Lutein has a range of nutritional and health-enhancing characteristics, based on its multifaceted biological action in people, which comprise antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored the effect of repeated of lutein on cerebral antioxidants (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH)) in the animals that were subjected to memory impairment by Diazepam. Thirty (30) Wistar rats was used for this study and the rats were acclimatized for a period of 14 days, and was then divided into six groups; Group 1: Control, Group 2: Diazepam Only (5mg/kg) , Group 3: Diazepam + Lutein (20mg/kg) , Group 4: Diazepam + Lutein (40mg/kg), Group 5: Diazepam + Lutein (60mg/kg), Group 6: Diazepam + Donpenzil (Standard Drug). Administration was done for a period of 21 days. Diazepam significantly disrupted working memory, spatial learning, and retention, which were reflected by a decrease in spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze and longer escape latencies and increased errors in the Barnes maze. It also lowered SOD and GSH activities in the brain. These deficits were being restored by lutein treatment in a dose-dependent manner, restoring spontaneous alternation, shortening escape latency and error rates, and increasing retention performance. Biochemically, lutein had significant restorative effect on brain SOD and GSH levels which were comparable to donepezil. This research concluded that lutein can mitigate diazepam-induced memory impairment by boosting antioxidant levels in a dose-dependent manner, with medium to high doses being particularly effective. These findings support lutein’s potential as a dietary neuroprotective agent against drug-induced cognitive impairment.

This study investigates the linguistic characteristics, pragmatic functions, and legal implications of formal and humorous speech across digital media by employing a forensic linguistic and multimodal analytical framework. Drawing on data from the Indonesian comedy program Lapor Pak! and the Korean film Vincenzo, the research examines how formal and humorous utterances are constructed, interpreted, and potentially contested within online and audiovisual environments. The analysis focuses on the interplay between linguistic form, speaker intention, and contextual cues, as well as the extent to which multimodal elements—such as visual cues, sound effects, gestures, and cinematography—shape or intensify meaning. Findings reveal that formal speech, although structurally explicit, may still generate legal vulnerabilities when embedded in parody or institutional impersonation. Conversely, humorous speech, characterized by ambiguity, irony, and linguistic deviation, is prone to misinterpretation as defamation, hate speech, or harassment, particularly in digital settings lacking shared contextual knowledge. The study further argues that multimodality amplifies interpretive risks by reinforcing or altering the illocutionary force of an utterance. Overall, this research demonstrates the value of integrating pragmatic, discourse, and multimodal perspectives within forensic linguistic analysis to better understand how digital communication practices may trigger social and legal consequences. The findings contribute to the development of digital literacy, ethical communication guidelines, and more context-sensitive approaches to evaluating public speech in online environments.

Lutein as a carotenoid, provides a wide range of nutritional and health benefits due to their multifarious biological impacts on humans, which include antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the Cognito motor modulatory function of lutein on Hippocampal cellular Architecture in Diazepam induced memory impairment in Wistar rats. Thirty (30) male rats were used for this study and the rats were acclimatized for a period of 14 days, and was then divided into six groups; 1 (Control), 2 (Diazepam 5mg/kg), 3 (Diazepam + Lutein 20mg/kg), 4 (Diazepam + Lutein 40mg/kg), 5 (Diazepam + Lutein 60mg/kg), and 6 (Diazepam + Donepezil - Standard drug) for a period of 21 days. The catalase level was seen to be statistically significant (p<0.05) when the group 2 (diazepam only treated) and group 3 were separately compared to that of the control group (group 1). In neurobehavioural test conducted, Group 2 in handgrip stability time test conducted showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease signifying a lack of peak force for handgripping when compared with group 1(control group), this was made significant by the increase in the number of incorrect hole entry by group 2 wistar rats in Barnes maze test in week 1 and 2 of the study period, Lutein showed a motor modulatory function in the brain through its antioxidizing and anti-proteolytic properties, with its dose dependence effect on group 3 Wistar rats, of which catalase concentration level seems to be lesser when compared to group 2.

