Introduction: Wound infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among humans, especially in developing countries. Knowledge regarding Bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pus isolate is necessary for empirical treatment of wound infections and useful for making antibiotic policy of hospital. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from pus samples of Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar. Material and method: The present study was carried out during July 2019 to November 2019 in Microbiology Department, Sir T Hospital, and Bhavnagar. The pus samples received in bacteriology section of microbiology laboratory were preceded for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. It was done by Modified kirbybauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines 2019. Result: A total of 1110 pus samples were received from which 477 (42.97%) samples were positive for gram positive 117(24.52%) and gram negative 360 (75.47%) bacteria. About 117(24.52%) of the total isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, 220 Escherichia coli (41%), 96 Klebsiellaspp (17%), 16 Pseudomonas (13%), 13 Proteus mirabilis (2%), 11 Proteus vulgaris (2%), 4 Acinatobacter species (0.74%). Gram negative organisms were sensitive for Meropenem (98%), Piperacillin Tazobactem (77%) Gram positive organism were completely sensitive to Vancomycin (100%), Linezolid (100%). Conclusion: Thus the present study shows that Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria showing sensitivity towards vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin tazobactum. This study helps in decidiing proper treatment of wound infection.

Background: Gestational thrombocytopenia (defined as a platelet count below 150 x 109 /L) occurs in 5% to 10% of pregnancies. Thrombocytopenia is the second leading cause of blood disorders in pregnancy after anemia. A low platelet count is often an incidental feature, but it might also provide a biomarker of a coexisting systemic or gestational disorder. Timely analysis is needed to determine the primary cause of thrombocytopenia, and appropriate therapy should then be selected to effectively improve the prognosis of the pregnancy. Hypertensive disorders accounts for 33% of all the cases of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary institute over a period of one year, from April 2020 to March 2021. This is a retrospective study of indoor patients admitted with the low platelets in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital. All Pregnant women with platelet count less than 150 x 109 /L were included in the study. Results: Most of the cases presented during 34-38 weeks of gestation. The most common etiology of thrombocytopenia at our place was found to be pregnancy induced hypertension. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy may occur secondary to a variety of causes. Most of these cases occur during specific periods of gestation. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy if timely diagnosed do not cause any mortality, however management of these patients require a multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration between obstetrician, physician, and neonatologist.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of awareness among dental interns regarding endodontic flare ups and its management. This cross-sectional survey was targeting the 2017-2018 patch of dental interns in all the dental colleges around the western region of Saudi Arabia which include: Ibn Sina national college, King Abdulaziz University, Al-Farabi and Al-Bateerjee colleges in Jeddah, also Um Al Qura University in Makah and Taibah University in Al Madina. Methods: A total of 294 participants in this cross-sectional survey divided into two parts 16 closed-ended questions in which first part of the questionnaire assessed the demographic profile of the Interns such as age, gender, and the Institution they belong to. The second part consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions to investigate their knowledge and awareness about endodontic flare up and its management. The study targeting the 2017-2018 patch of dental interns in all the dental colleges around the western region of Saudi Arabia. Relationship between these factors and are‐ups was examined. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: majority of the students having the higher incidence of flare-ups with Necrotic pulp [52%] while [41.5%] student participants, the best choice of treatment for cases of severe inter-appointment pain is re-instrumentation, occlusal reduction, antibiotics, and analgesics. Conclusions: Flare-ups develops due to many factors, which are directly interdependent and interrelated. Incorrectly measured working length of the root canal is a mechanical factor causing the damaging effect of the chemical and microbial factors to the apical periodontal tissue. Development of the flare-up after the endodontic treatment procedures is also influenced by demographics, general health, clinical symptoms, condition of the pulp and apical periodontal tissue, tooth being treated, number of visits during the treatment and intracanal medicaments. Women compared to men are more prone to are‐ups.

