Groove pancreatits is a type of chronic pancreatitis that affects the area between pancreatic head, duodenum and the common bile duct. It usually affects alcoholic males between the ages of 40-50 years. Patient presents with typical symptoms of chronic pancreatitis such as weight loss, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, and steatorrhea. Groove pancreatitis is thought to occur from the obstruction of minor papilla which leads to impaired pancreatic juice outflow. Differentiating groove pancreatitis from peripancreatic cancer is very important. Imaging by EUS, CT and MRI can reveal characteristic findings such as cystic lesions in duodenal wall and smooth stenosis of bile duct. In cases where there is a diagnostic dilemma, biopsy through duodenum is confirmatory. Characteristic findings on biopsy include cystic lesions in duodenal wall, Brunner gland hyperplasia, dilation of Santorini’s duct and protein plaques in pancreatic duct. Treatment options include conservative management with endoscopic stenting and invasive approach with pancreaticoduodenectomy. In the following case report we present to you a case of non-alcoholic young female with morbid obesity who presented to us with complaints of pain abdomen and vomiting for 1 month, with no significant derangements in lab investigations. Her abdominal ultrasonography revealed diffuse thickening of the second and third parts of the duodenum with fine inflammatory strands extending to the head and uncinate process of the pancreas with a narrowing of the duodenal lumen, which was later confirmed to be groove pancreatitis on CECT-abdomen and patient was successfully managed conservatively.

The Study focused on the Misconceptions in the belief and pattern of feeding among pregnant women in Owerri North LGA of Imo State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with three research questions and formulated one null hypothesis. The symbolic interaction theory (SIT) was used for the study. A total of 200 respondents were selected from a target population of 400 pregnant women in the area. The simple random sampling technique was adopted for the sample selection. A dichotomously scored close ended questionnaire were used for data collection. This questionnaire was validated by three experts – two from the field of measurement and evaluation and the supervisor who invariably is a professional in research methods. The Pearson product moment correlation method was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument and correlation index of 0.79 was obtained thereby establishing the reliability of the instrument. The data collected from the study was analyzed using the frequency count and simple percentage statistics to answer the research questions and the mean score and correlation analytic method to answer the null hypothesis, Result of the hypothesis testing showed that there is a very strong positive relationship between the variables tested. Findings obtained from the study revealed that pregnant women and children are the more vulnerable to restrictions of food misconceptions. Also foods like snails, paw-paw, grasscutter meat and okro are among the foods misconceived to cause harm on women during pregnancy. Recommendation; there should be attention to appropriate dietary behaviors and proper nutrient intake for pregnant women. Finally Nursing implications of the study was examined and the study was summarized.

Background: The year 2020 witnessed the rapid spread of covid-19 pandemic in Iraq and in almost all the countries in the world. This spread has created a serious health crises and a public health emergency in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. The aim of this paper is provide a description an overview of the pattern of covid-19 disease in Iraq. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data about covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 reviewed including the demographic data relevant to covid-19 pandemic in Iraq. Some relevant data for three provinces (The Kurdish provinces in the north of Iraq) of the eighteen provinces in Iraq were not available in English or Arabic. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimate at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351). During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, 12813 (2.15%) patients died and 537841 (90.3%) patients experienced recovery. 7680 (1.4%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore this age group was the least to be affected with covid-19 disease in this study. 133176 (23.9%) of the covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 aged between 30 and 39 years, and therefore this age group was the most affected with covid-19. During the year 2020, 173928 individuals died in Iraq including 12813 deaths because of covid-19 disease which accounted for 7.36% of the total deaths in Iraq during the year 2020. Covid-19 resulted in a death rate of 33/ 100000 population in Iraq during the year 2020. 117 (0.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease in Iraq during the year 2020 were under the age of ten years, and therefore patients in this age group are the least likely to died from covid-19 disease. 2418 (18.9%) of the patients who died because of covid-19 disease aged 50 to 59 years. Therefore, according to this study, patients in this age group are the most likely to die from covid-19 disease. Conclusion: Covid-19 disease in Iraq was associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020. It actually changed the previously reported national mortality pattern as covid-19 has become the second most common cause of death in Iraq. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease. This number of childhood suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina among preterm infants which is the main cause of blindness in premature infants but recognized as leading cause of preventable blindness and visual impairment in children if treated early. It is a multifactorial disease in which retinal blood vessels of premature preschoolers fail to grow and develop normally, resulting in visual impairment and blindness. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm very low birth weight babies. Material & Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted at Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU), Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Department of Ophthalmology; Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) from October 2016 to March 2017. One hundred and twenty-nine (129) preterm very low birth weight infants admitted in SCABU, BIRDEM during the study period were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: All babies weighed less than 1500 gm, among them 11 (12.2%) were < 1000 gm and 79 (87.8 %) were ≥1000-1500gm. Forty-three, 43(47.8%) baby’s gestational age was ≤32 weeks and forty-seven 47(52.2%) baby’s gestational age was >32 weeks, 74(82.2%) were inborn, 16 (17.8%) were out born. Seventy-nine, 79 (87.8%) were delivered by LUCS and 11(12.2%) by NVD. Conclusion: This study concluded that overall frequency of ROP was 30% among screened infants. Among the ROP diagnosed cases 11.1% required anti VGEF injection, 14.8 % received laser therapy. Lower gestational age, use of mechanical ventilator and frequent blood transfusions were found to be the most significant risk factors. There are few studies on the incidence and risk factors of this important morbidity in the developing countries. Taking known preventive measures, early detection and management of ROP can prevent blindness. The prognosis for maintaining functional vision is poor in advanced cases of ROP even with the application of currently available methods of treatment.