Many studies have reported that lutein have positive effects in different clinical conditions, thus ameliorating cognitive function, decreasing the risk of cancer, and improving measures of cardiovascular health. This study investigates the potential neuroprotective effects of lutein, a carotenoid with antioxidant properties against sodium azide-induced amnesia in mice. A total of thirty (30) healthy mice weighing 19g - 35g were used for this study. The mice were acclimatized and divided into six groups (n= 5 per group) which are; Group 1 (Control group), Group 2 (Sodium azide only), Group 3(Sodium azide + 20mg/kg of lutein), Group 4 (Sodium azide + 40mg/kg of lutein), Group 5 (Sodium azide + 60mg/kg of lutein), Group 6 (Sodium azide + Donepezil). Motor deficits were assessed using behavioral tests like Barnes maze test, Hand grip test, Rotarod test and Y maze test. While biochemical analysis was performed to evaluate oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters. The results demonstrate that the mice treated with sodium azide only had a significantly higher latency compared to the control group. This suggests that sodium azide negatively impacted spatial learning and memory as indicated by the increased time taken to find the target. Lutein, especially at 40mg/kg and 60mg/kg as well as Donepezil (the standard drug) has neuroprotective effects against the spatial learning and memory deficits induced by sodium azide in mice. This study shows that sodium azide induced both motor symptoms such as agnosia and non-motor symptoms such as impaired memory, oxidative stress in mice and lutein an antioxidant carotenoid possesses a dose dependent increase in learning ability and cognitive functions and decrease in oxidative stress.

The purpose of the present study was to find the alteration in leg strength, explosive power and flexibility after resistance training followed by yoga practice and combination of resistance and plyometric training followed by yoga practices. For this purpose, forty-five male players of various games and sports from St. John’s College of Physical Education, Veeravanallur, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India in the age group of 17 – 25 years were selected. They were divided into three equal groups (n = 15), each group consisted of fifteen subjects, in which group – I underwent resistance training followed by yoga practice, group – II underwent combination of resistance training and plyometric training followed by yoga practice and group – III acted as control group who did not participate in any special training apart from their regular curricula. The training period for this study was three days in a week for twelve weeks. Prior to and after the training period the subjects were tested for leg strength, explosive power and flexibility. Leg strength was assessed by using leg lift with dynamometer, explosive power was measured by administering standing broad jump and flexibility was assessed by administering sit and reach test. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant difference if any, among the experimental groups and control group on selected criterion variables separately. Since there were three groups involved in this study the Scheffẻ S test was used as pos-hoc test. It was concluded from the result of the study that the resistance training followed by yoga practice group and combination of resistance training and plyometric training followed by yoga practice group has positively altered the criterion variables, such as, leg strength, explosive power and flexibility. The result of the study also shown that there was no significant difference occurred between the experimental groups on selected criterion variables except explosive power. In explosive power, the combination of resistance training and plyometric training followed by yoga practice group has significantly improved than resistance training followed by yoga practice group and control group.

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between institutions and long-run economic growth, with particular emphasis on sub-national variation in India. Drawing on Old and New Institutional Economics, institutions are conceptualized as path-dependent formal rules and informal norms that shape incentives, reduce transaction costs, and condition economic performance. Using a systematic narrative approach, the review synthesizes foundational theoretical contributions, cross-country empirical evidence, and state-level studies from India. While global evidence consistently associates institutional quality particularly property rights, political accountability, and state capacity with long-run growth, national-level analyses often obscure substantial internal heterogeneity. The Indian experience illustrates this limitation: despite a common constitutional framework, states exhibit wide variation in governance capacity and growth outcomes. The review highlights that institutional effectiveness depends not only on formal structures but also on enforcement capacity, administrative capability, and adaptability. It underscores the importance of historically informed, sub-national institutional analysis for understanding growth outcomes in federal and developing-country contexts.

The adrenal gland is, despite her small size, among the most important and vital organs in the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal adrenal gland's location, shape, texture and size and correlate that with gender and age in Sudanese population by using computed tomography. The study was performed during the period from June 2025 to September 2025 in CT departments of Military hospital Omdurman. The data were collected from randomly selected sample of 50 patients (21 males and 29 females) who underwent CT abdomen for other indications without evidence of adrenal diseases. The main findings of correlations included that most common shape of the adrenal gland was linear, and when correlating the normal texture and size of the adrenal gland with the age and gender, it was found that texture and size of the adrenal gland decreased with age, and the size of the adrenal gland in females was smaller as compared to males.

