Lagenaria siceraria (Lauki) belong to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is also known as calabash or white flowered gourd and locally kado. There are 118 general and 825 species. It is found in many countries Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka, and Africa. The fruit is the rich source of the ascorbic acid, beta carotene and a good source of vitamin B complex. The seeds of L. siceraria contain amino acids, proteins, lignin, and iron. The leaves contain carbohydrates, phytoestrols, saponins, phenolic compounds, tennis, proteins, amino acids and flavonoids. Lagenaria siceraria seed oil has cooling effects and can be applied in migraine type headache. The fruit of the L. siceraria help to reduce the inflammation on the liver and the juice of the L. siceraria on empty stomach in morning is the best remedy liver disease, heart disease, urinary problems and depression. The juice also helps to change the concentration of the urea and uric acid in kidney. The fruit is used for the treatment of the jaundice, diabetes, and ulcer, piles, hypertension and skin disease. It may be the best gift for the mankind.

Mankind is a companionable being and the fact of staying together with varying and various characters usually gives rise to differences. If these differences are not sorted out amicably they may degenerate into disputes or conflicts with far reaching consequences. These disputes may be settled in either a civil or criminal court depending on their nature and the choice of the victim. While the aim of a civil action is to pay damages to a victim who has suffered prejudice as a result of another person’s tortuous act, a criminal action is aims principally to punish an offender whose action offends the society as a whole. The paper however, is concerned with criminal law. The purpose of criminal law is self-protection and to prevent harm to others. In this light, this paper after making clarifications of key concepts, analyze the relevance and actors of sentencing under international criminal law. The paper also seeks to provide the limited province of the judge in sentencing as well as appraise the legal provisions and mechanisms of sentencing in Cameroon and France. In effect, the paper concludes with some salient measures in order to blend theory and practice for effective implementation of Sentencing in Cameroon and France Criminal Law.

Introduction: Sexual assault violates fundamental rights, including physical and psychological integrity and security of the person. The purpose of this work was to take stock of the holistic management of sexual assaults received in the service. Patients and method: We conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive study covering the period from June 2017 to May 2020, i.e. three years. It focused on all survivors of sexual assault received in the unit of <On Stop Center> which houses the Obstetric Gynecology Department of the CSRéf CV of the district of Bamako in Mali. Results: The prevalence of sexual assault was 1.79%. The average age of survivors was 24 years. Sexual assaults mainly concerned adolescent girls (92.20%). The majority of survivors had been admitted (88.84%). They were single (89.80%). The average gesture was 4. The alleged perpetrator was unknown to the survivor in 79.14%. Genitogenital penetration with ejaculation was reported in 70.14% of cases, including 52.40% in a climate of violence. The initial clinical evaluation found recent hymenal lesions found in 13.58% of cases and an intact hymen in 9.42% of survivors. Holistic management included a paraclinical assessment component and a care administration and support component. The drafting of a medical certificate in three copies was systematic. Conclusion: Sexual assaults are relatively common in our department. They are probably underestimated. Keywords: Violence, gender, survivors, bamako.

This paper examined the emerging trends in the performance of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in the Kenya certificate of secondary school education examinations (KCSE). The main objective in this paper was to establish significant reasons that may have prompted the declining performance in the performance of this subject during national examinations in the recent past. The study involved both primary and secondary data which was skillfully analysed to generate the findings in this paper. Significantly, oral interviews (abbreviated as O.I in the entire text) from teachers of CRE in various schools across the country were conducted to beef up the findings in this paper. It is indeed true from the findings that CRE has been experiencing average or poor performance since 2016 after the introduction of the stringent mechanisms to curb the alleged national examination cheating that had been witnessed in the previous years. It has also been established that CRE is no longer a “booster” subject and the discipline may become unpopular in the near future should the status quo remain.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles of Felodipine by Nano precipitation technique using EudragitL100 and EudragitS100 as a polymers. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, poly-dispersity index, entrapment efficiency (EE), zeta potential, solubility, morphological study, invitro study, Ex vivo intestinal permeability studies and stability studies. Infrared studies showed that there was no drug excipients interaction. Negative values of zetapotential indicated the good stabilization of the prepared nanoparticles. Solubility measurement studies revealed that the solubility of nanoparticles was increased to ten times than the pure drug. The entrapment efficiency was found in between 29.72 ± 3.27% – 63.95 ± 3.50%. The in-vitro drug release was extended maximum up to 12 hrs with Eudragit L100. The curve fitting data shows that the drug release followed first order kinetics, Higuchi’s plots stated non-fickian diffusion controlled. The intestinal permeability of formulated nanoparticles were found to be more than pure drug. SEM shows that nanoparticles were found spherical in structure without aggregation and uniform distribution of the drug within the nanoparticles. Accelerated stability studies were also carried out following ICH Guidelines.

