Introduction: Preterm neonates have deranged thyroid hormones levels often characterized by low T3/FT3 and often low to normal T4/FT4 and TSH levels. Thus, it may be essential to find the pattern of thyroid hormones levels in preterm in comparison to term neonates, the status of HPT axis in preterms and occurrence of Transient Hypothyroxinemia of Prematurity (THOP) in this part of globe, since serum FT3 and FT4 levels are correlated with TSH levels after establishment of HPT axis. We have focussed on these hormones in our study. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Northern India including 100 neonates in the study group (33 preterm and 67 term neonates as per gestational age). FT3, FT4 and TSH were estimated by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using diagnostic kits from Roche Diagnostics. The history of maternal illness, gestational age and birth weight of each neonate was recorded. Results: All the three hormones i.e. FT3, FT4 and TSH were significantly lower in preterm in comparison to term neonates. In term neonates FT3 was significantly correlated to both FT4 (r=0.453; p=0.00) and TSH (r=0.299; p=0.014) while no such correlation was found in preterm neonates. Discussion: Both sick euthyroid (low T3 syndrome) and transient hypothyroxinemia of premature infants (THOP) are noticed in pereterm neonates. The causes of low T3 syndrome may include hypoxemia, acidosis, infections, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, malnutrition, transient secondary/tertiary hypothyroidism, transient primary hypothyroidism and permanent primary hypothyroidism while THOP may be caused by iodine deficiency, maternal thyrotropin receptor blocking antibodies, maternal intake of anti-thyroid drugs, maternal or neonatal iodine exposure, loss of function mutations and hepatic haemangioma(20), maternal hyperthyroidism, prematurity and drugs. Since it may lead to undesirable neurodevelopmental outcome, thyroid hormones supplementation in preterms should be cautiously studied in larger sample size. Also, these factors must be considered while screening for congenital hypothyroidism.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the penal mediation that does not aim to achieve formal justice and the practice of penal mediation at the Manokwari Police Department. The research method is normative legal research, using a statute and conceptual approach. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively, then presented descriptively. The results showed that the dimension of mediation of the penalties achieved was not formal justice through the Criminal Justice sub-system regulated in formal legal regulations. From a juridical perspective, mediation of penalties in the dimensions of state law (ius constitutum) is actually not well known and still leaves controversy, among those who agree and disagree to be applied. The essential issue leads to the choice of a pattern of criminal dispute resolution, related to the domain of state superiority with the superiority of the local wisdom community. The practice of mediating penalties at the Manokwari Police Department in the last 3 years (2017, 2018 and 2019) the number of criminal cases every year has always increased in number, as well as the mediation of cases conducted by the Manokwari Police Department each year experiencing an increase in the number of criminal cases being mediated.

Providing funds for consumers by a finance company (bank) to buy consumer goods whose payments are made by the installments or conducted periodically by consumers called as financing or consumer credit. The responsibilities of the public appraisal service in the appraisal agreement with the service user, it is stated that the appraisal service company responsibility is only limited due to the time and place of the implementation of assessment, where the appraisal service company is responsible for assets and reports other than those that occur after time and the place stated in the report is no longer the responsibility of the appraisal service company after conducting an appraisal and issuing the report. The legal material analysis technique was conducted by using grammatical and systematic interpretation. The results obtained in this study indicated that there is a repressive legal protection that can be provided to banks as a disadvantaged party due to a default of public appraisers in the appraisal report. The protection is in the form of completing a civil suit on the basis of tort or civil suit on the basis of acts against the law. In addition, banks can also propose a criminal suits on the basis of fraud. The need for special arrangements regarding the appraisal agreement and accountability of public appraisers, in order to prevent things that can harm the parties concerned and maintain the reputation of the public appraiser as a professional service.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the criminal penalties and criminal liability of children, as well as the mechanism of supervisory sanctions for children in conflict with the law. This type of research is normative juridical research. The legal material used is primary legal material and secondary legal material. Data collection techniques used to obtain data and information through library research methods. Primary legal materials and secondary legal materials that have been collected and then analyzed which will later be linked to the principles, legal theories and the formulation of existing legislation and conclusions can be drawn. The results showed that the elements of criminal accountability were (1) Capable of being responsible; (2) There are errors; and (3) Absence of forgiving reasons. All three elements must be fulfilled by a child when he will be held accountable before the law. The imposition of criminal sanctions for supervision of children in conflict with the law is reviewed from the perspective of a criminal law on child protection based on Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System for Children. The imposition of supervision criminal is based on the type of crime committed by the child.

