The anterior cerebral artery A1 segment aplasia is an anatomical variation of the Willis circle. It is very rare and mostly associated with the anterior communicating artery aneurysm, but this relationship has still not been thoughtfully explored. The hemodynamic factors are speculated to be the main pathophysiological mechanism of the aneurysm formation. The risk of the aneurysm rupture in the setting of A1 aplasia is not well elucidated. Endovascular treatment may have good outcome in short term. Long term studies are needed to evaluate the recurrence and recanalization rate. Here, we describe a case of unilateral anterior cerebral artery A1 segment aplasia associated with a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm in which the endovascular embolization was successful performed without any complication.

The study investigated the challenged encountered by school administrators amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and suggested measures for mitigating its impact in secondary schools in Nigeria. Two research questions were posed to guide the study and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The entire population of 258 principals was studied without sampling as the size was manageable. A researcher-developed questionnaire 4-point rating scale containing 23 items in two clusters which was validated by three experts from the Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University was used to collect data for the study. Reliability of the instrument was determined through pilot test and data collected were analyzed using Cronbach alpha which yielded reliability coefficients of 0.85 and 0.77 for the two clusters respectively with an overall co-efficient value of 0.81. Mean was used to answer the research questions and standard deviation used to determine the closeness or homogeneity of the respondents’ ratings while t-test was used in testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that failure to maintain social distancing, lack of capacity building of staff, desperation and anxiety on the part of parents and community members, failure to maintain good sanitation practices like regular hand washing among students, and vague orders from school inspectors among others were some of the challenges faced by secondary school administrators during the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings also showed that in order to mitigate the impact of Covid-19 school administrators need to participate in capacity building programmes on Covid-19, project hygiene and health practices in their schools as well as adopt blended learning and technology in teaching students. The location of principals did not influence their opinions. Based on these findings the researchers recommended among others that school administrators should ensure that they attend in-service programmes that will educate them properly on Covid-19 and measures that would help forestall its impact in their schools.

Stevia rebaudiana is a nutrient rich natural sweetest plant of Asteraceae family. The leaves naturally contain diterpene glycosides (Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A), steviobioside and dulcoside, which are responsible for its sweet taste. Along with these compounds it also contains functional compounds like phenolic acids, free radical scavenging and antioxidant capability, flavonoids, condensed tannins, anthocyanins, nutraceutical properties, etc. Stevia exhibits strong antioxidant potential as a sugar substitute owing to the presence of various compounds with medicinal significance. However, in large amounts they also possess several beneficial effects on disease in which radicals are involved. As there is no targeted Covid-19 therapy available, Stevia crude extracts and steviol glycosides are suggested to treat Covid-19 patients. Stevia has many pharmacological and therapeutic applications as suggested by many preclinical and some clinical studies, these are nontoxic and possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic activity. Antioxidants through their scavenging power are useful for the management of various diseases that aids in combating different chronic diseases as well as increase immunity against the severity of various infections like in case of Covid-19. It is also generally accepted that consumption of 5gm dried Stevia leaves is without health problems.

Analytical methods refer to techniques used for the detection, identification, characterization and quantification of chemical compounds. These methods are commonly used in chemical sciences for research, development and quality control of pharmaceutical products. MALDI-TOF is a mass spectrometer that couples an ionisation source, the matrix-assisted lasers desorption/ionization (MALDI) with a Time of Flight (ToF) analyser is particularly recommended when a limited number of species are present in each sample analyzed. ICP-OES is a trace-level, elemental analysis technique that uses the emission spectra of a sample to identify, and quantify the elements present. Gas Chromatography (GC) provides a quantitative analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds found in a variety of matrices (gases, liquids and solids) in foods, medical materials, plastics, environmental samples and occupational monitoring samples. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy provides physical, chemical, electronic and structural information from organic compounds in liquid or solid form. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy provides cost-effective viable solutions for the analysis of trace amounts of metals in the entire range of natural and manmade materials such as Geological samples, Environmental samples, Biological Specimens, Agricultural produce and soils, Pharmaceuticals, Foods and Drinking water.

