitive-social approach. As such, the researcher adopted the social-cognitive model by Van Dijk [1] for the data analysis which will take a quantitative form. The first stage of the analysis is an investigation of the frequency and type of negation used in the two speeches by people of differing genders who were leaders at different times. The second stage examines five pragmatic strategies within the scope of negation to discover the impact of the relationship between knowledge and power as the two prime ministers put their ideas into practice. The results obtained show that the practical effects of political character when using different types of negation do not depend on the variable of gender as much as on the subjective ideology and on whether the context of political discourse can be exploited through the expression of denial or dissatisfaction regarding a specific issue.

Tort is a very interesting aspect of civil law that seeks to provide remedy for injuries and non-pecuniary losses people experience as a result of the actions or omissions of others. In my study of Tort, I realized that it has so much to do with what goes on in the health sector, especially with regards to hospital-patient relations. It would seem however that its major concern is with the conventional medical sector. For instance, the case of Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) is the locus classicus when it comes to principles of tortious liability and medical practitioners. In that case, the court enunciated a yardstick (which came to be known as the “Bolam Test”) that should be used to ascertain whether or not a hospital/medical practitioner had been negligent in the delivery of his duty to a patient. One wonders however, if the “Bolam test‟ applies or would apply to alternative medicine practice? If not, what is an appropriate standard for measuring tortious liability among practitioners of alternative medicine? Cases of negligence in the context of alternative medicine are very rare in our law reports and there has not been any such case reported in Ghana to the best of my knowledge. Also, the Patient‘s Rights of the Ghana Health Service (GHS) Charter interestingly asserted that: “The patient is entitled to know of alternative treatment(s) and other healthcare providers within the Service if these may contribute to improved outcomes”. This means that alternative treatment is vital in the healthcare sector if it will improve on the quality of life (QOL) of the patient in Ghana. It is therefore vital to know of the court decision on prescribers of alternative medicines if the treatment goes sour. Also being a law student and practitioner of Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine, The Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball (1892) in Law of Contract case became my favorite partly because it falls under the umbrella of false claims and the company in question was a homeopathic company. It further signifies the many advertisements and claims made by practitioners of herbal, homeopathy and alternative medicine. Many of the practitioners in Ghana could be held liable if patients understand this principle and take them on for many of their false claims. In a nutshell, studying law has broadened my scope in the Medical field especially in the practice of Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine and I keep asking myself this simple question: How much of alternative and traditional medicine practitioners would survive if the legal principles were rigorously applied in Ghana?

In educational administration, at-risk students as well as dropouts have always been a serious subject of reflection. In the quest of solutions to address the educational needs of these students who, for wide range of motives, could no more fit in the traditional educational system, various approaches have been sought. One of these is alternative education as delivered in specific centres such as the Centre de Formation Professionnelle de Dogbo. This study, a seven months research action study, assumes that the trade-oriented education programs of the centre are more effective in re-engaging academic understanding of mathematics (algebra) to at-risk students and school dropouts enrolled. To verify this hypothesis, a pre- test versus post-test comparison was made from tests administered to a single class of thirty-four students after a Maths (Algebra) class was co-taught with a Career and Technical Education (CTE)/Masonry teacher twice a week from January 2018 to May 2018. The results evidenced that CTE motivates at-risk students to have higher levels of academic engagement and aspiration to stay in school. Furthermore, the students demonstrated competence of the work expectations and the desire to further their learning process.

The contribution of phytotherapy to solving hemorrhoidal problems is incontestable because of the richness of plants as secondary metabolites. However, it is important to know the pathophysiology of this disease in order to give effective drug recipes for its treatment. In order to understand the different aspects of hemorrhoidal diseases and to identify plants used for its treatment, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out among trade-practitioners of the Southeastern region of Cameroon. During data collection, information was collected on hemorroidal diseases and plants used for its treatment. The relative importance (RI) of the plants was indicated and the phytochemical screening of the plants of interest was performed. Patients who approached trade-practitioners to seek treatment for hemorrhoids were mostly men (66%) between the ages of 35-60 years. Rectal bleeding and glair (30%) was the most obvious symptom. The ethnobotanical survey identified 48 plants including 35 woody and 13 herbaceous plants used by trade-practitioners to treat hemorrhoids. Piper umbellatum, Antrocaryon klaineanum, Trilepisium madagascariense, Myrianthus arboreus, Irvingia gabonensis, Morinda lucida, Spathodea campanulata, Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica and Baillonella toxisperma were the most used species. These plants were rich in many bioactive compounds amongst which phenolic compounds, coumarines and triterpenes were the most represented.

The challenge of adapting William Shakespeare’s Hamlet for the screen has preoccupied cinema from its earliest days. After a survey of the silent Hamlet productions, the paper critically examines Asta Nielsen’s Hamlet: The Drama of Vengeance by noting how her main character is really a woman. My discussion of the modern productions of Shakespeare begins with a critical discussion of Lawrence Olivier’s seminal production of 1948. The Russian Hamlet of 1964, directed by Grigori Kozintsev, is shown to combine a psychological interpretation of the hero without disregarding its socio-political context. The action-film genre deployed by Franco Zeffirelli in his 1990 adaptation of the play, through a moving performance by Mel Gibson, is analysed. Kenneth Branagh’s ambitious and well-financed production of 1996 is shown to be somewhat marred by its excesses. Michael Almereyda’s attempt to present Shakespeare’s hero in a contemporary setting is shown to have powerful moments despite its flaws. The paper concludes that Shakespeare’s masterpiece will continue to fascinate future generations of directors, actors and audiences.

