Introduction: Basedow (Graves’) desease remains the leading cause of hyperthyroidism (40–60%), affecting mainly young women with a prevalence varying according to the iodization of the populations. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, covering 25 years (01/01/1998–31/12/2023) at the Medical Clinic II/CHAN; inclusion of all hyperthyroidism files related to Graves' disease, operative criteria and standardized definitions; descriptive and comparative analysis. Results: Our cohort included 3007 patients, with a female predominance; the most common initial clinical signs were goiter (nearly 89%) and exophthalmos (approximately 69%). Under ATS, a decrease in pulse rate and weight regain were observed at 18 months. Overall outcomes showed failure in 48–49% of cases, remission in nearly 33%, and recurrence around 18%; cardiac complications included cardiothyreosis in nearly 6% and acute thyrotoxic crisis in 0.3%. The worst outcomes were associated with grade 3 goiter, exophthalmos, a consultation time > 12 months and a loading dose > 40 mg/day. Conversely, early initiation of maintenance treatment (<6 months) was associated with more remissions and fewer recurrences. Conclusion: Rapid initiation and reasoned adjustment of ATS, coupled with stratification by severity (goiter, orbitopathy, delay), optimize the response and limit surgery; these levers can be used in resource-constrained systems.

Umbilical cord blood banking is a rapidly growing field with significant medical potential, especially in regenerative medicine and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The first successful Umbilical cord blood transplant in 1988 marked a breakthrough, leading to the establishment of both public and private Umbilical cord blood banks worldwide. Pharmacy students, as future healthcare providers, play a pivotal role in patient education regarding Umbilical cord blood banking, but research on their knowledge levels remains sparse. This study was conducted at JKK Nattaraja College of Pharmacy over six months using a pre-post intervention design to assess the impact of education on students' knowledge and aptitude regarding umbilical cord blood banking. Initially, a structured questionnaire was administered to assess baseline knowledge. After an educational intervention comprising lectures and discussions, a post-survey assessed changes. Results indicated significant improvement in awareness and understanding of Umbilical cord blood banking applications, benefits, and collection methods. Before the intervention, most students lacked clarity on stem cell sources, Umbilical cord blood uses, and public vs. private banking differences. After the session, understanding improved markedly, with over 90% correctly identifying medical applications and banking types. The study concludes that educational programs are essential for enhancing pharmacy students’ awareness and aptitude toward UCB banking, preparing them to counsel patients effectively.

Legal issues, particularly those related to the protection of citizens' rights, are addressed through the mechanism of citizen lawsuits (CLS). Until now, citizen lawsuits have only covered the environment, but there are several other sectors that have not been accommodated in the regulations on citizen lawsuits. This has led to legal uncertainty and inconsistency in court rulings on citizen lawsuits. This study uses normative legal research with a normative juridical approach based on the post-positivism paradigm. The results of this study explain that the characteristics of civil lawsuits are as follows: Basis of the lawsuit: public interest; Subject: the plaintiff is a citizen; Defendant: the government or private parties carrying out governmental affairs; Object of the lawsuit: negligence or failure to fulfil legal obligations; Notification/summons: must be sent 60 working days before the lawsuit; Claim: does not include monetary compensation, but requests that the government create regulations and policies. This reconstruction uses a dignified justice approach, namely Simplification of Procedures: CLS must have simple procedures, be affordable, and cover various fields; Subject of Lawsuits: Regulations must cover human rights violations and actions that harm the public interest, with an emphasis that the public interest also includes human rights; Judicial Competence: the authority between the District Court (PN) and the Administrative Court (TUN) must be clarified, with human rights-related lawsuits falling under the competence of the District Court; Capacity Building for Judges: training for District Court judges; Dismissal Mechanism: there is an initial selection process to screen CLS cases.

