The Line of Actual Control (LAC) has been tense recently, with the fiercest border conflict since 1962 at Galwan Valley in 2020. Despite extensive talks, trust is absent on both sides. Apart from infrastructural development and military buildup, new methods of increasing vigilance are being used by both, which include building Xiaokang or ‘well-off villages’ from the Chinese side and rehabilitating border villages by the Indian side. Indian border villages have historically held strategic importance but have become depopulated due to limited opportunities, leaving them as ‘ghost villages.’ India is working to support these villages and counter Chinese tactics to maintain territorial integrity. India can improve security and bilateral cooperation by leveraging the strategic and socio-economic potential of these villages. This paper examines the importance of border villages as hubs for cross-border surveillance and security measures amid geopolitical tensions, border conflicts, and broader security concerns. It aims to understand how these villages can promote peace, prosperity, and resilience in the Indo-China border region and provide policy recommendations for their development, thereby maintaining peace in contested border areas.

Background: Thalassaemia remains a major public health concern in Bangladesh, where hereditary disorders are increasingly recognized as contributors to long-term morbidity. Junior doctors play a critical role in early identification, counselling and implementation of preventive strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of junior doctors toward thalassaemia and compare findings between interns and medical officers. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 110 junior doctors (interns and medical officers) in Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from April to June 2019. Data were collected using a pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire comprising demographic variables, 20 knowledge items and 9 attitude items. Knowledge scores were categorized as good, average, or poor. Attitude scores were classified as positive or negative. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Participants were predominantly aged 22–26 years (76.4%), female (63%) and interns (72.7%). Good knowledge was observed in 34.5%, while 34.5% had average and 30.9% had poor knowledge. Positive attitudes were noted in 81.8% of respondents. Interns demonstrated significantly better understanding of consanguinity (p=0.014), prevention (p=0.011) and routine investigations (p=0.008). All participants were willing to donate blood and 80% were willing to donate bone marrow. Knowledge and attitude showed a positive, though statistically insignificant, association. Conclusion: Despite favorable attitudes toward prevention, substantial knowledge gaps persist among junior doctors. Strengthened training in genetics and thalassaemia management is necessary.

Introduction: Community Based Education (CBE) assists students in acquiring professional skills within a community context, emphasizing both population groups and individual challenges they face in their daily lives. In CBE, students are anticipated to cultivate their problem-solving, communication, and critical thinking skills. The execution of the CBE program offers students a chance to enhance these abilities. The aim of this study was to implement the physiotherapy CBE model, to outline the outcomes, as well as to enhance the training of undergraduate physiotherapy students during their placements for the CBE program. Methodology: The researchers employed a qualitative descriptive study method at the Al Gosi Centre located in Omdurman, Sudan. Focus group discussions were conducted with individuals involved in health promotion and awareness programs, key personnel from the center, and patients. These discussions were audio recorded, and the data was subsequently analyzed and organized into tables and themes. All ethical considerations were mentioned. Results: The majority of patients characterize physiotherapy as a conventional treatment method that employs exercises and massages, often utilizing traditional creams and oils. All the patients report a positive experience with the intervention, as they become aware of various inappropriate behaviors, enhance their overall functional level, and some have experienced a reduction in symptoms. Most of the staff possessed knowledge regarding physiotherapy; the specialist was well-informed, with some staff members drawing from their professional experience, while others had learned about it through the experiences of their relatives. Most of the staff assert that both the students and the community will reap benefits. The students will enhance their self-confidence, implement theoretical knowledge, and observe various scenarios. On the other hand, the community will boost its awareness. Conclusion: Physiotherapists at the Al Gosi Centre apply the CBE model of physiotherapy, which includes health promotion and awareness initiatives. They outline the CBE program, detail the feedback received from clients, and discuss the health professionals' understanding of CBE and physiotherapy. Additionally, they share their experiential knowledge across various aspects after being exposed to community education.

This study analyses the interactions between financial conditions and real activity in Morocco by examining the policy rate, bank credit, real GDP and inflation together. Using annual data covering 1995–2024, a VECM–SVAR framework is employed to capture both long-term relationships and the propagation of macro-financial shocks. The results show that a single cointegration vector links monetary conditions, credit and real activity in a sustainable manner. Bank credit is the main channel of adjustment in the system, while the policy rate appears to be largely exogenous and insensitive to imbalances. In general, monetary shocks have moderate effects, transmitted mainly via credit, while inflationary shocks are more powerful and persistent, leading to a marked tightening of financial conditions. These conclusions highlight the need to strengthen monetary transmission, develop countercyclical macroprudential tools and improve coordination between monetary, fiscal and structural policies in order to support macro-financial stability in Morocco.

This paper describes a new framework to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) with steel structural design for high-risk infrastructure industries such as oil & gas, petrochemical, and refinery usage. Employing machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and neural networks (NNs), the framework transforms traditional structural workflows to intelligent, adaptive processes. Trained with large collections of real-world engineering projects, AI models demonstrate significant performance enhancements—reducing design cycle time by 27%, raising structural accuracy, and enhancing resistance to dynamic strain from operational forces. The outcome heralds a new paradigm for industrial engineering, profiling by example how predictive modeling can be employed to design more safely, more efficiently, and code-compliant structures.