A conversation is the very heart of schooling and pedagogy. Studies globally and regionally indicate a low reading and communication attainment by children, with 90% of them in 3rd world countries not attaining the average levels required. The majority across Africa struggle to read and communicate, which leads to meagre academic performance, Kenya is no exception to this trend. This scenario has been associated partly with challenges related to communication skills acquisition. Therefore, how teachers' assist learners to obtain the ability to converse is a question in this study. This study sought to explore examine the nature of classroom environment for drawing in the acquisition of communication skills in early years’ education in Kenya. The study was guided by Montesorri model and Dewey's social constructivism theory. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophical approach which allows for a mixed method research design. The study's population comprised of 6 ECDE sub-county Early Years Education program officers, 1201 EYE schools and EYE teachers and 53,276 PP2 class learners in Nandi County. The study stratified Nandi County into six sub-counties and used Yamane formula to arrive at the sample of schools. 300 teachers, one per school was purposively sampled out and 15 teachers were selected through convenience sampling for the interviews. Non-Proportionate purposive sampling was used to pick the drawings from the pupils. A census of 6 EYE program officers was picked as respondents. The research instruments used in this study were questionnaires, interview schedules and direct observational schedule. A mixed approach research design was used whereby quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were analyzed using themes. There is a substantial positive relationship between the classroom nature of environments in the acquisition of communication skills (β2=0.245, p<0.05). This was supported by views of the teachers and program officers who were interviewed, and observations made on children’s drawing and the classroom environment. The study concluded that the nature of the classroom environment are not adequately prepared with content knowledge on drawing since drawing is an effective tool in EYE and teachers can utilize it to assist learners acquire their communication skills. Therefore, the study recommends refresher courses and further training, especially on how to organize and manage the EYE classrooms as stated in the EYE curriculum design, to improve the teachers' pedagogy in drawing.

Background: The year 2020 witnessed the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious disease in Iraq and throughout the world. Little is known about the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the first year of covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is provide a description of the pattern of notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq during the year 2020, the first year of covid-19 global pandemic. Materials and methods: The available unpublished and published data including official documents and reports of health authorities about notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020 were reviwed. Results: The population of Iraq in 2020 was estimated at 40.150.174 (20.284.823 males and 19.865.351 females). A total of 718393 cases of notifiable infectious disease including covid-19 disease were registered in Iraq in 2020. During the year 2020, 595291 cases of covid-19 disease were registered by the national and local health authorities in Iraq, while there were 123102 patients with notifiable infectious diseases other than covid-19 disease registered. Therefore, the registered cases of covid-19 disease was about 4.8 times more than the number of all notifiable infectious disease registered in Iraq during the year 2020. Scabies was the second most common notifiable disease after covid-19, and accounted for 6% of all notifiable infectious disease in Iraq in 2020. Chicken pox was the third most common notifiable disease, and accounted for 1.7%. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the fourth most common notifiable disease and accounted for 1.1%, while tuberculosis, the fifth common notifiable disease accounted for 0.7%. Conclusion: Notifiable infectious diseases in Iraq were associated with a significant mortality during the year 2020, and that was because of the emergence of covid-19 disease as a new notifiable infectious diseases. Covid-19 disease, the most common notifiable infectious disease in 2020 changed the previously reported national mortality pattern. Contradictory, to the general belief that mortality associated with covid-19 disease was generally restricted to the older age groups, 117 children under the age of ten years died because of covid-19 disease in 2020. This number of childhood deaths suggests the need to consider vaccination of the younger age groups and to perform the relevant research.

mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is now become a serious health concern around the globe, including several Asian countries. In Pakistan mucormycosis fatalities are now being found among COVID-19 individuals. Individuals with diabetes, malnourishment, Cancer, organ transplantation, active tuberculosis, Liver diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, HIV, AIDS and asthma are more Susceptible to infection. Diabetes mellitus patients are at more risk of mortality infection of this fungus. To counteract mucromycosis in patients, rapid and precise diagnostic facilities, medical assistance, and a quick yet coordinated approach are all suggested.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder, with prevalence of one to seven cases per 1000 adults. It is believed to be the most common cause of hypercalcemia, predominantly affecting elderly populations and women two to three times as often as men. Here we report a case of 75 year old male who presented to Medicine OPD with complaints of constipation, abdominal pain and occasional irrelevant talks. Investigation showed hypercalcemia. PTH levels were markedly raised with borderline 1,25 DIHYDROXYVIT D. Patient was dialysed and managed conservatively. Later follow-up reports revealed microoadenoma and underwent surgery.

Acute myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium most often following a viral infection. Its diagnosis is one of the most difficult to make with certainty in cardiology, due to the lack of specificity of the clinical presentation, ECG and ultrasound changes, and the restrictive use of myocardial biopsy (BM). For these reasons, we report the case of a 22-year-old athlete who presented with severe chest pain. Cardiac MRI allows direct characterization of myocardial damage; different diagnostic sequences make it possible to locate areas of inflammation, edema, and necrosis, and the distribution of lesions in the muscle makes it possible to distinguish between ischemic and inflammatory damage.

This study was to evaluate the Kenya Government housing policies and strategies for housing the urban poor in Kenya, and how the citizen has benefited from the scheme/plan. Objective of the article was to examine the institutional capacity of ministry of land and settlement, ministry of housing and Kisumu city council towards low-cost housing development. The research question was, how effective are the various Kenya Government Housing Policies and implementation strategies targeting the provisions of low-cost Housing to the urban poor in Kisumu City? The study adopted quantitative survey research design. Primary data was collected through structured interviews/interview guide, self-administered questionnaires (Delivery and collection questionnaires), observation and check list. Secondary data was collected from Kenya government national housing policies, national development plans, research publications, internet among others. Quantitative data was summarized, categorized, interpreted and analyzed using Tables and percentages. Simple random sampling was used in this study. The researchers’ target population of 218,766 and sample size of 384 was ideal for this method of sampling. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Correlation analysis was done on both dependent and independent variables with supply of electricity as the control group. Findings revealed that provision of low-cost housing is negatively correlated to provision of adequate road, electricity and water (coefficient = -0.9366059, P = 0.000, 95% C.I = -1.459989 –0.4132226). Recommendations for policy action included review of the current national housing policy and implementation strategies and further research on urban planning, land tenure system, infrastructure and services, housing finance mechanism, small scale construction activities, community participation, municipal budgetary base and experimental pilot projects.

Recent food emergencies throughout the world have raised some serious ethical and legal concerns for nations and health organizations. While the legal regulations addressing food risks and foodborne illnesses are considerably varied and variously effective. The research uses a descriptive method is a method that examines the status of human groups, an object and a condition, a system of thought or an event in the present. It was conducted in North Sulawesi Province as the research location based on the reality in this area where there are markets that sell extreme animals. The results show that the highest causes of poisoning in North Sulawesi Province are animals, but in practice local government policies in food safety and the health right, especially those related to the sale and purchase of extreme animals in several traditional markets are still limited to appeals and statements that are not stated in written law and are not has sanctions so it does not have the power to be enforced. In order to accommodate the community's need for food safety and health, ideally, the policy should be in the form of a written law so that it can be enforced through the application of sanctions. Efforts to fulfill the community's right to food safety and health, it is necessary to establish a law in the form of a regional legal product that contains mechanisms, procedures, standardization and sanctions in the sale of extreme animals.