Introduction: Gastric Cancer is one of the major causes of cancer specific deaths worldwide and incidence of Proximal Gastric Cancer is increasing with time. Laparoscopic gastrectomy has increased in popularity in recent years due to lesser complications and higher functional preservation. Objective: To find out the Comparision of Peri-Operative Findings between Proximal Laparoscopic Gastrectomyand Total Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Proximal Gastric Cancer. Methods: Between January 2018 and August 2019, a total of 77 patients underwent LPG with B1 reconstruction or LTG with Roux-en-Y (R-Y) reconstruction for gastric cancer in the proximl stomach in Marks medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. LPG was performed in 15 cases with tumor located in the upper third of the stomach. The resection line in the stomach was kept at least 5 cm apart from the gastric angle. On the other hand, LTG was performed in 57 cases of proximal gastric cancer. Results: In this study we have compared the peri-operative findings of 72 patients with proximal gastric cancers who underwent tumor excision surgery and were diveded into two groups according to different surgical approach; Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy and Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy. After statistical analysis, no significant differences were found in peri-operative outcomes between two groups. Prospective studies with larger sample size are required to validate the findings of this study. Conclusion: We found that there are no any significant differences in peri-operative findings between Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy and Laparoscopic total gastrectomy surgical approach for proximal gastric cancer.

Background: Improvement in ultrasonography over the years have allowed visualization characterization of fetal morphology. Objective: The study was aimed at determining the awareness and acceptability of ultrasound gender determination among women attending the antenatal care clinic of the Usmanu Danfodiyo university teaching hospital Sokoto. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional study where pregnant women were selected by simple random sampling. The data was collected using pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Relevant information was obtained. A P value <0.005 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 200 women recruited, (57%) were within the age group of 20-29 years with a mean age of 28.2 + 5.436. They were mostly (52.5%) housewives and the Hausa/Fulani ethnic group constituted the majority 141(70.5%). They were mainly, 161(80.5%) Muslims and mostly, 92(46.0%) had tertiary education. About half, 101 (50.5%) belonged to social class 3 and 76 (38.0%) were multiparae. About 84 (42.0%) of them had no female children and 75 (37.5%) had no male children. Majority, 159 (79.5%) were aware that pre-natal gender determination can be assessed using ultrasound. Among them, 130 (65%) were willing to know the babies’ gender. There was statistically significant association between awareness of prenatal ultrasound gender determination and social class of the respondents (P = 0.001). Among them, 55 (43.3%) needed it to prepare for delivery. Conclusion: Awareness and acceptance of ultrasound gender determination is high among the study population. Acceptability depend on the clients’ social class.

The purpose of this research is to identify the key determinants of employee engagement and their predictability of the concept. Moreover, it also studies the impact of employee engagement on employee performance. Causal research was done to study the impact of relationships. A survey questionnaire was developed. Simple random sampling was used to gather the data from employees of lower managerial level and middle managerial level from the small-scale organization. The data was collected from 190 out of which 148 respondents were finalized. Regression and correlation were used to predict and estimate relationships. It was found that all the factors identified were predictors of employee engagement. The variable such as working environment (r square = 0.223), leadership (R square=0.275), and teamwork and peer support (r square=0.194) have a significant impact on employee engagement. Moreover, employee engagement has no significant impact on employee performance (R square= 0.008).

The volume and quality of online data has increased tremendously. Retrieval of such data relies so much on efficient methods. In recent times, information retrieval looks to the intelligence-based and inductive learning methods, such as genetic algorithm, neural networks and machine learning. Researchers however, have leverage on these newer techniques in order to enhance the retrieval capabilities and information processing of current information storage and retrieval systems. These methods provide various degrees of accuracy. But how effective are these methods and which of them is better suited for the information retrieval task? This paper investigates the efficiency of the selected algorithms: Artificial Neural Network, Support vector machine, and Genetic Algorithm, on designing the model for efficient and intelligent information retrieval. The selected algorithms were critically studied in line with the available matching models for information retrieval. Models like the Vector space model, Binary model, probabilistic models, Inverted Index, Latent semantic Analysis and the Latent Semantic Index models were respectively examined. The result from the experimentation from the respective algorithms shows that the neural network, in combination with Genetic algorithm or alone, performs better. However, it takes more time to execute.

This research examines a contemporary but disturbing issue in environmental management using Nigeria as a case study. The study probes the major causes, consequences and solutions to urban slums. Using secondary sources of data, themes were identified in relation to issues bothering on urban slums. The paper identifies rural-urban migration, population, explosion, poverty, unemployment, shortage of housing, neglect, poor physical development, poor transportation network, as well as poor waste management as the major causes of urban slums. Similarly, the review indicates that shortage of housing, unemployment, inadequate social infrastructure, waste management, environmental degradation, crimes, insecurity, land use conflicts, health hazards, population, and other ecological hazards as the negative consequences of slums. Additionally, this paper addresses the issue of environmental sustainability by emphasizing that slums are cogs in the wheels of sustainable development. To this end, the study recommends urban redevelopment, sum upgrading, poverty alleviation, provision of employment, provision of social and infrastructural amenities, sustainable waste management, as well as resettlement schemes as measures to sustainable urban environment.