Introduction: Studies on plants used for the treatment of oral diseases in Cameroon are still scant. The objective of this study was to identify medicinal plants and recipes used for the traditional treatment of oral diseases in the department of Mayo-Kani (Far North, Cameroon). Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 7 months, during the year 2021. After obtaining the various administrative authorisations, an ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among traditional practitioners known to treat oral ailments in the Mayo-Kani department. The plants collected, were photographed and the samples were identified at the Delegation of Forests and Fauna of Mayo-Kani and then confirmed by botanists and experts from the Cameroon National Herbarium (CNH). Results: This ethnopharmacological survey conducted among 43 traditional practitioners identified 40 species in 28 botanical families, of which Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Anthericaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Anacardiaceae were the most represented. These species were used in the preparation of 40 recipes. Around 77.2% of these recipes and 77.7% of the plants listed were used in the treatment of caries and their complications such as cervico-facial cellulitis. Roots (38.5%) followed by barks (20.9%) were the most used plant organs. Decoction (43.2%) was the most used preparation method. In all, 50% of the recipes proposed, were used in the form of herbal tea. Mouthwash (50%) was the most used method of administration. Ricinus communis (CF= 11.4%; 03 recipes), Sclerocarya birrea (CF= 6.6%; 03 recipes), Indigofera aff subargenta, Capparis facicularis and Anogeissus leocarpus (CF= 5%; 03 recipes) were the most cited and used in traditional recipes to treat oral pathologies. Conclusion: These findings constitute a basic data base for future studies on phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological analyses essential for the valorization of traditional medicines.

Metastatic tumors to the oral cavity affecting either the jaws or the soft tissue are unusual and accounts approximatively for 1% of all oral malignant neoplasms. Morever, a thyroid primary tumor is considered almost rare. The present paper describes a case of metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma to the right maxillary sinus, bone and alveolar mucosa in a 73-year-old male patient. Our aim is to highlight the importance of considering oral metastasis in the diagnosis of jaws and soft tissue lesions especially in patients with known primary malignant tumor.

Introduction: Streptococcus pyogens is the commonest human pathogen causing widespread infections. Streptococcal antibody tests like the antistreptolysin O titre (ASO), the antideoxyribonuclease-B titre (anti-DNAase-B, or ADB) and the streptozyme test can be used for diagnosis of streptococcal infections. ASO test is done using latex agglutination method. Aim: To detect prevalence of anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies in serum samples received in microbiology laboratory from patients of suspected streptococcal infections. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in serology section of Microbiology laboratory, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital, Bhavnagar between the periods of June 2019 to October 2020. Serum samples received in serology section of microbiology requested for Anti streptolysin O test were tested by ASO- latex slide agglutination test by Pathozyme Diagnostics. Total 476 serum samples were tested. The results were recorded and analysed for the study. Results: Total prevalence for ASO positive serum samples were 46(9.8%), the highest prevalence 15% found in age group of 0-20 years. Conclusion: For detecting antecedent streptococcal infection the estimation of ASO antibodies is a simple, cost effective way. The increased level of ASO can support the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. ASO prevalence was found to be highest in the 0-20 year’s age group.

Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) patients with superseded diabetes are immune-compromised and are prone for oral candidal infection. Aim: To study the Antifungal drug susceptibility of oral candida species isolates in chronic renal failure patients with type 2 diabetes. Material And Methods: A total of 98 individuals including 73 cases of chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 25 healthy individuals as controls. The diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups according to their glycemic index; 22 controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≤5%), 27 moderately controlled (HbA1c 5-7%) and 24 Uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7%). Salivary samples were collected in as sterile container with phosphate buffered saline and then immediately transported to various mycological investigations and antifungal susceptibility tests. Results: There was significant difference in incidence of candida species in uncontrolled diabetes when compared to moderately controlled, controlled and normal patients (P<0.05).The higher number of colony count was seen among uncontrolled and moderately controlled diabetes than controlled and healthy subjects. Candida albicans is the most prominent species among the groups. C. albicans showed increased resistance to Amphotericin B and fluconazole in diabetic patients in comparison to control group. Other species showed variable sensitivity patterns. Conclusion: An accurate identification of oral candida species and their drug susceptibility, in chronic renal failure with type 2 diabetes patients mandates proper treatment to avoid recurrence and drug resistance.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter season during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 in the Demonstration Farm of Faculty of Agriculture University of Kassala at New Halfa to investigate the effects of water stress on performance of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun 33= V1 cultivated a lot in the area, Panar = V2 cultivated since the last three years and Resarch =V3 new introduce hybrid). The experiment was laid out in RCBD as split-plot trail with three replicates. The water stress treatments were irrigation every 10 days (W1), skipping one irrigation at flowering stage(W2) and skipping one irrigation at seed filling stage (W3). The results showed that water stress significantly reduced LAI, shoot dry weight and yield attributes. The significant increase in the yield due to sowing V1 under frequent irrigation was associated with significant increase in the yield components (head diameter, No seeds per head, 100-seed weight, seed weight per head and seed yield per ha). Also, W1xV1 had positive effects on seed oil content. In conclusion, a large genetic variation was observed for seed yield and seed oil content under well watered and water deficit conditions.