Superficial Ewing sarcoma of the skin and dermis is extremely rare and may closely simulate benign adnexal tumors or neuroendocrine carcinomas, leading to major diagnostic pitfalls. We report the case of a 19-year-old woman presenting with a painful, rapidly enlarging 1.5 cm nodule at the cervico-occipital region. Histologically, the lesion exhibited a compact multilobulated architecture within the dermis, with a striking “blue ball in dermis” appearance suggestive of spiradenoma. Immunohistochemistry was misleading, showing focal dot-like AE1/AE3 staining, heterogeneous low-to-moderate synaptophysin and chromogranin expression, CD56 positivity, and CK20 dot-like staining, raising the possibility of Merkel cell carcinoma. Strong diffuse CD99 positivity and nuclear NKX2.2 expression supported a Ewing sarcoma family tumor. Molecular analysis confirmed an EWSR1 rearrangement. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of superficial small round blue cell tumors and emphasizes the need for integrated histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular assessment.

Background: Anatomy is a foundational component of medical education. However, many students find it challenging to apply anatomical knowledge in clinical problem-solving. Understanding their ability to interpret clinical scenarios during the pre-clinical phase can help identify educational gaps. This study evaluated the ability of undergraduate medical students to answer clinically oriented multiple-choice questions (MCQs) compared with non-clinical ones in regional anatomy, and compared performances between first- and second-year students. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 220 Phase-I MBBS students (110 first-year and 110 second-year) in a government medical college in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2022 to June 2023. Students were randomly assigned into clinical and non-clinical groups (n=55 each per year). Two validated sets of 10 MCQs were prepared from Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions (10th edition), reflecting either clinically applied or descriptive content. Scores for correct, incorrect, and unattempted responses were compared using independent sample t-tests in SPSS version 25. Results: Non-clinical groups in both years achieved significantly higher mean scores than clinical groups (p<0.001). First-year non-clinical students scored 45.45±1.84 versus 37.02±2.95 in the clinical group, while second-year non-clinical students scored 42.89±2.84 versus 37.11±1.88 in the clinical group. Differences between first- and second-year clinical groups were not significant, but first-year non-clinical students performed slightly better than their second-year counterparts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Students demonstrated stronger factual knowledge than applied understanding. Early incorporation of clinical relevance in anatomy teaching, supported by case-based and interdisciplinary approaches, is recommended to enhance clinical reasoning.

This study assesses the level of attainment of SDGs 3 (Health), SDG 4 (Education), and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) in Bui Division, North West Region of Cameroon. To attain the study objective and obtain meaningful results, a convenient methodology was used. The methodology involved a mixed-methods approach where data was collected through field surveys, stakeholder interviews, observations and analysis of secondary sources. Findings indicate that health services are constrained by inadequate health infrastructure and facilities, limited medical personnel, and insufficient access to essential medicines, resulting in suboptimal health outcomes. The education sector faces challenges including insufficient educational facilities, depreciated and destroyed school infrastructures, inadequate teaching materials and qualified teachers, insecurity and disparities in access, particularly in rural communities. Access to safe and potable water remains limited, with many populations relying on unimproved sources, increasing vulnerability to waterborne diseases. Despite these challenges, communities have implemented adaptive strategies such as local health initiatives, informal educational support, and community-based water management. These efforts demonstrate resilience and highlight the critical role of community participation in advancing development goals. The study concludes by recommending that achieving SDGs 3, 4, and 6 in Bui Division requires a multi-faceted approach that combines increased government investment, infrastructural development, capacity building, safe environment and community engagement. Leveraging local adaptation strategies alongside systemic interventions by stakeholders is essential to improving health, education, and water access, thereby enhancing overall quality of life. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and researchers working in similar sub-national contexts.

Preventive nursing plays a vital role in strengthening public health by promoting wellness and reducing the spread of infectious diseases. This study highlights the most effective strategies used in preventive nursing and examines current challenges that limit their impact. Key approaches include comprehensive health education that empowers communities, vaccination programs that reduce disease incidence, and epidemiological surveillance that enables early detection and response. Strict infection control protocols also remain essential in minimizing transmission within healthcare and community settings. Despite its importance, preventive nursing faces several obstacles. These include limited public awareness, rising antimicrobial resistance, and shortages in financial and human resources. Additionally, healthcare providers often require enhanced cultural competence to effectively address diverse community needs. To overcome these challenges, the study recommends strengthening health policies, increasing investment in preventive services, and adopting technological solutions such as telehealth to expand access to care. Continuous professional development for nurses and strong multidisciplinary collaboration are also crucial in improving preventive practices. Supporting further research in preventive nursing can help create more resilient health systems capable of responding to future infectious threats. Overall, reinforcing preventive nursing efforts Is essential for enhancing global health security and improving population health outcomes.

