Long-term health management is difficult for the continually expanding population of chronic disease sufferers. Smartphone interventions appear to be promising. Lifestyle variables have a key role in the development of chronic diseases such as heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes, and adjustments in lifestyle habits associated with these disorders can reduce chronic disease risk. The potential and evidence base for leveraging modern technology applications and platforms within the new communications environment to improve the prevention and management of lifestyle-related chronic diseases in the future are then considered. We explore the consequences and adaptation of lessons learned from the commercial and political applications of new technology, as well as their significance to public health. Studies discovered that the smartphone intervention was a completely or partially useful technique for assisting in the management of several chronic conditions. Patients with chronic conditions who used health-related smartphone apps are felt secure in the knowledge that their illnesses were being closely tracked, participated in their own health management more effectively, and believed that they had not been forgotten by their doctors and were being taken care of even outside the hospital/clinic. This article discusses the aspects of smartphone interventions for long-term chronic condition care, as well as how these applications benefit chronic disease patients. However, there are few smartphone apps for long-term chronic disease management. More smartphone apps are needed to assist people in managing chronic conditions.

Arabization is one of the manifestations of the convergence of the Arabic language with other languages at the level of vocabulary. It is also a genius means of enriching the language. It is a unique phenomenon that enriches verbal wealth in any scientific or social field. Arabization is not a new phenomenon in the Arabic language because it was not an isolated area in the Arab nation. In pre-Islamic times, it was used for connections with neighboring nations, such as the Persians, Ethiopians, Romans, Syriacs, Nabataeans, and others. Naturally, this contact was followed by linguistic friction between Arabic and the languages of those nations. The circumstances led to many other languages borrowing words from Arabic. Hausa is a clear example where a large diction of Arabic loaned words is in use. Arabization is a long-standing communicative relationship between the Arabs and the Hausas. The abundance of Arabization in the Hausa language is due to three things: (i) commercial activities and relationships, (ii) the spread of the Hausa language and its place in academia, and (iii) religious activities. So far, Arabic loan words are being used in the Hausa language, covering varieties of socio-economic domains of life.

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) is the administration of a nutritionally complete feed through a tube into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. It has been proposed that EN helps to maintain the health and integrity of the gut barrier and is connected to increased levels of immunoglobulin synthesis, which may help to boost defenses against respiratory infections. However, critically ill patients may have a poor tolerance for enteral feeding and may develop unpleasant gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting. Aim: To investigate at the incidence between enteral nutrition and the risk of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. Methods: This is an updated review of research that were published between 2016 and 2018. To research our topic, we employed the Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The keywords used in various combinations included "enteral nutrition, feeding, incidence, aspiration, pneumonia, adults, ICU." In addition, original research on the relationship between entreat feeding and the risk of pneumonia in critically ill individuals was reviewed. The inclusion criterion was full-text publications. Results: Despite obtaining 17 papers, only three research met the inclusion requirements. All of the research were conducted in the past. The study included 413 adult patients in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: In critically ill people, enteral feeding was related with a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia and overall infections. Enteral feeding was found to be safe and effective for critically ill patients, with no major problems.

Background: Testicular tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only 1% of all malignancies in men. Among the different types of testicular tumors, germ cell tumors are the most common. They are very sensitive to chemotherapy and are curable even when metastatic. Cure rates approximates 90%-95% in good risk and early stage tumors. Earlier on, metastatic testicular cancer was usually incurable and fatal, but newer treatments including high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue have changed the scenario. Case Presentation: This case report presents a case of a 30-year-old male with a large testicular tumor, diagnosed as a mixed germ cell tumor consisting of a yolk sac tumor, teratoma with immature elements, and seminoma with germ cell neoplasia in situ. After undergoing radical orchiectomy, the patient experienced a postoperative decline in alpha-fetoprotein levels and was placed on surveillance. Subsequent imaging revealed the development of a lung nodule, accompanied by an increase in alpha-fetoprotein levels. The patient received chemotherapy with three cycles of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, platinum), resulting in a partial response. Due to the patient's COVID-19 infection, the final cycle of chemotherapy was modified. Further imaging showed a marginal decrease in the size of the lung nodule, prompting surgical resection. The lung nodule was found to be a post-pubertal teratoma without significant immature elements. Following surgery, the patient's alpha-fetoprotein levels decreased to a baseline nadir. Close follow-up continues, demonstrating no evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery and chemotherapy, in managing testicular germ cell tumors with metastasis, leading to favorable outcomes and long-term disease control.