Southeast Asia has a geographical position that is very vulnerable to various forms of transnational crime. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ASEAN as a regional organization for countries in Southeast Asia has a role and responsibility to carry out the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to analyze the factors causing the occurrence of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, and to analyze the forms of regional cooperation in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper uses a normative research type, with a statutory and interpretation approach. The legal materials used are sourced from books, research reports, journals, and international legal instruments. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that there are three main factors that cause transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, the three factors are economic globalization, increasing heterogeneity of immigrants, and rapidly developing communication technology. ASEAN has an important role in actively participating in campaigning for the war against transnational organized crime, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Transnational crime was first discussed by ASEAN in 1997 which later gave birth to the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime Manila, Philippines, 20 December 1997. In addition to encouraging its members to ratify the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 and the promulgation of a number of regional instruments, regional cooperation is also the main key for ASEAN and its member countries in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia.

The high-speed rhythm of life makes it difficult for people to have a whole time to study, and fragmented online learning comes into being in people's lives. Therefore, the research on fragmented online learning is particularly urgent and important. In order to have a deeper understanding of fragmented online learning, this paper investigates the current situation of college students' fragmented learning, and deeply studies the factors that affect the learning effect of online courses, and proposes learning effect enhancement strategies. The results of this paper are not only conducive to enhancing the effect of online learning of contemporary college students, but also conducive to teachers to optimize teaching methods, and provide reference for the development of fragmented learning of college students.

The Coronavirus situation has escorted to the closure of scholastic institutes all around the world. To not interrupt their students’ learning, educational stakeholders had retorted excellently to this challenge by switching to virtual learning and by improving their virtual learning environments (VLEs). Hence, the VLEs have particular characteristics that should be met to accommodate the students’ learning in a trustworthy and successful way. This study aimed to critically review the influential factors of learning in VLEs via a descriptive study. Findings revealed that teacher personality, student autonomy, ICT, and course design are factors related to motivation for learning in a VLE. These findings are considered valuable contributions for educational stakeholders to meet the students’ educational, psychological, social, and technological needs in VLEs which have replaced, in part or whole, the traditional educational systems in most of the educational institutions around the world.

In this paper, author analyses the role of cryptocurrencies in the economy and showed the trends of prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of US$ during 2017m1-2021m12 and also showed the trends of the market capitalization of Bitcoin during 2017m1-2021m12. All the trendlines are non-linear with cyclical behavior. Traditional regression model revealed that the market capitalization of Bitcoin is positively related with prices of Bitcoin and inflation rate and negatively related with price of Ethereum significantly from 2019m1 to 2021m12. Cointegration and VEC model suggested that the market capitalization of Bitcoin has long run causality with the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum and inflation rate but the cointegrating equation has been proved diverging away from equilibrium. Bitcoin price and market capitalization have bi-directional short run causality and the price of Ethereum has short run causality to market capitalization of Bitcoin during the specified period. The volatility of market capitalization of Bitcoin showed a non-stationary process.

Copper nanoparticles are typically in black or brown powder form. Copper nanoparticles uses in heat exchange systems, bioscience, anti-microbial materials, Aluminum is extremely harmful to fish in the acid conditions. The primary targeted organ of fish is gill, and death is influenced by a variety of respiratory, osmo-regulatory, and ion regulatory dysfunction. To understand the effect of heavy metals on the aquatic biota, it is necessary to characterize the methods readily accessible to aquatic species for heavy metal mobility, immobilization, and excretion. The severe Ag toxicity to fish is very lower in the sea-water than in the freshwater. Tetrodotoxin is a highly poisonous toxin located primarily in gonads and liver of some fishes, including pufferfishes, toadfish and globefish as well as some shellfish, octopus, and amphibian species. Fish exposed to Cr for the first time displayed a variety of behavioural alterations, including loss of appetite, irregular swimming, changing in colour and mucous discharge. It is much more complicated than genome of humans because zebrafish possess two more sets of chromosomes than humans. Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase are anti - oxidant enzymes that have long been used to assess anti-oxidant injury and stress reaction.

Background: Improve insulin secretion and cellular availability to reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic subjects by bioactive compound especially antioxidants are the new focus to ameliorate the complication with diabetes mellitus. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of melatonin and magnesium on the cytoarchitecture of the pancreatic tissue and to access immunohistochemically insulin release in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino rats. Materials and methods: To achieve this aim six normoglycaemic rats and fourty eight Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats was used in the study after two weeks acclimatization period. The animals were assigned into nine groups as follows, Normal control group (NC), Diabetic control (DC) group, Melatonin at 10 mg/kgb (MLD), magnesium dose group of 240 mg/kgbw (MgLD), melatonin and magnesium combined group of 10mg/kgbw+240mg/kgbw (MMgLD), melatonin group of 20mg/kgbw (MHD), melatonin and magnesium high dose combined group of 20mg/kgbw+480mg/kgbw (MMgHD) and insulin at 500mg/kgbw group (IN). Melatonin and insulin were administered through intraperitoneal injections (IP) while magnesium was by oral administration. The control groups were given placebo and all groups’ treatment was for twenty-one days. At the end of the study, the animals were aestheticized and euthanized to harvest pancreatic organ. The organs were fixed in neutral buffered formaldehyde (NBF). They were histologically prepared and stained using haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically stained using insulin antibody to access insulin release. Results: Melatonin treatment at 10mg/kgbw and at 20 mg/kgbw showed histological improvement in histological tissues and insulin release while when combined with magnesium at dose of 10mg/kgbw and at 240 mg/kgbw showed better results. The administration of magnesium at 240 mg/kgbw, 480 mg/kgbw and when combined with melatonin at high doses does not show significant improvement in islet β-cell proliferation and insulin release. Conclusion: The administration of melatonin and magnesium at low doses regenerates pancreatic islet histoarchitecture and augments insulin release from treated diabetic albino rats.