Everyone has the right for the protection of their wellbeing, which includes protection from accidents, disasters, and conditions which may endanger humans, where on eof them are realized through search and rescue in a fast, precise, safe, integrated and coordinated manner in case of an accidents, disasters and other dangerous conditions, as stated in the preamble of Law Number 29 of 2014 concerning Search and Rescue. Accidents, disasters and other dangerous conditions to humans can happen anywhere, anytime and can happen to anyone. As a result, of course it will have an impact both physically and psychologically on both the victim and their family, and to the SAR volunteers who carry out the operation, not to mention other impact like the depletion of natural resources, human capital and social capital, and even institutional capital in an effort to provide protection for victims, families of victims, and also to SAR volunteers. Based on this, the author concludes that the SAR volunteers is in need for legal protection in the form of more concrete legal policies through the issuance of government regulations on duties, powers, responsibilities, and legal protection for SAR Volunteer and/ or reformulating the Act of Search and Rescue to help SAR volunteers who injured the victim due to the rescue process by SAR volunteers so that such action that are often tied to the Article 50 of the Criminal Code is not an act of negligence.

The paper examines entrepreneurship education as predictor of youth restiveness in Imo State and how this has affected her peaceful co-existence and development. Poverty, unemployment and lack of access to quality education, among others, have been responsible for this unprecedented increased restiveness. Entrepreneurship education empower youths technically through entrepreneurship training to cope with the changing times and productivity using their entrepreneurial skills for setting and sustaining enterprises. Issues of youth empowerment, skill development, instructional materials, curriculum content and effective teaching methodologies to curb youth restiveness were conceptualized. The study, which was correlational, was based on three (3) research questions and three (3) null hypotheses. A sample of three hundred and sixty (360) respondents were selected through stratified-random sampling technique. Data was collected through a self-developed questionnaire and analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation and Analysis of Variance. The findings of the study indicated that development of infrastructures and physical facilities, textbooks, staffing, consumables and expendables for practical lessons are adequately available. Curriculum content and methodologies for the effective teaching of entrepreneurship education reflects the course of National Policy of Education in Nigeria and that entrepreneurship education is practical oriented as it motivates students to work as a team which have helped in inculcating entrepreneurial skills successfully. It was recommended among other things that the government via the ministry of education should emphasize on the practical aspect of entrepreneurship education in the curriculum, support schools in the provision of more manpower, facilities and instructional materials needed to ensure that entrepreneurship education will equip and empower students for self-reliance and employment.

Stranger bodies (EC) of the middle ear are among the emergencies least encountered by otolaryngologists (ENT). A 16-year-old patient with no otological history had seen a right chronic otorrhee with otalgia and hypoacousia for 6 months. Microscopic examination of the diseased ear had resulted in purulent secretions with inflammation of the external auditory canal. After aspiration, a blackish appearance was observed occupying the lower quadrants of the eardrum with associated myringitis. The gentle mobilization with the suction cannula and a spike revealed a fixed, painful CE, impacting the tympanic membrane and deeply introduced into the middle ear. The extraction of the EC could be carried out without difficulty (fig. 2), completed by myringoplasty with an aponevrotic graft. The first observation of a Tallic CE of the middle ear has been neglige for more than 20 years reported to you in 1883 by Lucius Holland [4]. Since then, few cases have been written down. Syms and Nelson reported 4 cases of EC in the middle ear with chronic otitis media [2]. Average EC penetrants from the ear are relatively rare. They may go unnoticed, especially in children, to reveal themselves later by complications. Hence the interest of prevention and diagnosis precoce allowing a simple extraction.

Gulf Cooperation Council [GCC] countries are basically commodity-based economies. Despite a remarkable socio-economic progress when compared to their pre-oil past, they are now facing problems arising from a predominant dependence on oil, lack of skill-diversity among nationals, over-dependence on expatriates, growing need for public services with increasing population, and insufficient innovation. Despite rising literacy rates realigning their workforce to the job-markets has remained elusive. A diversified, knowledge-based economic model is a solution to the problems and it basically depends on universal, equitable and quality education for the nationals. An extensive review of available literature has been undertaken to study the current problems and to come up with appropriate solutions. The governments alone, despite their oil-wealth, were found unequal to the task of catering to the growing educational needs. Private sector involvement, including privatization and public-private partnership, was found to provide more finances, reduce the state fiscal burden, and enhance efficiency, productivity, innovation, accountability and transparency in education delivery, besides offering better quality in higher education. A holistic long-term plan would be needed to achieve the objectives, while overcoming some of the constraints of the private sector. That is the focus of present study for a suitable educational policy in the context of GCC countries. Such studies may, in the future, also be extended to include the Middle East and North African [MENA] countries.