Introduction: Annona muricata is a lowland tropical fruit bearing tree of the Annonaceae family which can be found in the rainforest of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. It is commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, or brazillian pawpaw. It has a large, glossy, dark green leaves with edible, green heart-shaped fruit. The leathery skin of the fruit is covered with soft, curved spines each of which may contain 55-170 black seeds distributed in a creamy white flesh with a characteristic aroma and flavour. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Annona muricata on Lipopolysaccharide induced Neuroinflammation in Wistar rats. Method: Prostagladin E1 & E2 markers were used for biochemical assays. The Neurobehavioral assessment of memory and locomotion coordination was assessed using the Y maze and Open field and the data was presented as Mean ± Standard Error of Mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. All statistical analysis were done by using Prism software, version 5 (GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Results: The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on PGE1 on lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result, LPS + Extract (AME) showed significant effects when compared to LPS which showed no significant effect when compared to control. The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on % Alternation on lipopolysaccharide induced Neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result LPS + Extract (AME) showed significant effects when compared to LPS. LPS showed no significant effect when compared to control. The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on No of entry on lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result LPS + Extract (AME) showed no significant effects when compared to LPS which showed significant effect when compared to control. Conculsions: This study concludes that Annona muricata, at 200mg/kg possess excellent antiinflammatory qualities and it could be further explored as a potential choice for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The industrial revolution changed the processes and ways of producing an item and reflects the rapid progress in technology. Previously, the production process needed human labor, but then underwent changes, human labor no longer become a priority in production activities because it was replaced by machines and sophisticated equipment that can increase productivity and efficiency in production. Through industrialization, economic activities are increasingly open and free, this is certainly a threat to the state if the products produced cannot compete in the market. In this study, we will discuss the growth of the machinery industry in Indonesia, analyze whether the machinery industry in Indonesia can compete competitively in the world market, how government policies support the industry, and slightly discuss how the industry relates to the concept of green economics. The method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative methods from various reference sources, and quantitative methods using secondary data in analyzing the comparative Indonesian machinery commodities. This study finds that: (1) The growth of the machinery and equipment industry has fluctuated over the past 6 years; (2) Indonesian machine commodities have a comparative disadvantage and have low competitiveness in the global market; (3) Government policies are needed to support the industrial sector; (4) Through the process of industrial development, it is necessary to realize the bill for the implementation of an industry that is advanced, competitive, independent and green.

قضية الذوق والمنطق أوليا سر بقاء البحث في النقد الأدبي، لأن الأدب العربي يهتم بفضل رواته ونقاده وباحثيه الذين تفقهوا في درسه، ووازنوا بين شعرائه وأدبائه ومدارسه واتجاهاته، وكل ذلك لا يتم حصوله إلا بالذوق السليم والمنطق الرائع، وأنهما يعملان بجد واجتهاد على منع وقوع الجرائم والأخطاء الشنيعة في البحث الأدبي والبلاغي، كما أنهما يعدان من العوامل التي تقوم عليها لبنة البلاغة العربية خاصة والأدب العربي عامة.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of respiratory system that distresses loads of people universally. The most frequent and backbone therapy for asthma is breathe in or inhalation treatment, which is conveyed via variable devices. It is well evidenced that accurate technique of inhalation is critical for their effectiveness. Nevertheless, numerous individuals with asthma use their inhaler devices incorrectly, which can decrease the efficacy of the treatment and cause suboptimal control of asthma. Telehealth is a briskly emergent field that has the possibility to advance inhaler technique and asthma control in variable ways. Telehealth could represent valued means for developing inhaler maneuver and delivering other bronchial asthma healthcare services. Our study will review the significance of telehealth in delivery of instruction of inhaler to bronchial asthma patients and in control of bronchial asthma. Providing instruction on inhaler use through different methods such as telephone, web camera, and smart devices applications. Advantages and disadvantages of telehealth in asthma management will be discusses too.

