Tuberculosis (TB) has been a significant public health burden in Bangladesh, and to address this issue, the country has implemented the Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) intervention since 1993. The government has partnered with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to implement community-based TB control programs. Research has shown that this approach has led to significant success in TB control, including a high case detection rate (> 81%), successful TB treatment (95%), and reduced TB mortality (27/100,000 population) over the past two decades. However, there are still significant concerns regarding the control of people living with HIV-TB (PLHIV-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and latent TB infection (LTBI). Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down the progress of TB control efforts. Challenges such as inadequate linkages with local NGOs, social stigma, gender discrimination in TB diagnosis, inadequate human resources, and poverty factors further exacerbate the situation. This study calls for a paradigm shift in TB control intervention towards a rights-based and need-based approach, considering gender, ethnicity, elderly people, and children. By addressing these challenges and implementing a comprehensive approach to TB control, Bangladesh is expected to achieve its goal of ending TB by 2035.

Mathematics is compulsory for all learners in secondary schools, as recommended by the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (2010). The performance of mathematics has been consistently low and one of the reasons is insufficient Mathematics laboratory. The study sought to determine Mathematics performance among secondary school students. The study instruments that were used included a pre-test, post-test, non-equivalent group experimental design, questionnaires, and an interview schedule. The researcher sampled 298 students and 26 teachers who took part in the study. The Form two students were selected to participate in the study. A sample size that represented the study population was selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling while stratified sampling was used to select the schools. The study used the Solomon Four-Group design where two groups were formed, one experimental and one control group. The experimental group entered laboratory instructional strategy method while the control group entered conventional instructional strategy method. The respondents were assigned in their complete classes to four groups; experimental groups 1 and 3, and control groups 2 and 4. All the groups were taught the same content of the reflection and congruence. However, groups 1 and 3 were taught using laboratory method while groups 2 and 4 were taught by conventional methods. Groups 1 and 3 were pre-tested prior to the implementation of the laboratory method treatment. Teachers who took part in the study were inducted prior to the study by the researcher for period of three weeks. Mathematics Achievement Test 1 and Mathematics Achievement Test 2, questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. SPSS was used to aid in data analysis. Chi-square tests were used to establish relationships. The study findings indicated that the laboratory method arouse the learners’ interest, increased learner participation, boosted the performance, enabled learners to develop the necessary skills for more advanced study research and promoted the development of scientific thinking. The study recommends that there is need for teachers to use laboratory method, which ensures that learners are more involved and engaged more in doing Mathematics activities and teachers have to be trained on the use of such pedagogy.

Student participation in sports has a big impact in their academic performances that influence their studies and their future. The researchers of the study aim to investigate the significant relationship between level of sports participation and academic achievement of the 173 student-athletes in a private high school in central Pasig City, Philippines, SY 2022-2023. Quantitative correlation is the research design in order to assess a social phenomenon to establish and describe relationship between their sports participation and academic performance important to identify the areas to be assisted and to improve for better performances in both field of endeavour. Based on the significant findings of this study, the researcher recommends 1) the school administrators may orient teachers in preparing important tasks that will give merit to student-athletes, 2) the need for coaches and academic teachers to agree on scheduling of the training of the players, 3) the learning competencies in academic subjects to be align in physical activities and sports, 4) and this study be replicated and validated in the public schools and colleges; and further investigation be made on the effect of respondents perception of role and other factors on their level of participation in different team sports without jeopardizing their academic performances.