The BRICS nations Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa remain a formidable force in global politics in the 21st century. This article discusses the way that BRICS challenges the Western-dominated Liberal International Order (LIO), not only economically but also politically, providing alternative perspectives on how the world should be governed. The article does not consider BRICS as an economic bloc but rather its joint effort to reform international norms, institutions, and power relations. This paper is based on previous studies that emphasized a more multipolar and inclusive vision of global justice by BRICS, but this paper concentrates on BRICS’ engagement with Western powers. It argues that the rise of BRICS has revealed and solidified the weaknesses that the LIO already has, including institutional strain, norm conflicts, and changing global alignments. This paper reviews conflicting ideas of sovereignty, development, and governance through political economy, IR theory, and empirical evidence. It concludes that the new global order will not simply redistribute power but will develop by the continued negotiation, selective reform of the old institutions, and the rise of the Global South.

Background: Vesicovaginal fistula remains a debilitating condition in developing countries, largely due to obstructed labor, delayed access to emergency obstetric care, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Understanding the clinical profile of affected women is crucial for improving preventive and treatment strategies. Methods: A total of 55 women with VVF were selected using convenience sampling. Clinical status was assessed through sociodemographic characteristics, parity, socioeconomic background, antenatal care status, causes of delay in reaching hospital, previous fistula repair attempts, and preoperative fistula characteristics including size, location, scarring, urethral involvement, and bony attachment. Results: Most women were multiparous (69.1%) and from low-income households (75.6%). Prior unsuccessful fistula repair was reported in several cases. Of the 55 fistulas, small fistulas were the most common (19 cases), and extensive fistulas were least frequent but had the poorest prognosis. Vaginal scarring varied from none (31 cases) to mild (14), moderate (4), and gross (6). Urethral involvement, circumferential fistulas, and bony attachment were significant adverse clinical findings. Two patients had bladder calculi, both of whom improved postoperatively. Conclusion: Women with VVF commonly present with multiple adverse clinical factors, including low socioeconomic status, delayed access to care, and complex fistula characteristics. Severe scarring, large fistula size, and urethral involvement indicate more complicated clinical status and challenge surgical management. Early obstetric intervention and improved maternal care services are essential for preventing such severe presentations.

Background: The reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a versatile solution for resurfacing soft-tissue defects of fingers. This is a widely used flap to cover finger defects. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from 1st July, 2018 to 30th June 2019. 30 patients were included in the study. Patient age, gender, defect type, defect location, donor site coverage, flap dimensions, range of motion of the meta-carpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint, postoperative complications were evaluated. Follow up period was 3 months. Results: 30 patients underwent coverage of skin defects of the finger proximal to DIP joint with reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap. All flaps survived completely. Flap size ranged from 2.5 cm 1.5 cm to 5.5cm 3.5 cm. 17 flaps were based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery. Skin paddle was taken from the dorsal aspect of the second, third, and fourth intermetacarpal area. All patients had full range of movement of the reconstructed and donor digits when followed at 3 months after surgery. Conclusions: The reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a flap which is safe, easy to apply in the context of soft tissue coverage procedures and does not result in the loss of finger functions. It also confers excellent aesthetic skin suitability and does not require debulking procedures.

Background: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remain significant causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Emerging evidence suggests that micronutrient deficiencies, such as Vitamin D deficiency, may play an important role in their pathogenesis. Understanding the demographic, obstetric, and biochemical differences among healthy, pre-eclamptic, and eclamptic women can help identify risk factors and improve preventive strategies. Objective: To evaluate demographic and obstetric variables, blood pressure profiles, and serum Vitamin D levels among healthy, pre-eclamptic, and eclamptic pregnant women. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 90 pregnant women attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. The study population was divided into three groups: healthy pregnant women (n = 30), pre-eclamptic women (n = 30), and eclamptic women (n = 30). Data were collected on demographic and obstetric characteristics, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients were younger, more likely to be primigravida, and had a lower socioeconomic and educational status compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic groups (p < 0.001). Serum Vitamin D levels were markedly lower among pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients compared to healthy pregnant women, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are associated with younger maternal age, primigravidity, and low socioeconomic background. Significantly lower Vitamin D levels among affected women suggest that Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the development or severity of these hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Screening and supplementation strategies could therefore play a role in prevention and improved maternal outcomes.