Previous research on J.P Clark’s “Ozidi” and “The Raft” primarily focused on literary elements like theme, characterization, and subject matter. These examinations often overlooked the significance of sound devices in emphasizing stylistic interpretations and the author's communicative goals, both essential for a thorough understanding and interpretation of the works. This analysis, in contrast, delves into the stylistic importance of phonological tools as indicators of meaning within the texts. Using M.A.K. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar for analysis, this study explores sound devices, including alliteration, assonance, and repetition, to highlight specific meanings. The phonological framework is key to capturing the essence and aesthetic appeal of J.P. Clark’s dramatic works.

Objective: The aim of the study was to identify biomarkers in women diagnosed with Toxoplasmosis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between February 2022 and March 2023, and it focused on detecting Toxoplasma gondii in 100 female patients with a history of repeated abortion, aged between 18 and 43 years. The patients receiving treatment were present at two educational hospitals located in Baghdad. The diagnosis was established through the utilization of Immunochromatography and ELISA techniques. Blood samples were gathered from every individual, along with 30 healthy controls matched for age. The study measured the concentrations of Interleukin-10, Lactic acid Dehydrogenase, Total protein, Albumin, and Globulin in the patients' and controls' sera. Results: The findings revealed that 45 cases exhibited the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG, while 76 cases displayed the presence of anti- Toxoplasma IgM, out of the 100 women with a history of abortion and Toxoplasma infection. This was determined using immunochromatography methods, on the other hand, utilizing the ELISA methods, anti-Toxoplasma IgG was detected in 40 cases, and anti-Toxoplasma IgM was detected in 42 cases. Conclusions: The findings revealed elevated levels of IL- 10, Lactic acid Dehydrogenase, Total protein, and Globulin in the patients' sera, along with decreased levels of Albumin compared to the healthy controls.

Legislations on corporate criminal responsibility often arise out of a pressing crisis, public outrage and the desire to be seen to have acted. However, the eventual enforcement of such legislation is often more weaker than originally promised. Despite the introduction of corporate criminal responsibility into the Cameroonian legal system, there are both institutional and human influences that have marked its development and implementation. It’s likely that external factors are able to affect the final content of the legislation and its implementation. This article analyses the external influences that have affected and which continue to affect the development of corporate criminal responsibility in Cameroon. This article also hails the insertion of corporate criminal responsibility in the revised Penal Code of 12 July 2016 as well as in other specific sectoral legislations. However, this article opines that the law poses very glaring challenges with regards to the imputation of corporate criminal liability and some practical challenges linked with the execution of some categories of sanctions which are not unconnected with the influences of some external parties. This article concludes with the call for the enactment of a specific corporate criminal code as well as the revision of the criminal procedure code in order to insert procedural provisions specific to corporate responsibility in Cameroon.

Background: Preventing cervical cancer hinges on accurately detecting and treating high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in individuals referred due to abnormal cervical cytology. While colposcopy has been a cornerstone in this process, concerns have arisen regarding its accuracy in CIN detection and differentiation. This study aims to assess the role of colposcopy in diagnosing and distinguishing various grades of CIN in clinically suspected patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, over 12 months from February 2019 to February 2020. The study involved 110 women aged 20-70 years who presented with clinical symptoms indicative of precancerous cervical lesions. Initial evaluations included visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA) and Reid colposcopy. Biopsy samples were collected from the identified lesions using the colposcope, and these samples underwent histopathological examination. The study compared the diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: Colposcopic evaluations revealed that 80% of the participants exhibited positive lesions (CIN), while 20% displayed negative lesions (normal cervix or cervicitis). Among the colposcopically positive lesions, 50% were graded as CIN-1, 29.5% as CIN-2, and 20.5% as CIN-3. Subsequent histopathological examination of the colposcopy-directed biopsies confirmed CIN or dysplasia in 44.5% of cases. Within this group, 36.7% had CIN-1, 34.7% had CIN-2, 12.2% had CIN-3, 10.2% had invasive squamous cell carcinoma, and 6.2% had carcinoma in situ. Colposcopy demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.7% in diagnosing CIN, with a specificity of 23%, resulting in an overall diagnostic accuracy of 55%. However, when differentiating high-grade CIN from low-grade lesions, colposcopy exhibited a high sensitivity of 92.3% and moderate specificity of 67.7%, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 75%. Conclusion: This study concludes that colposcopy is highly sensitive in diagnosing CIN but has limited specificity in excluding patients with normal cervix or cervicitis. Nevertheless, it exhibits optimal sensitivity in differentiating CIN2+ and carcinoma in situ from low-grade lesions and maintains moderate specificity in excluding low-grade CIN. Colposcopy remains a valuable tool in preventing and managing cervical cancer, particularly in identifying high-risk lesions.