The study investigated the effect of poor academic background on students’ performance in physics in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. The study adopted descriptive survey design to collect data on effect of poor background on students’ performance in physics in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. From the population of 5,285 students’ and 34 teachers’, using stratified sampling; six (6) schools were selected in three strata that is mixed schools, Boys schools and Girls schools. Further, in each sampled school only 30 (ss2) students’ were involved in the study and 2 physics teachers’. Data were collected using questionnaire for the physics teachers and (ss2) students’ in the sampled schools. The findings were summarized and reported using percentage and frequency distribution tables. The study found and concluded that family background, teachers’ attitude towards work, methods of teaching and gender affect students’ performance in physics in senior secondary school in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. Finally, the study recommended that policy makers/ministry of Education should ensure proffer curriculum implementation by physics teachers and increase enrolment in physics.

The uterine inversion is a rare and severe puerperal complication that may cause maternel death. Fundal placental insertion, uncontrolled cord traction and uterine expression are the common causes described. The diagnosis is clinical and its management must be immediate to avoid maternal complications. We describe a case of acute puerperal uterine inversion occurred after a vaginal delivery complicated by major postpartum haemorrhage in 24 years old primigravida woman, how referred in our unit for delivery which done in ambulance. She has uterine inversion stage IV caused by the only fundal insertion of placenta. Successful non-invasive management was performed and manual reduce of the uterine inversion with Jonhson’s method was attempts.

Leukemoid reaction is defined as leucocytosis >50G/l. When it occurs in association with a malignancy, and infection or leukemia has been ruled out, it is termed as paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction. We report a case of a patient presented with fatigue, generalized weakness, and was incidentally noted to have a white blood cell count of 139G/l. Leukemia was ruled out by peripheral smear and flow cytometry. Computed tomography–guided biopsy of thickened omentum revealed poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma. Leukemoid reaction is a diagnosis which must be evoked in front of any extreme hyperleukocytosis apart from associated infectious or hematological situations. This syndrome has an extremely pejorative prognostic value.

In this paper, we will study two classes of problems in the acquisition/learning of English by non-native learners, which appear to be familiar to all language learners. We will try to determine the role played according to language universals in the acquisition of these categories. Research on the issue of the grammatical agreement has shown that there are many languages in the world, where the third person singular perfective verb is unmarked as in Semitic languages. In Arabic, for example, the third person singular masculine is the least marked: Dahab (he) went. The omission of the copula is a common problem for many speakers of different languages. In the case of EFL Arab learners, the absence of the copula is attributed either to interference with the L1, because in Arabic there is no copula in the present [1] or to a simplification strategy [2]. The fact that certain types of errors are universal let us believe deeply that universal parameters are causing such errors. The production of common errors in ESL or EFL, or in any other language, can be explained by both aspects of contrastive analysis and universal grammar.

Multiple myoglobin immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a multiple myeloma entity characterized by its clinical severity but also its poor prognosis level, it is usually revealed by bone pain. We report one case of multiple myeloma with immunoglobulin A revealed by renal insufficiency, diagnosed and treated at the hematology oncology department of Hospital National of Niamey.

Background: The Majority (65.3 the respondents had been living in the ‘Katcha’ houses and none of them used to boil water, obtained from Water and Sewerage Authority WASA supply for drinking. Most (88.1) of the children defecated in the open field and almost all of the mothers (99.0) used to defecate in the hanging latrine. More than one-fourth (28.7) of the children had no habit of handwashing after defecation and the majority (69.3) of the mother's used only water for washing hands after defecation. About one-third of the children (32.7) had complaints of diarrhea with abdominal pain in the last 3 months with 44.5 having a history of the expulsion of any type of worm with stool during that time. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of under-five children with a parasitic infestation about their mother’s infestation. Method: This descriptive study was conducted among mothers and their under-five children of Vashantek slum, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka from March 2003 to June 2003. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was found to be 52.0 (48.5% in children and 55.4 in mothers). The prevalence of Protozoa was 13.2%, for children 15.8% and 10.9% in mothers. Helminthes infestations were found among 39.6% of children and 54.5% mothers. Of the 56 mothers with intestinal parasitic infestations, 66.1 of their children showed positive results. The relative risk of parasitic infestation was 2.478 times higher among the children of the mothers having a parasitic infestation. Of the respondents, 39.6 children and 20.8 mothers had a history of taking anti-helminthic drugs during the last six months. Conclusion: More than half of the study sample has intestinal parasitic infestation with a statistically significant relationship between the parasitic infestation of mothers and children.