The Hajj pilgrimage is central to Nigeria–Saudi Arabia relations, extending beyond its religious obligations to encompass diplomacy, governance, and economic dimensions. Despite efforts by the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON), recurring challenges in pilgrims’ welfare, weak accountability, and governance lapses have undermined Nigeria’s diplomatic credibility. By contrast, Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 emphasizes digitization, efficiency, and transparency in Hajj administration, setting a benchmark that Nigeria must adapt to remain credible and strengthen bilateral ties. This study aims to analyze how pilgrims’ welfare and accountability mechanisms influence Nigeria–Saudi relations and to propose a Vision 2030–aligned framework for NAHCON. The specific objectives were to assess the state of welfare and accountability in Nigeria’s Hajj administration, evaluate their impact on bilateral relations, and identify reforms necessary for alignment with Saudi standards. Adopting a mixed-methods design, the study combined survey data from 400 pilgrims with qualitative evidence from documents and media reports. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were employed alongside thematic analysis for explanatory depth. Findings show that welfare services were rated moderately (means ≈3.4–3.5), while accountability mechanisms received weaker ratings (means ≈3.1). Regression results revealed accountability (β = 0.520) had a stronger impact than welfare (β = 0.387) on perceptions of Nigeria–Saudi relations, highlighting governance credibility as central to diplomatic outcomes. The study contributes by providing empirical evidence that links Hajj administration with foreign policy outcomes, advancing a Vision 2030–aligned framework for NAHCON that integrates welfare, transparency, digital transformation, and diplomacy, thereby positioning Hajj as a tool of Nigeria’s soft power and bilateral engagement.

Given that it influences the therapeutic product's dissolving profile and bioavailability, particle size is a crucial component of contemporary medication quality. Particle size analysis aids in improving drug quality and improving the pharma product development process. In this research, the particle size distribution of Azithromycin oral suspension is determined using an innovative and accurate approach that was established for the purpose of determining the particle size of the suspension. This approach has produced good, repeatable outcomes. The International Conference on Harmonization's Q2 (R1) guidelines were followed in the development and validation of the wet method, which used water as the dispersant. The results showed that the method was robust and reproducible, with the percentage RSD values found within acceptance limit. The approach presented here in is a precise, verified, and efficacious technique for ascertaining the particle size distribution of oral azithromycin suspension. In-depth discussion of the particle size approach is provided to guarantee comprehension of the particle size distribution and the performance of the method across the product's lifetime.

Alcohol and drug abuse among university students are significant public health concerns with multifactorial determinants. This study was carried out between Jan 2024 to June 20024 using multistage sampling technique to select the tertiary institutions and students. It aimed to investigate the influence of socio-demographic factors, peer pressure, family dynamics, and academic stress on substance abuse prevalence among students of the tertiary institution in Imo State, Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 433 students using questionnaire to collecting data on socio-demographic characteristics, peer pressure, family dynamics, academic stress, and substance abuse behaviors. Chi-square tests were utilized to analyze the associations between variables, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The results revealed that 59.9% of respondents reported that they never or rarely consuming alcohol, while 66.9% reported never using recreational drugs. Additionally, 62.7% of respondents reported not feeling pressured by peers to consume alcohol or use drugs. There were significant associations between peer pressure and socio-demographic factors, including age (X2 = 4.64, p = 0.031), gender (X2 = 0.01, p = 0.019), religion (X2 = 3.96, p = 0.046), monthly allowance (X2 = 7.42, p = 0.007), educational level (X2 = 8.19, p = 0.004), and residence (X2 = 11.37, p = 0.001). Additionally, family dynamics/upbringing (X2 = 33.2, p = 0.0101) and academic stress/workload (X2 = 11.5, p = 0.041) were significantly associated with substance abuse prevalence among students. Conclusion: The findings show high level in the knowledge of drug/substance abuse and the importance of addressing the socio-environmental determinants that contributes to alcohol/substance usage. Recommendations include implementing targeted prevention programs, strengthening family-based interventions, enhancing campus support services, promoting healthy coping mechanisms, providing education on substance abuse, conducting further research, and fostering collaboration and partnerships. By addressing these factors, universities can create supportive environments conducive to student well-being, ultimately mitigating substance abuse's negative consequences and promoting a culture of wellness and academic success.