Educational management plays the most important role in the implementation of social justice in education. In the past years, education management has achieved many achievements, however, with the requirement of fundamental reform, comprehensive education and training, ensuring social justice, this work is also have certain limitations. Based on that situation, the article proposes solutions to improve state management capacity in education to ensure fairness for elementary school students today.

Lemna solid waste dumpsites is found within cities of Calabar and due to poor and ineffective management, the dumpsites turn to sources of serious concern to the people living in the vicinity of the site. Polluted air, leachate release from the site to the ground water, activities of scavengers in the site, bad odour, incubation and proliferation of flies, mosquitoes, and rodents; that, in turn, are disease transmitters with their effect on population’s health, has its organic defenses in a formative and creative state. This study therefore sought to evaluate the health implication of Lemna dumpsite in Calabar on the residents living around the site. Data were collected from 309 household heads, through the use of self- administered questionnaires. Households’ heads were selected through the use of simple random sampling technique. Data collected were subjected to analysis using principal component factor analysis. Result shows that cardiovascular diseases, birth defects, immune system defects, weakening of lungs functions, lung cancer, kidney problems, liver disease, skin cancer, stomach infections, liver failure, kidney failure and polio have the highest loading in factor one meaning that there are not prevalence in the study area although there are in existence as seen from the communalities loadings. Whereas, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, malaria and stomach ulcer were the prevalence sickness in the environment because they have the highest factor loadings in factor two. On the severity if such sickness in the study area, it was seen that households only visit hospital often due to the following health condition; birth defects, immune system defects, kidney problems, liver disease, skin cancer, stomach infections, cholera, malaria, dysentery, stomach, ulcer, and typhoid because the above mentioned sicknesses have the highest loadings in factor one (often visit hospital). Conversely, cardiovascular disease, weakening of lungs functions, lung cancer, liver failure, kidney failure and polio have highest factor loading in factor two, meaning that although there is occurrence of this sicknesses in the study area, households rarely visit hospital because of such health condition. Therefore, the study recommends recycling of solid waste, waste to energy incineration, anaerobic digestion, compositing/organic waste recycling, and advanced technologies as waste management control should be encourage in Calabar instead of the use of dumpsite.

Background: Urinary Tract Infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each year. Catheter associated urinary tract infection is one of the most common health care acquired infections encounter in clinical practice. The most common hospital acquired infection is catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) accounting for almost 40% of all the nosocomial infections [2, 3, 5]. The most important predisposing factors of Catheter associated urinary tract infection is the insertion and prolonged use of indwelling urinary catheter, which has been performed by unsterile technique and by not taking adequate measure to maintain cleanliness of the catheter. Objective: The aim was to assess the level of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study design was used and sample size 110 that was simple random sampling technique followed those who meet the inclusion criteria and to assess the nurses knowledge regarding prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi. The study was conducted from July 2021 to December, 2022. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire which composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice based information on prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection. Results: The findings revealed that the highest, 67% were within 31-40 years of age, and 59% were professional education with Diploma in Nursing. This study's main findings revealed the average 47% were high level of knowledge regarding the prevention of CAUTI. It’s may due to their clinical experiences. Conclusion: Catheter associated urinary tract infections is one of the most common health care associated infections as literature said but can be prevented. According to the results of this study, some nurses have shown a good implementation of different practices towards catheter indications and CAUTI prevention. The present study concludes that a significant proportion of respondents have a high level of nurse knowledge and practice regarding the CAUTI prevention.