Salivary gland tumours affect the parotid gland in 80% of cases, the submandibular gland in 10-15% of cases, while the sublingual gland is rarely affected (in 5-10% of cases) [1, 2]. 80% of parotid gland tumours and 50% of submandibular gland tumours are benign. This is a retrospective descriptive study within the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Specialty Hospital of the CHU Ibn Sina of Rabat, involving 84 patients hospitalized for management of a tumor of the main salivary glands (parotid and submandibular) over a 4-year period from September 2015 to September 2019.The median age of our patients was 42 years with extremes of 7 and 80 years. The average age of patients with a benign tumour was 40 years. The average age of patients with a malignant tumour was 54 years. The sex ratio was 0.58. We didn’t find any specific risk factors in our patients. The average time between onset of symptoms and consultation was 38 months with extremes ranging from 2 to 120 months (10 years). In malignant tumours of the salivary glands, there is no predominance of sex, and the average age of discovery is between 55 and 65 years. For Dale [4], the majority of parotid cancers occur between the ages of 50 and 60, 2% of these tumours occur in children and 16% in subjects under the age of 30. Through our literature review, we found no risk factors specific to parotid tumours. Some authors report a risk of salivary gland tumours from exposure to silica dust [5]. Salivary gland tumours are common, but most often they are benign. 80% of parotid gland tumours and 50% of submandibular gland tumours are benign. Parotid involvement is dominated by pleomorphic adenoma, and submandibular involvement is dominated by chronic lithiasic maxillite.

Background: The term urethral stricture refers to anterior urethral narrowing or a scarring process involving the spongy erectile tissue of corpus spongiosum. Urethral stricture is one of the most important causes of bladder out flow obstruction. There are different treatment modalities for the management of stricture urethra. Both the patient and the physician must have a good understanding of the procedure & outcome of treatment. Different types of tissues are standardized by different surgeons. Each type of graft has its own procedural advantage and disadvantage. So it is recommended to select the case for a particular type of graft. But it is evident that judicious use of specific graft has almost equal outcome. Aim: To see outcome of substitution urethroplasty in the management of long segment anterior stricture disease, to study the improvement of clinical manifestation (poor flow, narrow stream, double stream) following surgical correction of stricture urethra And to see the change in uroflowmetry following surgical correction of stricture urethra, to study the post-operative complication. Methodology: This study comprises of 50 consecutive cases of anterior urethral stricture who were admitted in department of urology Enam Medical College and Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021. All patients were attended in urology outpatient department. They were worked up properly and previous treatments were thoroughly analyzed. All of them were appropriately treated with reconstruction. The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years. Results: The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 20 years to 25 years, 16(32.0%) patients had 26 years to 30 years, 10(20.0%) patients had 31 years to 35 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 36 years to 40 years, 3(6.0%) patients had 41 years to 45 years and 5(10.0%) patients had 46 years to 50 years. Average Mean value of Peak flow rate in first month in 50 patients was 29.78ml/sec. Cystoscopy was done in all patients in 3rd month to see the anastomotic site. After six months of follow up only two patients had complaints of obstructive symptom. Uroflowmetry showed peak flow rate less than 10 ml. Here we did cystoscopic examination. And stricture segment was identified proximal to the previous site which was managed by OIU. After that no such obstructive flow was reported by those patients. Retrograde Urethrogram was done in all the patients to see caliber of urethra. In case two out of 50 showed recurrence in RGU with MCU. Conclusion: This study showed better outcome than any other conventional method for the treatment of stricture urethral disease. So, it can be concluded that substitution urethroplasty is the treatment of choice for the management of long segment anterior urethral disease.

Aim of this study to introduce possible way approaching the essence of subjective nursing diagnoses according to Patient Conducting Based Nursing Care Model and its utilization in nursing practice that deal with adult, mentally not disturbed patients and significant persons, furthermore, to introduce its utility in nursing education and scientific research. Method and sample: In order to explore the main characteristics of nursing diagnoses, the method of concept and relevant qualitative literature analysis was used, based on known and accepted psychological theories and nursing diagnoses classifications. Results: The findings of the study show the needs for a new approach to interpreting people’s messages understanding the equivalent importance of somatic and subjective nursing diagnoses. Conclusion: The evaluation of core components behind theories and nursing classification, their significance draw attention on of patient conducting by putting the focus more on conflict prevention in patient – nurse interaction than on its management that may resulting patient satisfaction and job satisfaction as well. Recommendation: The results of researches performed at different fields of nursing and the new training programs for nurse students, mentors/tutors, practicing nurses, together can lead to improving of nursing culture and high-quality patient centered care.