Background: Worldwide hypertension is the third leading risk factor contributing to death, preventive measures and control of high f blood pressure should be of high priority, a healthy lifestyle remains the cornerstone of the management of blood pressure (BP). Objectives: To evaluate the effect of self - care life style modification program on self-efficacy for hypertensive patients using the Health Belief Model. Sudan, 2018. Methods: A hospital- based prospective study was performed at shendi town –sudan(March- April 2016 – febrery 2018). A total of 101 adult individuals were interviewed using structured questionnaire. That was filled by researcher, trainer nurses and semi-final medical students. BP was measured. The international classification of BMI was used for weight measurment. Analysis: selection of subjects was done via convenience sampling, they were followed during a 7 month, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed to analyze data. Results: This study reflected that majority 81(80.2%) of study group were ≥ 50 year of age the mean age of them was 57 ± 9.9 (range 30–83) , the study groups knowledge about hypertension improved in post -test phase, and upgraded in follow up- phase with highly significant results , they had improved level of life style modification upgraded in pos-ttest and follow up- test (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the educational program was effective in increasing knowledge, improving self-care, and controlling lifestyle habits of hypertensive subjects, and indicated the ability of Health Belief Model in self-regulation and reducing the blood pressure. Thid study reflected that barriers to practice life style presented that more than one third 35(34.7%) of study group reported ineffective of medication to stabilize their blood pressure as a personal barrier, less than one third 30(29.7%) had self-efficacy as a psychological barrier, more, more than half 54(53.5%) reported confidence to implement strategy as a provider barrier, than two third 79(78.2%) reported lack of social support as a Sociocultural barrier, more than two third 68(67.3%) reported complicity of the regimen as a therapy related barrier, majority 88(87.1%) reported lack of transport as barrier to access to care, majority of them84(83.2%) reported lack of office support was a barrier as a feature of practice setting.

Despite the abundance of scientific textbooks, references, and educational websites, students in the 1st year of the bachelor of dental surgery (BDS) program face some academic challenges. Distress, learning difficulties, and study discontinuation are all possible outcomes of these challenges. The present study was motivated by the scarcity of literature pertaining to the obstacles faced by the 1st year dental students in learning and understanding dental materials courses, and other difficulties, which students encounter during their foundation year, BDS 1st year. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among undergraduate students at different levels of study year of the BDS program. Six different year study levels were chosen for the current study; the total number of participants was 111. Statistical analysis (chi-square test) was performed on the data collected, using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results showed complete agreement on most areas of difficulties the students encountered during their BDS 1st year study. The majority of the examined students were of the opinion that the difficulties they encountered in their BDS 1st year were not due to one certain subject, such as dental materials courses, but rather because of a collection of overlapping factors that contributed to study difficulties, thereby amplifying their impact on the study and comprehension of dental materials courses. In addition, the examined students showed more interest and eagerness towards acquiring more knowledge of dental materials, particularly towards dental materials II (clinical dental materials). Students consider dental materials courses as a basic introduction to the field of dentistry; besides, a thorough understanding of its various uses is a key factor in excellence in the dentistry field.

Hysterectomy is one of the most prevalent surgeries worldwide. Nine out of every ten hysterectomies are performed for noncancerous conditions that are not life threatening but have a negative impact on quality of life. A descriptive study using questionnaires’ were used to assess prevalence of hysterectomy among women adopting as family planningseen in OPD based in Duncan Hospital, Raxaul. 100 subject were selected by Consecutive sampling technique. This study aimed to explore the complex relation between family planning and hysterectomy and the study result found that only 3.07% subject had hysterectomy using as a family planning method and other subject are refers for Hysterectomy due to other disease condition.