The majority of plants used in traditional medicine can have toxic effects. Two hundred grams of vegetable powder of each species were macerated, then filtered under vacuum on a Büchner. Tests for the detection of large groups of phytochemicals were carried out. Microbiological quality control has aimed mainly at Salmonella, yeasts and molds, total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The study of acute toxicity was conducted according to guideline 423 of the OECD protocol and subacute toxicity was studied from guideline 407 of the OECD. The blood samples were taken from the fasted rats and under anesthesia with diethyl ether. The hematological parameters were measured by the Medonic (Beckman coulteur-USA-). The masses obtained after drying the macerate in an oven at 50 °C were 28 g and 9.3 g respectively for Picralima nitida and Musanga cecropioides with respective yields of 14% and 4.65%. The tests for microbial germs likely to reveal the contamination of the extracts were negative. There were no anomalies in the parameters studied during acute toxicity, except for the aggressiveness of rats during the first day. No deaths have been recorded. The LD50 is therefore greater than 5000 mg/Kg. After twenty-eight days of observation during the study of subacute toxicity, variations in numerous parameters studied were observed in different batches. The average body weights of rats in all batches increased during the observation period. Analysis of the biochemical parameters of the rats' blood showed that many parameters were higher in the control group than in the treated groups.

Like most African countries, Cameroon benefits from the advantages of the use of Information and Communication Technologies. Faced with the emergence of the digital economy that influences all of contemporary society, there is the emergence and high consumption of computer, technological and electronic equipment by urban and rural populations in Cameroon. In Yaounde, this situation is observed in the popularisation of the mobile phone, the creation of startups, multimedia centers and especially the use of computers of all kinds. This digital economy is at the origin of the emergence of new actors whose main role is the maintenance of this increasingly sophisticated technological equipment.In the city of Yaoundé, these actors work daily in centers or structures that ensure the maintenance of the said devices in case of breakdown or mishandling. This research analyses the socio-economic and spatial implications of handling these technological equipment in Yaoundé. It is based on ab survey of 203 Yaounde's technology and electronics repair workshops conducted between 2014 and 2017, as well as direct interviews with 192 customers who solicited and obtained the services of these micro-enterprises. Thus, the implantations of the micro-computer and technological maintenance companies in this city have considerable socio-economic and spatial consequences through the creation of jobs and incomes as well as the undeniable strategies of the actors both in the conquest of the market and the occupation of urban space and the territory of Yaounde.

Food allergy is defined as an adverse immune-mediated response, which arises on exposure to a given food and is absent during prevention. The prevalence of food allergies has been increasing in the past twenty years and it represents a major public health problem in industrialized countries. Management of food allergy includes allergen avoidance or emergency treatment. An increasing appearance of allergies and atopic disorders, such as asthma, dermatitis, and rhinitis, has been observed in recent decades. Epidemiological studies show a global increase in the prevalence of food allergy all over the world and manifestations of food allergy appear increasingly frequent also in elderly subjects. Henceforth, food allergy has become an increasing concern for families, clinicians, and policymakers. Several healthcare surveys, and results from longitudinal cohort studies around the globe indicate that food allergy imposes a growing burden to the world.

There is no doubt that training plays an important and vital role in improving performance by acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to accomplish the work [1]. The training is one of the life sciences that discuss the present and look to the future and address the shortcomings and mistakes, and help the individual to reformulate himself to adapt to the goals of renaissance and progress, and training is necessary and continuous activity over the life of the individual and activity inherent to the development of the individual and all levels of organizational levels It is not just a temporary solution to a problem facing the administration, continuous training is an investment in performance [2]. There have been many definitions of multiple vision of the researcher and those interested in this area. Among these definitions [3], training is defined as a planned process to modify the behavioral, cognitive and skill position through a learning experience to achieve effective performance in a range of activities, develop an individual's capabilities and satisfy current and future needs of the organization. This study aims to assess the level of outputs of training programs, not only to know their results, but to learn the next steps necessary to support the results of the training process. The problem was summarized in the deficiency of the level of outputs of training programs (reactions, learning, behavior, results). In private schools, and influenced by the demographic and organizational variables of individuals (age, qualification, administrative level, experience). The problem of the study was limited to training programs in the field of planning. The study concluded.

Plant Nutrition Diagnosis and Fertilization is the basic course of agricultural resources and environment major in colleges and universities, In recent years, from the aspects of optimizing the syllabus, constructing the teaching material system, designing the teaching content and reforming the teaching method, the teaching team has put forward some suggestions and implementation methods of the curriculum reform based on the needs of the development of modern agriculture in China, which aims to continuously innovate and improve the teaching quality in practice, and lays the foundation for the cultivation of innovative talents serving modern agriculture.