Background: Despite evidence supporting the use of MCA/UA Doppler ratios in detecting fetal compromise, most studies have focused on high-risk pregnancies or specific populations, with limited data from broader clinical settings, particularly in Bangladesh; therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Middle Cerebral Artery to Umbilical Artery Resistance Index Ratio in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Middle Cerebral Artery to Umbilical Artery Resistance Index Ratio in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 106 pregnant women at 29–38 weeks gestation was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka (Nov 2022–Feb 2024). Maternal and fetal outcomes were recorded, C/U ratio was assessed, participants were grouped by a 1.01 cut-off, and data were analyzed using SPSS v26.0 (p < 0.05). Results: The C/U ratio predicted adverse perinatal outcomes with an ROC AUC of 0.827 (95% CI: 0.749–0.905; p < 0.0001). At a cut-off of 1.01, sensitivity was 77.8%, specificity 84.6%, PPV 46.2%, NPV 95.7%, and accuracy 83.6%. Low C/U (<1.01) was associated with higher rates of complicated outcomes (84.0% vs 21.4%), 5-min APGAR <7 (68.0% vs 19.6%), NICU admission (74.0% vs 21.4%), respiratory distress (60.0% vs 12.5%), and FGR (18.0% vs 0.0%) compared to C/U ≥1.01 (P <0.05). Conclusion: A C/U ratio below 1.01 reliably predicts adverse perinatal outcomes, supporting its use for early identification of at-risk fetuses.

Judicial police officers occupy a pivotal position in Cameroon’s criminal justice system, exercising investigative powers conferred by the Criminal Procedure Code of 2005. Their functions are indispensable to the administration of justice, yet they continue to raise persistent concerns regarding legality, accountability, and protection of human rights. This paper undertakes a legal appraisal of the role, oversight, and violence surrounding judicial police officers under Cameroonian criminal law. It interrogates the gap between statutory supervision by prosecutors, judges and the limited effectiveness of existing oversight mechanisms, which remain largely internal and susceptible to executive influence. The study further examines the dual dimension of violence: firstly, abuses perpetrated by judicial police officers against suspects, such as arbitrary arrests, detention, ill-treatment, and secondly, violence endured by these officers themselves in conflict-affected areas and high-risk operations. The analysis demonstrates how weak accountability structures and inadequate protective measures simultaneously undermine both human rights and compromise the legitimacy of law enforcement. The paper concludes by advancing reform proposals aimed at strengthening independent oversight, judicial supervision, and improving the protection of officers thereby aligning policing practice with the rule of law and democratic governance.

Background: Fetal movement is an early sign of life and indicates well-being. Reduced fetal movement is common in pregnant women, affecting perinatal outcomes and increasing risks of stillbirth, growth restriction, distress, and preterm birth. The biophysical profile (BPP) assesses fetal well-being in the last trimester. This study evaluated the association between BPP scores, delivery mode, and neonatal outcomes in women with reduced fetal movement at term. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from August 2019 to July 2020. One hundred women at ≥37 weeks of gestation with reduced fetal movement were enrolled and divided into normal (≥8/10) and abnormal (≤6/10) BPP groups. Maternal demographics, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Caesarean section rates were significantly higher among women with abnormal BPP (80.95%) compared to those with normal scores (46.55%) (p=0.002). Vaginal deliveries predominated in the normal group. Perinatal outcomes were generally favorable, but neonatal death and stillbirth occurred more frequently in the abnormal BPP group (7.14%) compared to the normal group (1.72%), though this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Abnormal BPP scores correlated with higher caesarean rates and adverse outcomes. However, no significant difference in mortality was observed. Findings suggest BPP helps identify at-risk fetuses, but delivery decisions should combine test results and clinical judgment to balance intervention with outcomes.