It is observed that the majority of English non-native speakers (NNSs) use English as a Lingua Franca among themselves rather than as a foreign language to communicate with English native speakers (NSs). Nonetheless, the English language attitude of NNSs in the context of ELF has not been clear so far. Many studies on accent attitude have assumed that their participants had been aware of different English accents and had the ability to identify them, but it seems not true for a certain number of students. Therefore, this research surveyed 50 Chinese university students and 30 overseas students from other expanding circle countries. Three aspects were examined: (1) the ability to identify and understand different English accents; (2) the familiarity with different English accents; (3) the accent attitude in the aspects of pleasantness and acceptance. The results indicated that the accent attitude of participants correlated with their identification ability to some degree. Participants who were more familiar with different English accents tended to show higher acceptance for them. Their acceptance depended largely on the intelligibility of the accents. In addition, only a few students would like to show their cultural identity through speaking English with a local accent. This study addressed a significant research gap in the position of students’ identification ability for different English accents in the context of ELF. Based on this study, the educators in the expanding circle could be more aware of the impact of the development of ELF on students.

Background: Rape is a common social problem having great implication on the Victim, family, Judiciary and state. However it is very difficult to prove the actual rape because it is difficult to establish whether it is a consented sex or actual rape. Objective: To assess the pattern of alleged rape case in Dhaka city. Method: 176 cases of alleged rape were studied during the period of 2019-2022 at the Tertiary hospital, Dhaka. Results: Of these, 130 cases had consented sexual intercourse. 46 victims were subjected to rape. Cases include different age groups, their occupations, living areas, time of arrival for medicolegal examination have been studied. Most of the cases were students. An alarming number of victims were subjected to gang rape. Examination and reporting of the cases with have been discussed. Conclusion: This study shows that only one fourth of the alleged rape victims are the real rape cases. The victims of other cases had consent to sexual intercourse. There were several victims below the age of consent who cannot give valid consent to sexual intercourse as per law.

Background: Caudal analgesia has become popular in the management of intraoperative and postoperative pain management, further with the use of adjuvants to prolong its duration each with varying results. Caudal block is the most preferred postoperative analgesia in pediatrics, despite its limited duration of action. Many additives are used to improve the effectiveness of caudal blocks, such as opioids or a2 agonists. Recently, the use of caudal dexamethasone as an analgesic after surgery has increased. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and analgesic efficacy of general versus caudal block in pediatric infra umbilical surgery. Methods: This is an observational study. This study was carried out on 50 patients the find out about the population including children in the Department of Anaesthesia, Uttara Adhunik Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The duration of the period from January 2022 to December 2022. Statistical evaluation of the results used to be got via the use of a window-based computer software program devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-24). Results: The mean duration of postoperative analgesia was 3 times longer in Bupivacaine with preservative free Clonidine Group. Bupivacaine solution Group received significantly more doses of rescue analgesic than Bupivacaine with preservative free Clonidine Group (p-value of 0.004). There was no significant bradycardia, hypotension, sedation or urinary retention in either of the groups. There was no residual motor blockade at 6 hours. Incidence of vomiting was similar in both the groups. Conclusion: Dexamethasone in combination with bupivacaine reduces postoperative pain intensity and total analgesic consumption and prolongs analgesia.

The 2019 outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic left significant adjustments in various aspects of human life, including its relationship with non-human creations in the physical environment. The paper considered the ecological impetus of the COVID-19 pandemic on the other creation with theological reflection on the biblical Jubilee. The method employed was interaction with literary materials and critical analysis of biblical-theological arguments. It, therefore, discussed general views of the COVID-19 pandemic, analysed the concept of biblical Jubilee, identified the ecological impetus of COVID-19 on the other creation, and discussed the theological reflection of the biblical Jubilee. Although the pandemic originated in China through animals, it was discovered that humans and other creations felt the effect globally due to the lockdown measure to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ecological impetus of COVID-19 brought a significant reduction in air, water, and land pollution. The biblical-theological reflection of the Jubilee affirmed that the experiences of COVID-19 resulted in a decrease in air, water and land pollution, indicating that nature was positively affected as it naturally and by divine order for the creation observed a jubilee as a result of the lockdown measure to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is that God allowed the COVID-19 pandemic as a measure for all creations in nature to experience its Jubilee or rest from human ecological exploitations and abuses. It was recommended that humankind should be more responsible in the care of the environment, seek the protection of the other creation in nature and avoid overuse of land resources to ensure the necessary ‘rest’ it deserves for preservation.

