Different infections in blood leads to infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites. Microorganisms are used in the production of antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, etc. The advantages and limitation of molecular techniques including real-time polymerase chain reaction, genome sequencing, molecular typing, microarrays, PCR and multiplexing required advancements at molecular level. Nucleic acid-based tests are used in diagnosing infectious diseases for isolating nucleic acids from through gel electrophoresis, and nucleic acid hybridizationsn techniques to analyze DNA or RNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in situ DNA replication process that allows for the exponential amplification of target DNA in the presence of synthetic oligonucleotide primers. The advances in chemistry that made real-time PCR possible were also significant, and modifications of these chemical reactions continue today. In situ hybridization has been introduced into the clinical microbiology laboratory and should prove to be a useful technology for the rapid characterization of bacteria and fungi in positive blood culture samples. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is an unambiguous, portable and nucleotide-based technique for typing bacteria using the sequences of internal fragments of (usually) seven house-keeping genes. Microorganisms are used in the production of antibiotics, vaccines, steroids.

Background: Blood transfusion is one of the commonest and important procedures done in patient care to treat variety of disorders like accidental trauma, pre operative blood transfusion and various other hematological diseases. In India the annual requirement of blood is close to 8 million units of which only 30% is being procured from voluntary donors. Healthy young adults are more proactive and motivated to voluntarily donate blood. Medical students can form one of the important cohort of voluntary blood donors to the hospitals to which they are attached. Objectives: To assess the background knowledge and perceptions of the first year medical students about voluntary blood donation. Methodology: A self structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding voluntary blood donation. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: All the 130 students (100%) revealed that they had heard about blood donation and entire study group knew their blood group types. 65 (50%) reported that they knew about the average amount of blood donated by the donor and 71(54.61%) cited that they had prior knowledge about the criteria for selecting a voluntary blood donor. 95.38% opined that they were willing donate blood if and when the need arises. Conclusion: First year medical students had good background knowledge about blood donation and majority of the study group were willing to voluntarily donate blood and render their service to the society.

Purpose: To study the effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on central macular thickness in retinal vein occlusion patients at a tertiary care centre of North India. Material and methods: A retrospective, data based study was carried out on 89 patients of acute retinal vein occlusion, including 35 cases of CRVO and 54 cases of BRVO, presented to our OPD over a period of 10 years. All cases included in this study received intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (2.5mg/0.1ml) at presentation and were followed up every month post-injection to record any change in BCVA and CMT. Results: The mean age of patients in BRVO and CRVO group was 56.81+7.02 and 57.02+7.8 years. Mean CMT at baseline was 449.16+121.28 µm in BRVO group which significantly reduced to 304.84+78.14 µm at 1 month post-injection follow up visit. In CRVO group, mean CMT at baseline was 680.17+ 175.12 µm which significantly reduced to 399.97+88.43 µm at 1 month post injection. Mean BCVA in BRVO group at baseline was 0.96+0.36 LogMAR which got significantly improved to 0.65 +0.24 LogMAR at 1st month post-injection while in CRVO group, mean BCVA at baseline was 1.59+0.48 LogMAR which got significantly improved to 1.02+0.34 LogMAR at 1st month post-injection. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab is beneficial in the improvement of BCVA and treatment of macular edema due to venous occlusion. However, any beneficial effect on visual acuity and reduction of macular edema on OCT seen initially starts weaning off after 2 months and gradually reaching to baseline value at 6 months.

Background: Angiogenesis is defined as the expansion and remodeling process affecting the vascular network and it occurs in many pathological conditions including cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the hyper-vascular cancers. Understanding the process of angiogenesis and its regulatory mechanisms are crucial in HCC treatment. Almost all approved systemic therapies used in HCC target the angiogenesis process especially the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Studying genetic variations and other factors that affect angiogenesis could allow tailoring systemic therapy with the most benefits to patients. Aim: Investigating the association between the VEGF variant (rs699947) and the progression of HCC was the main target of this study. Methods: A total of 122 subjects were enrolled in this study (64 patients with HCC, 24 patients with cirrhosis and 34 subjects served as a control group). Genotyping of the VEGF gene (rs699947) was performed by tetra primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Results: The AA genotype and the A-allele were found to be lower in patients with HCC compared with other groups. In HCC patients, the AA genotype was associated with higher serum albumin and lower total bilirubin level. Conclusion: The variant allele (rs699947) could be considered as a predictive factor for HCC development.