Background: Gingival overgrowths has been well reported, however its behavior has not received much research attention in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, pattern and distribution of gingival overgrowths in a cosmopolitan city in Nigeria in a retrospective study of 140 patients seen between 2006 and 2020 at the Dental centre of the Lagos state University Teaching Hospital Ikeja Lagos Nigeria. Histopathologic reports were accessed from the Oral Pathology department of the same institution. The demographics and distribution of the lesions were noted from the records. SPSS 21 was used, descriptive statistics was carried out for both continuous and categorical variables. Relationship between the diagnoses and the independent variables, and also of tooth mobility were carried out using Pearson’s chi square, significance was determined at p≤0.05. Female/male ratio was 2.2:1 and mean age was 36.6±17.7. Prevalence of gingival overgrowth was highest among the 31-40 year olds. The anterior sextant of the maxilla and the buccal/labial location were commonest sites. Pyogenic granuloma has the highest prevalence of 62.9%, 57.2% of the lesions were pedunculated while 38.6% were associated with tooth mobility. There is statistically significant relationship between the histological diagnoses and the age groups, nature of the lesions and tooth mobility (p<0.05). Pyogenic granuloma was higher in this study than elsewhere, the strong relationship with age, high rate of recurrence of some and malignant lesions which may mimick reactive gingival lesions regardless of the age of the patients seen in this study demands further research and careful note in diagnosis and management.

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension also known as Preeclampsia clinically is one of the commonly seen complication in pregnant women. It contributes to the cause of maternal and peri natal morbidity and mortality. According to some study, serum creatinine, Blood urea, serum uric acid level increases during pregnancy induced hypertension. Preeclampsia is associated with renal function impairment. The objective of this study is to compare serum creatinine, Blood Urea and Serum Uric acid in preeclampsia with normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 86 pregnant women. Out of which 50 women were pregnancy induced hypertensive and 36 were normal pregnant women. Result : The result showed significantly high blood pressure (SBP-160.0±18.8 VS 112.64±8.19, DBP 110.68±9.55 VS 76.8±4.14)and Blood urea ( 16.56 ±1.72 mg% VS 22.25±1.28 mg%), serum creatinine ( 0.72 ±0.19 mg% VS 1.09±0.34 mg%), serum uric acid level ( 4.63±0.19 mg% VS 7.04±0.4 mg% )in pregnancy induced hypertensive women compares to normal pregnant women. In the present study, in pre-eclampsia, there is elevation of serum uric acid and serum creatinine elevated values are statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a renal derangement of parameters in preeclampsia so it may be advised to renal function test to confirm involvement of renal dysfunctions. Measurement of renal function Test could be used as a biochemical indicator in pregnancy induced hypertensive women.

The basic mechanism for the absorption for the metals is not known in case of fish but some information is available that these metals absorb across gills and intestinal tract and then distributed via circulation in the whole body of fish. Heavy metals include cadmium, arsenic mercury and lead etc. which are existing in natural environment or in other hand these metals are present in the earth crust naturally in a very minute amount. Fish containing products contain different amount of metals. Copper is required in certain limit by human bodies, but when its amount of intake is increasing then it causes serious disorders like kidney failure, liver damage especially During Wilson’s disorder. Some fish varieties like those of shellfish etc. accumulate mercury in their bodies which form methylmercury which is extremely toxic that causes organ mercury compound. To be effective, bubbler/diffuser systems must be turned on early in the spring and run nonstop all summer until temperatures begin to cool in the fall.

This study focuses on the influence of institutional policies on student’s mobility in the context of internationalization of higher education in DAAD established East and South African-German Centre of Excellence for Educational Research, Methodologies and Management – CERMESA member universities. This is a comparative study based on four case studies namely Moi University in Kenya, University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania, Uganda Management Institute and Nelson Mandela University in South Africa. This study has revealed how institutional policies have influenced student mobility in an organised setting making a reality anchored on internationalization of higher Education. The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine student mobility trends among CERMESA member Universities; to establish the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa; to assess the influence of institutional policies on student mobility in CERMESA member universities. Based on the above objectives the study answered the following questions: What is the trend of student mobility among CERMESA member universities? What is the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa? To what extent do university policies among CERMESA member universities accommodate student mobility? Recently cross border and inter regional movement of people has been characterized by increasing trends of student mobility in higher education. This has been actualised further through educational partnership among African states; CER-MESA is one of eleven centres of African excellence in sub-Saharan Africa, but no study has been done on the contribution of such organizations in establishing student mobility and regional integration in Africa a gap this study has filled.