Pedagogy is the process by which instructors help pupils develop. Methods alone cannot adequately capture pedagogy, the art and science of teaching. A worldview and an idealized picture of the educated person must be part of it. These offer the ultimate objective and target that all facets of an educational tradition are cantered around. They also offer guidelines for choosing the methods to be applied in the teaching process. The tenets and viewpoints of contemporary Indian education are embodied in NEP 2020. The science of teaching assumes this is the case and goes beyond simply providing more specific instances of how Indian principles might be reflected in the teaching-learning process.

Human communities traditionally rely heavily on moving people, goods, and knowledge. Higher degrees of accessibility and a notable rise in mobility have coincided with modern economic processes. While this tendency dates back to the Industrial Revolution, it picked up speed in the second half of the 20th century with the liberalization of trade, the emergence of economic blocs, and the effective exploitation of global labour and resources. This study applies neo-realism, a theoretical paradigm emphasising the anarchic nature of the international system and the primacy of state interests, to examine the geopolitical consequences of multilateral corridors in the Middle East. The research examines how major infrastructure projects serve as tools of power projection, economic security, and regional influence. It focuses on major initiatives like the Iraq Development Road (Dry Canal), the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the proposed IMEC corridor. The study offers a thorough analysis of the strategic dynamics supporting these corridors by combining a variety of qualitative research techniques, such as literature review, content analysis, and comparison analysis. The results show that while international corridors present issues with sovereignty, reliance, and possible conflicts, they also act as arenas for great power competition, regional power dynamics, and alliance formation. The study provides insights into the strategic manoeuvres of state actors and the underlying power structures influencing regional stability and development by placing these corridors within the larger framework of Middle Eastern geopolitics. This helps to clarify the intricate interplay of competition and cooperation that shapes the region's evolving infrastructure landscape.

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor originating from smooth muscle cells, most commonly affecting the uterus, retroperitoneum, and extremities, while primary involvement of the abdominal wall is exceptionally uncommon. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with a progressively enlarging mass on the left abdominal wall over six months. Imaging studies revealed a 10 × 3.9 × 13 cm well-defined lesion arising from the external oblique muscle, without intra-abdominal extension or distant metastasis. A core needle biopsy demonstrated spindle-shaped tumor cells with elongated, hyperchromatic nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA), h-caldesmon, vimentin, CD68, and CD45, and negativity for pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), desmin, CD34, S100, myogenin, MDM2, and EMA, confirming the diagnosis of a pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma rich in osteoclast-like giant cells (FNCLCC grade III). The patient underwent wide local excision with tumor-free (R0) margins. She did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy due to financial constraints. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis and clear resection margins. At six months of follow-up, there was no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis. This case highlights the rarity of primary leiomyosarcoma of the abdominal wall and underscores the importance of imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis. Complete surgical excision with negative margins remains the mainstay of treatment, and long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of recurrence and metastasis.

Objectives: To analyze the existing literature on the outcomes of metformin usage among prediabetic patients. Methods: A thorough search across four databases identified 914 relevant publications. After removing duplicates using Rayyan QCRI and screening for relevance, 77 full-text articles were reviewed, with 6 studies ultimately meeting the criteria for inclusion. Results: We included six studies with a total of 295 pre-diabetic patients and 197 (66.8%) were females. Across the included studies, metformin demonstrated consistent benefits in improving insulin sensitivity and lowering fasting glucose and HbA1c levels, particularly when combined with lifestyle interventions such as exercise. Several studies showed delayed or reduced progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin was especially effective in individuals with higher baseline fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance. Adverse effects were minimal and infrequently reported. However, metformin alone was not universally effective in preventing diabetes, emphasizing the importance of combined interventions. Conclusion: Metformin is a safe and effective adjunct therapy for delaying or preventing T2D in individuals with prediabetes, particularly when used alongside lifestyle changes. Early initiation may offer greater benefits in preserving insulin function and reducing β-cell stress. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and optimal patient selection criteria.

The coconut or Cocos nucifera L., is a traditional plant that is treasured across the world for its many uses beyond its delicious taste and refreshing water. Coconuts harbor a rich array of phytochemicals, that include terpenoids contributing to their nutritional value and therapeutic potential. This review embarks on a journey to unveil the diverse profile and nutritional perspectives of terpenoids in coconut possessing health-promoting properties. Terpenoids, comprising a variety of compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids, exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby bestowing health benefits on consumption. Understanding the pharmacology of terpenoids in coconut and its nutritional implications helps for maximizing its utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical formulations. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of phytoconstituent (terpenoids) in coconuts as a source of bioactive compounds and highlight avenues for future research that harness their full potential for human health and well-being.