Indian culture has versatile cultural beliefs, most of them symbolize by their fascinating cultural monuments those tells us so many backgrounds history of before time. Each temple is unique in their pattern of architect. So it is very importance to take attention on to preserve them from deterioration not only for present but also long term preservation of future aspects. Many of reasons are behind it but effect of climate is one of the main causes because it plays a crucial role in the fulfillment of the basic needs for the growth of micro and macro organisms for their survival on the monumental surface. The macro organisms lead the growth of plants species on the monumental surface enhance the rate of deterioration and damage. This paper is mainly concerned on the diversity of the macroflora present at Khajuraho group of monuments.

Background: The safety and feasibility of utilizing SAB as the sole anesthetic technique in otherwise healthy individuals undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy have been increasingly recognized. SAB offers potential advantages in terms of reduced complications, improved pain control, and avoidance of general anesthesia-related risks. Objective: To assess safety and feasibility of SAB in otherwise healthy individuals undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Method: The study included a cohort of 40 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and met specific inclusion criteria. All patients received a subarachnoid block (SAB) with 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine and 25 micrograms of fentanyl at the L2-L3 level. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure was performed using a standard 4-port technique, while maintaining a low intra-abdominal pressure of 9-10 mm Hg through CO2 pneumoperitoneum. The patients were followed up at various time points, including 30 minutes, 4 hours, the time of discharge, and on the 7th day after the operation. Any voluntary or involuntary movements or exaggerated diaphragmatic excursions during the operation were carefully monitored. The study recorded parameters such as operation time, duration of operating room occupancy, length of hospital stay, post-operative pain levels, analgesic requirements, occurrences of nausea, vomiting, headache, right shoulder pain, wound-related complications, and patient satisfaction. Results: SAB demonstrated efficacy in all 40 patients undergoing surgery. Conversion to general anesthesia was required in two cases due to persisting low oxygen saturation. Hypotension occurred in 23.7% of patients, while 10.5% experienced right shoulder pain. The average operating time was 37.3 minutes, ranging from 21 to 77 minutes. Awkward movements and exaggerated respiratory excursions were observed in 23.7% and 18.4% of cases, respectively. Only two cases required conversion to general anesthesia. The mean hospital stay duration was 29.3 hours. No major complications were reported during the study. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SAB can be successfully and effectively used for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in healthy patients, providing a safe alternative to general anesthesia.

The use of local materials in construction contributes to solving the deficit of sustainable housing in some developing countries. Earth constructions have a low ecological impact and are among the cheapest, especially in rural areas. The durability of earthen buildings depends on the geotechnical properties of the soil used and the respect of basic architectural rules. Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of soils contributes to the choice of the appropriate technique to use them. The macrotermes sp and cubitermes sp termite mound soils are widespread and commonly used in construction in some regions of the world. The results obtained from the 27 samples showed that the clay content of some soils is higher than the maximum permitted of 30% and that other soils have a sand content lower than the minimum of 30% permitted by most standards for the manufacture of mud bricks. Some soils have good molding properties and a plasticity suitable for making mud bricks. To correct excess clay and limit the risk of cracking during drying, lime, plant fibers or sand could be incorporated into these soils. The cubitermes sp termite mound soils are composed of kaolinite and illite and the macrotermes sp termite mound soils of kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Soils containing kaolinite or illite are suitable for the manufacture of CEB, adobes, rammed earth and in the manufacture of tiles or pottery.

The desert plant C. retrospiciens (Ehrenb.) is an inhabitant of the southern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The stem of C. retrospiciens produces a gel which is often applied by local people to cure wounds. This study was aimed at determination of the antifungal effect of the exudate gel (EG) against Candida albicans (C. albicans). The antifungal activity of EG was measured using agar well diffusion method. Results showed excellent antifungal activity of the exudate gel. The spectrum of antifungal activity of EG against C. albicans was almost equivalent to that of standard amphotericin B, with statistical insignificance (p < 0.05).