Background: Rehabilitation program for schizophrenic patients is increasingly gaining attention in the field of psychiatry. It is still a relatively new intervention method in treatment for persistent and severe psychiatric illness. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of social and cognitive rehabilitation program on Male schizophrenic Patients. Methodology: A quasi- experimental design (pre-post study and follow-up) for one group, it covered forty nine schizophrenic inpatients in Abd Alaal El-Elidrissi Psychiatric Hospital, based on selected criteria, after developing and organizing rehabilitation program. Tools: Data collected through personal face to face interview and observation consists of four parts, socio demographic, PANSS, social skills and min mental state. A structured social and cognitive rehabilitation program was designed to improve symptoms, social skills and cognitive function. This program was implemented through training method such as paper and-pencil tasks, physical exercise, recreation therapy and psycho-education. Over126 sessions, nine sessions per week and each lasted for 60-90minutes.pre, post and follow-up (after 14weeks and after 9months) assessment were carried out for the same group. Study analyzed by using SPSS version 21software, supported by Wilcox on test, t test, and Spearman coefficient of Correlation. Results: There was significant change in psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]) and clearly; from fairly good pre to good post program (p-value = 0.013) and from good pre to good at follow-up program (p-value=0.04). There was significant improvement in social skills clearly; from 20.41% Moderates pre to 10.21% high at post and 46.94% moderate at follow-up intervention. On evaluation of the overall cognitive function’s domains scoring grade pre 95.92% mild to 2.04% normal at post and 26.53% normal at follow up test measurement. Conclusion: The study concluded that rehabilitation program for schizophrenic patients was effective in improving their psychopathology, social and cognitive functioning domains. Recommendations: The study recommended that; the rehabilitation program should be integrated into treatment regimen of schizophrenic inpatients.

SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, spatiotemporally evolves or mutates to its variant with potentialities for adverse opportunistic infections via replications and transmissions or disseminations. The dissemination and transmission of the Delta variant is accelerating more than expected partly due to unvaccinated persons not treating the pandemic as seriously as necessary. The test and tracing service must be effected because a vast proportion ofthe population is unprotected. It is crucial to restrict movements. Vaccinated persons must socialize indoors in well-ventilated ambients, and avoid non-essential foreign travels. The evolution of the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic portends a well-nigh impossible termination of events. It is, therefore, imperative to focus on the cost and not merely the opportunity cost to control the never-ending SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. There is the need to make public health system a priority with emphasis on cost sharing and cost saving for vaccines and other healthcare modalities to reach the poor and the vulnerable populations in developing countries and elsewhere for safety and protection of lives through enhanced substantial, restorative and sustainable financing,technical expertise and capacity building.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common bacterial infections and possess significant healthcare burden. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTI accounting for about 70%% and a variable contribution from Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae Patients are often treated as soon as bacteria are shown to be present by microbiological culture. Objective: To assess THE PCR results among culture positive and culture negative specimens of suspected UTI patients. Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College during the period from July 2016 to June 2017. Urine specimens were collected and isolationand identification of major uropathogens (Escherichia coli Klehsiella pneumonias, Proteusmirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were done by standard microbiological procedure a biochemical tests. PCR was performed by using standard protocol with species specific primer for detection of fimH gene for Escherichia coli, fimK gene for Klehsiella paeunomiae, UreCfor Proteus mirabilis, ETA for Pseudomonas aeruginasa. Results: Out of 250 urine specimens, 200 specimens were isolated and identified by culture and different biochemical methods which were supported by microscopical examination and at the same timePCR could detect species specific genes in 201 specimens directly from urine of suspected UTIpatient Escherichia coli was responsible as a leading causative pathogen in both outpatient department and in patient department with a higher prevalence of 71.8% for outpatient department. On the other hand Pseudomonas aeruginosa Profeus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were more prevalent in in-patient department and it was 21.1%, 5.6% and 5.5% respectively, Among the 50 culture negative urine specimens, 14 (28%) showed PCR positive for Escherichia coli, Klehsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: This study revealed that, the prevalence of UTI is high n MMCH Single pathogen base uniplex PCR was found superior than standard culture and less time consuming. Because uniplex PCR could detect many (28%) culture negative cases.

The research objective is to find out (1). The process of implementing learning in grade 7. (2). Teacher activities in conducting learning in class (3). The implementation can be felt directly by the students. The research method is (1). Survey directly to the field (2). Interviews with primary sources (3). Documentation and literature study. Conclusion (a). Prepare planning for the learning process during the Covid 19 (b) pandemic. Carry out the learning process and improve weaknesses in learning. (c). Observing and evaluating student learning processes (d). Face-to-face learning reflections that need to be evaluated are analysis, synthesis, and assessment of learning outcomes.