Background: Eclampsia remains a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of eclampsia patients admitted to Dinajpur Medical College Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Dinajpur Medical College Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, from July 2008 to December 2008. In this study, we included 52 patients who were admitted with eclampsia at Dinajpur Medical College Hospital during the specified study period. Results: Most patients were aged 21–25 years (48.1%), primigravida (65.4%). Nearly half (48.1%) delivered between 33–37 weeks of gestation. Most of the patients had the antepartum eclampsia (55.8%), followed by postpartum (25.0%) and intrapartum (19.2%) eclampsia. Regarding morbidity, 44.2% experienced complications, most commonly wound infection (15.4%) and raised blood pressure (15.4%). Maternal mortality was 5.8%, with stroke (66.7%) and pulmonary edema (33.3%) as the leading causes. Among 54 neonates, 88.9% were live births and 11.1% stillbirths. Of the 26 neonates referred for pediatric evaluation, prematurity (46.2%) and birth asphyxia (34.6%) were the predominant causes. Early neonatal death occurred in 23.1% of referred cases, mainly due to birth asphyxia (50%) and prematurity (33.3%). Overall, 77.8% of neonates were discharged healthy, while perinatal death accounted for 22.2%. Conclusion: Eclampsia remains a significant cause of maternal and perinatal complications. Maternal morbidity was common, though mortality was relatively low, while perinatal death and neonatal morbidity were substantial, largely due to birth asphyxia and prematurity.

Background: Management of mid-trimester missed abortion in women with a scarred uterus poses unique challenges. Both pharmacological and mechanical methods are used. Misoprostol is widely used for second-trimester termination, while Foley’s catheter aids cervical ripening through prostaglandin and oxytocin release. The combination of mifepristone and misoprostol has been shown to reduce the induction-to-abortion interval compared to Foley’s catheter alone. This study aimed to compare the maternal safety, effectiveness, and side-effect profile of these two methods in women with mid-trimester missed abortion and a scarred uterus. Methods: This comparative observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, including 80 women with missed abortion and prior cesarean section. Participants were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 40) received combined mifepristone and misoprostol, and Group B (n = 40) received Foley’s catheter alone. Results: The mean age was comparable between groups (27.0 ± 4.1 vs. 27.2 ± 4.0 years). Mean gestational age was significantly lower in Group A (16.2 ± 2.6 weeks) than Group B (23.1 ± 2.0 weeks). Success rates were high in both groups (97.5% vs. 95.0%, p=0.558). The mean induction–expulsion interval was significantly shorter in Group A (10.1 ± 2.1 hours) compared to Group B (18.5 ± 2.9 hours, p<0.0001). Surgical interventions were rarely required, with manual vacuum aspiration being the only method used. Side effects differed between groups: Group A experienced nausea/vomiting (50.0%) and fever (19.4%), while Group B reported psychological upset (8.3%) and mild pain (19.4%). Conclusion: Mifepristone with misoprostol was more effective in reducing induction–expulsion time compared to Foley’s catheter, with different but tolerable side effect profiles in both groups.

Descriptive morphology and taxonomy That is because zoology is rapidly evolving to be a multi-modal science that operates on the organismic to molecular scale (i.e., it extends beyond the level of the ecosystem). To address that global crisis in biodiversity, scientists have combined genomics and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis with morphometrics and imagery, behavior studies through biologging, trail cameras, and vocal monitoring, and landscape studies using remote-sensing tools. These varied approaches are now joined together by artificial intelligence and open data platforms and are opening new avenues to real-time biodiversity discovery and predictive conservation. However, questions also remain: the knowledge gap in taxonomy, bias in occurrence data, incomplete validation of models using either eDNA or acoustics data, and the lack of standards addressing blending multi-modal data. Moral imperatives such as animal welfare in tracking, fairness in international partnerships and data sovereignty are still burning. This paper presents an outline of Integrative Zoology and presents case studies of how it is transforming our basic understanding of the cryptic species, how it tracks movement and decline, and how it can inform conservation analysis. By integrating the traditional study of zoology with the newest of technologies, the discipline can transform into a science of awareness of biodiversity, infrastructure that is ready to directly assist the conservation policy and resilience of the planet.