An interactive effect of order of items and test anxiety on students’ performance on multiple-choice tests was investigated. Data was collected from 105 students from the College of Education for the study. A quasi-experimental design was used and 50-test item questions were used for data collection. Independent t-test, and Two-way ANOVA were used. The results show that test anxiety affected student performance. Furthermore, the result found that there was an interaction between the order of items and test anxiety on student performance. The study, therefore, recommended that tutors should encourage students to develop appropriate learning habits that will minimize their anxiety when taking tests. Finally, the study recommended that Colleges should organize seminars for tutors on how to manage students’ anxiety.

The impact Covid-19 epidemic made all operations have gone digital in response to the Next Normal. Increasing competition in the information and communication industry demonstrates the progress of digital transformation for the telecommunication requirements of not only individuals, but also businesses as the primary target market form of company. To maintain the longevity of the company's operation, steps must be taken to understand the demands of customer satisfaction. This study aims to analyze Service Quality, Price Perceptions and Customer Experience on Customer Loyalty of Telkom Indonesia's Enterprise Company with Consumer Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable. According to internal business data for 2022, the research population is 150 enterprise customers with SEM-PLS as analysis method. The results showed that service quality, price perception and customer experience had a significant positive effect on enterprise customer satisfaction and customer satisfaction had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction has a significant positive effect on Service Quality and Price Perception on customer loyalty, while Customer Experience has an insignificant positive effect on customer loyalty.

Background: Nurses form a professional major group among healthcare providers. Within recent years, providing a system of healthcare delivery that is of high-quality has been a considerable challenge. To reach that level of quality, an efficient level of job satisfaction among the nurses must be fulfilled. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare nurses at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in terms of gender, age, and level of education in order to determine how these factors influenced the nurses' views of the workplace-related dimensions, nursing productivity, and the leadership practices of their managers. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Between July 1, 2022 and February 28, 2023, researchers at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gathered the necessary data. Socio-demographic variables such as gender, education level, age, and employment status were gathered via a self-administered anonymous computerised questionnaire. The second section of the survey was the 28-item McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale, which was broken down into 8 categories. The SPSS 24 program was used to examine the data. Results: Of the total respondents, 82% were females mostly within the middle age category between 26-41 years old, with the majority of the participants (N=84) belonging to Generation Z and A. Furthermore, there were no significant associations detected regarding educational level. On the other hand, there was a significant association between gender and control and responsibility and a significant association between age and scheduling. Also, there was significant association between work schedule and interaction opportunities. Conclusion: This research has significance for the hospital management and nurse educators as well as managers, prompting them to reconsider their management competences in order to establish effective techniques for managing a multigenerational workforce.

Background: Obesity could be generalized or truncal/android and most of the pathologies linked to obesity is with the android obesity. There is multiplicity of indices for measuring obesity hence the need for simple but sensitive and accurate index of assessing obesity. Objective: the aim was to determine the index that is simple, accurate and sensitive in detecting obesity. Method: A cross-sectional community-based descriptive survey was carried out in Enugu Metropolis. Multistage sampling procedures were used to select participants using the World Health Organization STEPS instrument. Ethical approval and consents were duly and respectively obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Enugu state university of science and technology Enugu. The data obtained were coded and analyzed into frequencies, percentages and mean using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Chi-square (x) test was used to compare categorical variables for associations while multi-nominal logistic regression was used to examine correlates. Statistical significance is set at p< 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Result: A total of 482 participants were recruited; of which, 33.2% and 66.8% were males and females respectively. By BMI, 95(19.7%) were obese; 180(37.3%) were considered obese by WHR; 94(19.5%) were obese by %body fat; while 214(44.4%) were obese by WC and 230(47.7%) were obese by WHtR. Conclusion: The superiority of WHtR in detecting obesity is clearly demonstrated in this study and this can easily be applied in our clinics.