This study investigated the effects of the change in oil price to the bank’s profitability and stability in the Sultanate of Oman. The decreasing oil prices and the role of banks in the country’s economic diversification goals are the researcher’s primary motivation to embark on the study. Trend and financial ratio analysis and simple linear regression were used to examine the association between oil price and bank performance. Findings of the study include downward trend on the ROE and ROA of banks but upward trend on CAR in the last ten years. The study also found strong positive correlation between oil price and ROE where the impact of oil price to ROE is statistically significant. There was moderate positive correlation between oil price and ROA and oil price and CAR but these associations were statistically insignificant. Findings of this research can be useful for the authorities in setting policies related to economic diversification efforts and to bank management for policies to improve bank performance.

The people, in essence, have the highest power with government from, by, and for the people. However, the people cannot implement it in government implementation, so representative democracy emerges. This study aims to find and look for the right formula to maintain people's sovereignty in a democratic general election process. This paper is based on the normative legal research method, which refers to the legal norms in statutory regulations. The results show that guarding the people's sovereignty through democratic elections is the commitment of all components of the nation. Future elections are increasingly complex, such as the alleged existence of dynasties of power, the reach of political education, as well as the recruitment mechanisms of political parties. Not to mention the most powerful using the issue of ethnicity and religion issues as a black campaign. These things will colour the future elections. For the resulting government to gain people's legitimacy, it is necessary to have populist regulations and be escorted by the system through independent organizing institutions, eliminating political dowries and political education for all stakeholders.

Squamous cell carcinomas represent approximately 90% of cervical cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation is a rare histological variant with a very limited number of cases reported in the literature. This entity has been described more frequently in other locations (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, skin and larynx). It usually affects postmenopausal women. The histological diagnosis is based on a squamous cell carcinoma fusing with a spindle cell component. Cytokeratin is positive in both components. Because of its rarity, no treatment recommendations are available and it is generally managed as a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. We report a case of a 70-year-old female patient presenting an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with foci of sarcomatoid differentiation.

Alcohol is the major cause of liver disease. Liver is an important and largest gland of the human body, it detoxifies various metabolites, synthesize various proteins and produces various biochemicals necessary for digestion. Alcoholic liver disease could be due to long term alcohol consumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Fatty liver is present in more than 90% of daily as well as binge drinkers. Although fatty liver will develop in any individual who consumes a large quantity of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time but this process is transient and reversible if timely care is taken. The prognosis of severe alcoholic liver disease is very poor, the mortality of patients with alcoholic hepatitis concurrent with cirrhosis is nearly 60% at 4 years. The conventional treatment mainly includes steroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis, fluid tapping for ascites and in end stage cirrhosis of liver with last choice of liver transplantation. However, Ayurveda has options to liver transplantations. According to Ayurveda it can be correlated with Yakridalyodara. The treatment protocol mentioned in Ayurveda is mainly Nityavirechana (Medicated purgation) for this disease along with various oral medications. Here is a case report of a diagnosed case of Alcoholic liver disease, presented with main symptoms: nausea, vomiting, swelling in bilateral foot, weakness in the body, reduced appetite, gradually weight reduction and semisolid stool with frequency of 6-7 times/ day. Patient had history of Reduced appetite and frequent vomiting. Treatment was done on the basis of Ayurvedic principles and after 2 months of treatment, there was found significant recovery of the patient subjectively as well as objectively. After 7 months of treatment patient got complete improvement, and free from any complications and follow-up of patient is still going on regularly.