Background: Physical activity and lifestyle are influenced by a number of things. The lockdown imposed by the coronavirus disease (COVID19) has limited student activity and altered their daily routine. Accordingly, obesity is a huge public health issue that has negative consequences for both physical and mental health. Aim: to find out association between stress and obesity among female student during COVID 19 pandemic at health colleges in Qassim university, kingdom Saudi Arabia. Subject and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 15 October to December 2020. A total of 425 female students at health colleges (Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Medical laboratory) at Qassim university, KSA responded to the self-administered online survey. Two instruments, namely factors upshifting body weight and stress and the anthropometric, measurements, were used. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, were used for the descriptive analysis. Results: Most of student's suffered stresses with the major sources are academic, financial or economic, relationship, and future /career growth source. Also, there are a statistically significant relation was found student's sociodemographic data and their body mass index mainly in items related to age and marital status . Furthermore, there are statistically significant relations were found student's body mass index and all items related to their dietary habits during stress (p <0.000). Conclusion & recommendations: Students need for receive regular; periodic in-service dietary program contains methods of coping with stresses which indirectly added stressor on student's psychological status and indirectly affect their dietary habits and behavior. There is an evident necessitate for designed curriculum in the colleges regarding benefits of physical activity and eating patterns in health colleges. Further studies are needed to study the coping strategies that influence university students' eating behavior with the study stressors.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Escalating antibiotic resistance has increasingly complicated empirical management of pediatric CAP. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, bacterial etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of CAP in hospitalized children aged below five years over a nine-month study period. Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted from March 2021 to December 2021 at Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, Hyderabad, and Narayana Medical College, Nellore. Seventy-nine children under five years diagnosed with CAP using WHO criteria were enrolled. Blood cultures, nasopharyngeal swabs, and sputum specimens were collected and subjected to culture and sensitivity testing following standard bacteriological protocols. Results: Of 79 enrolled children, bacterial isolates were obtained from 76 cases (96.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.4%) was the most common pathogen, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (21.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.5%). High resistance rates were observed for penicillin/ampicillin (61.1%), cotrimoxazole (62.6%), and erythromycin (49.7%). Ceftriaxone and levofloxacin demonstrated superior sensitivity at 85.8% and 93.9% respectively. Mortality was 6.3% (n=5) with a mean hospital stay of 5.7 ± 2.6 days. Conclusion: S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae remain the leading bacterial pathogens of pediatric CAP in this region, exhibiting alarmingly high resistance to first-line antibiotics including penicillin and cotrimoxazole. Local antibiogram data must guide empirical antibiotic therapy protocols, with third-generation cephalosporins being the preferred initial treatment choice.

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplasic syndrome associated to a plasma cell proliferative disorder, which is characterized by the presence of peripheral neuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), monoclonal gammopathy (M) and skin change (S). Because of the rarity of this disease, the small number of cases described in the literature and the polymorphism of the clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome remains difficult. The prognosis of the disease is related to the early onset of specific treatment. We hereby present a clinical case of POEMS syndrome in a 41-year-old woman revealed by a polyneuropathy, in order to highlight the diagnostic problems and to raise awareness of this syndrome.

Vertical electrical sounding was conducted using Schlumberger array at Ahmadu Bello University site II with the aim to determine seasonal changes in subsurface resistivity. A maximum current electrode spacing of 200 m was used for this survey and measurements were taken twice a month for one year. The acquired data was processed using IPI2win software and subsequently used to determine geoelectric sections. Five geoelectric layers were obtained from the interpretations. The first two geoelectric sections form the overburden with thicknesses ranging from 0 – 11 m and resistivity ranging from 122 to 200 Ωm. The third and the fourth geoelectric layers were interpreted as the weathered basement with thicknesses ranging from 11 – 24 m and resistivity ranging from 178 to 363 Ωm while the last layer was interpreted as the fresh basement with resistivity ranging from 422 to 1574 Ωm. Comparing the depth of interpretation of data in both seasons, the wet season data shows more depth probing which is fairly stable; this could be because the earth subsurface was more saturated and hence more conductive. The dry season data interpretation shows more stability compared to that of the wet data depth interpretation. A strong correlation was obtained from the statistical analysis between depth interpretations of the dry and wet season. A linear regression equation was obtained as y=1.0684x-0.2188 and about 99.97% dependence which show that we can use the wet season depth information to determine that of dry. The wet season is more appropriate for more depth probing with the exception of searching for water table since it rises up during the wet season and that may not be the true water table, while the dry season is appropriate for stability in data acquisition when required in a survey.