This study focuses on the successful production and detailed characterization of surfactant-aided bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) nanoparticles (NPs), designed specifically to enhance their use in environmental remediation. The BiVO4 NPs were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method, followed by the addition of a surfactant before the final calcination step. The researchers proposed that this surfactant-assisted approach would allow for precise control over the particle size, morphology, and surface area, which, in turn, would significantly boost the material's catalytic action. The resulting BiVO4 NPs were thoroughly analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red microscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). These tests confirmed the formation of crystalline BiVO4 NPs with highly desirable structural and optical properties, particularly strong visible-light absorption. The prepared BiVO4 NPs demonstrated exceptional efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants (such as selected dyes or pharmaceuticals) when exposed to visible light. The rate of degradation was markedly superior to that achieved by BiVO4 synthesized without the surfactant. This enhanced performance is attributed to the resulting better charge separation and an increased number of available active sites on the nanoparticle surface. Furthermore, the surfactant-functionalized BiVO4 NPs also exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, thereby establishing the material as a truly multi-functional agent. The combined, improved performance in both photocatalysis and antibacterial activity positions these surfactant-assisted BiVO4 NPs as a promising, cost-effective, and highly active nanomaterial for advanced applications in wastewater treatment and the preservation of public health.

The research highlights the crucial need for a robust framework to assess return efficiency and risk exposure, focusing on an analysis of mutual fund performance. It explores the interrelation among key risk-adjusted performance metrics such as the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen's alpha, along with beta and standard deviation, which signify systematic and total risk. 38 Indian value mutual funds were analysed using MoneyControl (Shano, Ganesh, & Mwaura, 2017) secondary data. Regression, correlation, and descriptive statistics were employed. Results indicate risk-adjusted efficiency was moderate to strong, always higher than the average Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen alpha values. Research demonstrates a strong positive correlation between the Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen ratios (Lee, Keegan, Piggott, & Swann). Conversely, negative correlations with beta and standard deviation indicate that efficiency diminishes as total and systematic risk increase. Regression analyses indicate that risk variables significantly influence the Sharpe and Treynor indices. Conversely, Jensen's alpha seems to be autonomous, suggesting that it encapsulates the diverse impacts of managerial competence. The results validate the correlation among common risk-performance indicators, refute the null hypothesis of independence, and demonstrate the variability in the influence of market and management factors on these metrics. The report says that SEBI and AMFI should use a framework that has more than one metric to make things clearer. Fund managers should keep getting better at what they do by using methods that are flexible and take risks into account.

Since the creation of the world, to the rising and falling of empires and kingdoms, the development and evolution of civilisations from one generation to another, from the movement of explorers to the days of colonisation, no country has ever existed as an island. Languages and cultures around the world have constantly influenced and impacted one another in different ways through the exchange of linguistic and cultural practices, and the world has increasingly remained a global village of diversities and similarities. Languages and cultures have consistently borrowed from one another and continue to do so. This article therefore, studies how the Ngwo language has borrowed and continues to borrow from other languages to enrich its linguistic repertoire. Sources, domains and modifications employed in the reception of lexical items into the Ngwo language system are discussed. The process of borrowing changes over time as discussed in new generation borrowing. The article shares opinion on the merits and demerits of the process to the Ngwo language. Relexicalisation is discussed as a negative aspect of borrowing as it can apply to other Cameroonian languages in particular and African languages in general.

This study examines the effect of credit risk management (CRM) on the financial performance of Saudi Arabian banks and investigates whether this relationship differs between Islamic and conventional banking models. Using panel data from 40 banks covering 2020–2024, the study incorporates key credit-risk indicators including NPLA/PLAL, PLAL/TLA, NPLA/TLA, TLA/TAS, and LDR and applies multiple regression and group-comparison tests. The results reveal that CRM significantly influences profitability, with higher non-performing loan ratios reducing ROE, while stronger lending intensity (LDR) and higher loan concentration (TLA/TAS) enhance performance. Comparative tests indicate substantial differences in credit-risk profiles across bank types but no significant difference in financial performance levels. However, interaction-term analysis demonstrates that the impact of credit-risk indicators on ROE varies meaningfully between Islamic and commercial banks. Overall, the findings underscore CRM’s essential role in sustaining profitability and highlight the moderating effect of banking model structures within Saudi Arabia’s Basel-aligned regulatory environment.

During the production of cement, a significant amount of CO2 emissions is generated. To address this issue, Lime Stone Calcinated Clay (LC3) was introduced in cement as a sustainable alternative, reducing the use of cement by 40-50% by replacing LC3 in the cement. This study investigates the effectiveness of LC3 in the hydration process, microstructural analysis, and sustainability. At the time of hydration, calcium hydroxide was generated, which, when mixed with metakaolin, produced a significant amount of CSH gel, thereby enhancing the mechanical strength and microstructural properties. Sturdy carboaluminates are created when limestone and aluminates interact, increasing chloride and sulfate resistance. Geometrical stability is ensured by controlled ettringite development and calcium Aluminate Ferrite trisubstituted (Aft)- Alumina-Ferric oxide-mono (AFm) transitions, although reinforcement is sustained by carbonation resistance. LC³ attains mechanical and durability properties when compared with conventional cement by decreasing emissions by reducing approximately 50% clinker factor and calcination temperatures from 700-900 °C.