Background: Health care associated infections and emerging multi drug resistance in nosocomial pathogens is perceived as a serious public health threat with grievous concerns. Hand hygiene if practiced properly is cheapest, simplest and most effective tool in tackling this problem. The objective of this study was conducted to assess levels of knowledge, attitude and practice in various aspects of hand hygiene in undergraduate nursing students in the study area for identifying gaps for planning necessary corrective measures. Methods: A cross sectional study involving self-administered pre-structured anonymous questionnaires administered to all undergraduate nursing students (182) enrolled at Shalmar Nursing College Lahore, Pakistan. Results: Most of the study participants exhibited moderate levels of knowledge and practice with marginal difference while attitude were found to exhibit a remarkably higher, difference being statistically significant. Conclusions: This study stresses upon the growing need for prompt interventions at institutional level for addressing the gaps evident from the study.

Lakshadweep is a place where women have a lot of space in their family system and society. The crime rate against women and the other gender line segregation are much low in island. This paper examined, whether this social potential is reflected in the employment of women. Author calculated all the statistical indicators of employment from unit level data provided by National Sample Survey Organisation and Periodic Labour Force Survey. This study finds, there is huge gender gap in the Lakshadweep labour market. From the time to time, demand for women employment comes from social infrastructure and public administration run by government. Lack of diversification in the employment sectors is mainly works in demand side of the labour market, whereas in supply side lack of technically skilled, vocationally trained youth failed to explore the employment opportunities from both inside and outside of the island. The large proportion of unemployed and discouraged job seekers turned unproductive and engaging in unpaid domestic duties creates a large proportion of economically dependent group in the midst of all positive social possibilities.

An expression’s meaning depends on both the objective situations being described and the specific ways that the situations or ‘scenes’ are construed (Langacker, 1987). Construal is our ability to conceptualize and describe the same situation in alternate ways (Langacker, 2015, p. 120). However, each construal factor, classified by Langacker (2015) as prominence, dynamicity, selection, perspective and imagination, has complex properties and these factors often interact in particular usage events. Based on instances extracted from historical corpora of Chinese language, this study applies the various construal operations to the diachronic development of a locative word shang ‘above’ in Chinese. We demonstrate that although there are overlaps, each construal element performs a unique role on the development of shang in its meanings and grammatical functions. It is evident that the particular set of developments for shang would not occur if there were just one construal factor. Our study sheds light on the history of Chinese language, the nature of semantic change and grammaticalization, and also on the relations between spatial language and cognition.

This research paper reviews relevant literature concerning motivations for second language acquisition and possible research methods to this regard. This paper aims at exploring whether experimental research method could help discover Chinese students’ motivation for foreign language learning. It finds out that with semi-structured interview as the research method, it would be easier for the respondent to express his or her opinions freely on his or her personal feelings of motivation for foreign language learning. Thus, experimental research methods such as a semi-structured interview could complement research in motivations for foreign language acquisition.

Background: Biopsy is a critical procedure in the diagnosis and treatment plan of surgical cases and is also highly technique-sensitive. Various biopsy techniques are conventionally used with each technique having its own pros and cons. A study was carried out to compare scalpel versus Punch for biopsy of oral lesions under various parameters vital to histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients (08 in each group) satisfying the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated using odd-even scheme into scalpel and Punch groups by a operator. The patients were evaluated intraoperatively for patient comfort, bleeding, time taken for excision, and postoperatively for pain and healing. The excised samples were sent for histopathological analysis as follows: Loss of architecture in epithelium, loss of architecture in connective tissue and artifacts. Results: The mean time taken for excision was statistically similar in both the groups. Distribution of patient comfort and pain was statistically not significant. Healing was uneventful in both the groups. In the histological parameters, there was loss of architecture in epithelium in many cases in the punch group. In the same group, there was loss of architecture in the samples. Conclusion: Both techniques seem to be equally effective in performing incisional biopsies of oral lesions. Punch biopsy has the advantage of fast and avoidance of suturing as well. However, due to the Size of tissue caused, there may be minor loss of histological architecture.