Background: The World Health Organization advocates for proper integration and regulation of evidence-based Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) into healthcare systems nationally in response to the rapid growth of using TCIM worldwide (WHO, 2017). Fenugreek seeds are one of the most popular galactagogues for lactating mothers (El Sakka et al., 2014). Additionally, cabbage leaf compresses have shown several benefits in reducing breast engorgement (Thomas et al., 2017). Understanding the attitudes of both mothers and healthcare providers towards the use of TCIM during lactation is essential to promote informed decision-making regarding practices(Sim et al., 2014). Objective: This review aimed to explore the attitudes of lactating mothers and healthcare providers towards cabbage leaves and fenugreek, to investigate healthcare providers' perspectives on these remedies, and to identify potential benefits and risks associated with the use of cabbage leaves and fenugreek during lactation. Method: The literature review employed a systematic approach to gather relevant articles. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched using specific keywords related to the topic of interest. Result: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The review of literature provides significant insights into the traditional use of cabbage leaves and fenugreek in lactation management, elucidating their perceived benefits and effectiveness in alleviating breast engorgement among lactating mothers. Conclusion: The synthesis of literature underscores the significance of integrating traditional practices and natural remedies, such as cabbage leaves and fenugreek, into lactation management. While these interventions have shown promising results in relieving breast engorgement and enhancing milk production, further research is warranted to elucidate their mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and potential side effects. Collaborative endeavors among healthcare providers, researchers, and lactating mothers are crucial to facilitating informed decision-making and fostering the comprehensive overall health of lactating mothers and their infants.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of anovulatory subfertility. While letrozole is widely used for ovulation induction, treatment response varies and predictors beyond anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) require further evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the association of demographic and clinical factors with ovarian response in subfertile PCOS patients treated with letrozole. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Center for Assisted Reproduction, BIRDEM-II Hospital, Dhaka, from April 2022 to September 2023. A total of 116 women with PCOS, aged 18–35 years, underwent letrozole induction (5 mg/day). Participants were categorized as responders (dominant follicle ≥16 mm, n=58) and non-responders (<16 mm, n=58). Demographic variables, BMI, type of subfertility, and baseline serum FSH and LH were compared between groups. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: No significant associations were found between ovarian response and age (p=0.743), education (p=0.121), occupation (p=0.356), or income (p=0.576). BMI distributions did not differ significantly (p=0.331), nor did the type of subfertility (p=0.550). Serum FSH was significantly higher among non-responders (9.28±5.6 vs. 7.19±3.64, p<0.001), while serum LH showed no significant difference (p=0.102). Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic factors did not influence the ovarian response in patients with PCOS treated with letrozole. Elevated basal FSH levels were associated with poor responsiveness, indicating its role as a predictor. These findings support FSH assessment in individualized treatment planning for women with PCOS.

Menstrual irregularities are common among subfertile women and often reflect underlying endocrine dysfunctions. Thyroid hormones and prolactin play key roles in the regulation of menstruation, and abnormalities in their levels may disrupt ovulation and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the association between thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia with menstrual irregularities in subfertile women attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A case–control study was conducted at BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2022 to March 2024. A total of 100 women were enrolled in the study: 50 with primary subfertility (cases) and 50 fertile women (controls). Menstrual history and clinical features were also recorded. Serum TSH, FT3, FT4, and prolactin levels were measured using a chemiluminescent magnetic microparticle assay. Anovulation was assessed using mid-cycle ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Results: Acyclical menstruation (42.0% vs. 28.0%) and oligomenorrhea (26.0% vs. 14.0%) were more frequent in the cases than in the controls. Anovulation was significantly more common in subfertile women than in fertile women (24.0% vs. 8.0%, p=0.029). Biochemical analysis revealed higher TSH (4.92 ± 5.35 vs. 3.83 ± 6.04 µIU/mL, p=0.041) and prolactin levels (38.09 ± 29.3 vs. 22.27 ± 12.6 ng/mL, p=0.005), and lower FT4 (5.45 ± 3.44 vs. 16.92 ± 3.28 pmol/L, p=0.032) in cases. Galactorrhoea was also more frequent among subfertile women, though not statistically significant. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia are strongly associated with menstrual irregularities in subfertile women. Routine hormonal screening may enable early diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving reproductive outcomes of patients.