Introduction: In the modern world, there is a rising trend of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in developing countries like India, which is favouring a rise in complications like Chronic kidney disease.Thrombotic complications are a high possibility in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In recent days, abnormalities in platelet parameters are found to be an effective tool in risk stratification of CKD patients to develop venous thromboembolism and vascular disease. Our study was conducted to assess relation of platelets indices, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT) in CKD patients. Material and methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on the blood biochemical data and hematological data obtained from the records of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease for over 5 months (January 2021- May 2021) . The demographic data, urea, creatinine values and hematological findings were collected from the patient lab reports from the Department of Biochemistry and Pathology of Saveetha medical college and hospital. Platelet indices were obtained using Sysmex -XN 1000 automated analyser. 131 cases of known CKD was collected and correlated with Platelet indices values. Results: On gender and age distribution, male patients were predominant and age group between 41 to 60 were commonly affected. In CKD stage 2-39 patients, stage 3-32 patients, stage 4-28 patients, stage 5-14 patients were categorized according to their clinical findings and laboratory investigations. On correlation, there were no statistically significant differences in any PLT indices (platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit).However, Platelet count lower as the stage increases and MPV, PDW and plateletcrit were slightly higher in stage 5 CKD when compared with other stages of CKD. Conclusion: Platelet indices plays major mechanism in pathological processes of vascular thrombosis. The efficacies of platelet indices associated with CKD patients remain unknown. Prospective randomized controlled trials involving larger numbers of CKD patients are needed to determine the associations with platelet indices.

Aims: Thyroid gland is composed of spherical follicles and thyroid parenchyma includes two major cell types, the thyrocytes releasing thyroid hormones and C cells secreting mature calcitonin. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism both have been, known to be associated with the various abnormalities of the coagulation system. Our study, had been purposed to investigate the relationship between Mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateletcrit with T3, T4, TSH levels of the patients. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on 90 patients (age group from 30 to 45 years) diagnosed with hypothyroidism (n=30), hyperthyroidism (n=30) and euthyroid (n=30) for over 6 months from October 2020 – March 2021. The demographic data and T3, T4, TSH values was obtained from the patients lab reports in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. These values was correlated with platelet indices of MPV, PDW and PCT obtained by Sysmex-XN 1000 automated analyser. Result: Females population was predominant in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. On comparison of hypothyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically increase significant difference in plateletcrit. On comparison of hyperthyroid patients with euthyroid revealed statistically significant increase in Platelet count, MPV and plateletcrit. Conclusion: The present study, suggest that platelet parameters can be considered as a reliable markers and can be used as CVD risk evaluation parameters in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients due to abnormal thrombovascular activity.

The online mathematics teaching in primary schools under the background of COVID-19 epidemic is an important measure to implement the policy requirements of the Ministry of Education of "suspending classes without stopping teaching, and closing classes without stopping school". When adopting online teaching in primary school mathematics through network resources, it is not only to follow the development of the era of science and technology education, but also a science and technology park to cultivate teachers and students' innovative learning. Starting from the online teaching practice of primary school mathematics during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control period, this paper proposes the common problems existing in the online teaching of primary school mathematics. Finally, from the three aspects of teaching platform, teachers and students, we discuss the optimization strategy of online teaching in primary school mathematics, so as to better develop online teaching in the future, and better serve the teachers and students.

Polyploidy is widespread as evident from many species of eukaryotes like animals, plants, and lower unicellular eukaryotes, but in strong contrast, prokaryotes are believed to be monoploid/ haploid and contain a single copy of the genome in the form of the small circular chromosome. There are some exceptions to monoploidy like D. radiodurans, Borrelia sp. etc. this phenomenon of polyploidy among these microorganisms is an evolutionary advantage, which makes them able to survive extreme conditions. With accumulating reports of the presence of polyploidy in most of the bacterial and archaeal species, it is being considered that monoploid species are small minorities among bacteria and archaea. The presence of multiple copies of the genome helps survive extreme conditions through various mechanisms which involve resistance to radiation, survival under high temperature and severe desiccation, lowering the mutation rates, intermolecular gene conversion along with the use of part of copies of the genome as a source of nutrients for short term survival and cell multiplication. Not surprisingly polyploidy is also suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis through the production of antigenic variation helping immune invasion, thus ultimately pathogenesis. Polyploid species of extremely halophilic archaea, Halococcus sp. are being used as model organisms to study the possibility of survival under Martian conditions and extraterrestrial travel on meteorites. It is alluring to segregate isogenic strains with shifting chromosome duplicate numbers, which would take into consideration efficiently investigating the benefits of polyploidy employing correlation of strains that are indistinguishable apart from their ploidy level.