Background: Entecavir has been shown to be effective in randomized controlled trials in highly selected patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Entecavir does not cure HBV and may not prevent complications of hepatitis B such as cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. The dose is double for people who have persistent hepatitis viremia (the presence of virus in the blood) while taking lamivudine or have lamivudine reesistance. It’s recommended to take entecavir on an empty stomach, two hours before or after a meal. For some people, hepatitis B infection become chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failour, liver cancer or cirrhosis a condition that permanently scares of the liver. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of in cronic hepatitis B patients in the real world setting. Methodology: In this study a total of 32 acute on chronic Hepatitis B liver failure patients (age > 18 years with both sexes but male predominant) were included in Hepatology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka during January 2013 to December 2015. The patients were randomized into two groups: Entecavir group (N=32) and followed at least for 03 months. Result: Table I shows the Majority 26(81.3%) patients were male and 6(18.7%) patients were female in entecavir group. Altered level of consciousness was found 14(43.8%) in entecavir group. Moderate ascites was found 26(81.3%) in entecavir group. Encephalopathy was found 16(50.0%) in entecavir group. The entecavir not statistically significant (p>0.05) of the groups. Table II shows Baseline investigation of the study patients (n=32). It was observed that mean total countwas found 10181.3±3594.1 /mm3 in entecavir group. Mean serum bilirubinwas found 22.0±5.7 mg/dl in entecavir group. Mean Rank ALT was found 18.0 U/L in entecavir group. Mean Rank AST was found 17.8 U/L in entecavir group. Mean prothrombin time was found 23.1±4.2 secant in entecavir group. Mean international normalized ratio was found 2.0±0.3 in entecavir group. Mean serum albumin was found 2.3±0.5 gm/dl in entecavir group. Mean serum creatinine was found and 0.85±0.31 mg/dl in entecavir group. Mean serum sodium was found 134.1±5.2 mmol/l in entecavir group. Mean serum potassium was found 3.7±1.0 mmol/l in entecavir group. Mean MELD scorewas found 26.5±2.0 in entecavir group. Mean Child Pugh scorewas found 12.0±1.5 in entecavir group. The mean entecavir was not statistically significant (p>0.05) of the groups. Liver function, Child Pugh score and MELD score improvement by three months after entecavir therapy: In entecavir patients, mean serum bilirubinwas found 22.0±5.7 mg/dl in pretreatment and 5.1±1.7 mg/dl at 90 days. Mean international normalized ratio was found 2.0±0.3 in pretreatment and 1.4±0.2 at 90 days. Mean serum albumin was found 2.3±0.5 gm/dl in pretreatment and 3.1±0.3 gm/dl at 90 days. Mean Child Pugh scorewas found 12.0±1.5 in pretreatment and 9.3±0.9 at 90 days. Mean MELD scorewas found 26.5±2.0 in pretreatment and 17.0±2.1 at 90 days. Negative Mean Ranks ALT was found 4.0 U/L and sum of Ranks 28.0 U/L. Positive mean rank and sum of rank 0.The difference were statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Table VIII: Entecavir induced improvement of liver function, Child pugh score and MELD score three months after therapy (n=16). Conclusion: In conclusion entecavir is very potent anti-HBV drug with a high genetic barrier to resistance, highly effective in lamivudine-naïve CHB patients and most promising for their long term treatment but not very suitable for CHB patients harboring LAM resistant HBV mutants.

Pott's puffy tumor is a relatively rare condition and mainly affects children and young adults. It is often secondary to frontal sinusitis with the potential of serious endocranial complications. We report the case of a young adult of 18 years treated for frontal sinusitis and in whom the evolution was marked by an erosion of the external table of the frontal sinus and the development of a subperiosteal abscess. The patient underwent emergency surgical exploration. The rapid diagnosis and the very early stage of our patient allowed us to perform a minimally invasive supra-eyebrow Lynch approach. Considering the risk of dangerous complications, the diagnosis of Pott's puffy tumor must be evoked in front of any inflammatory frontal swelling.