Background: Lumbar intervertebral disc prolapses, commonly known as herniated disc, is a leading cause of chronic lower back pain and radicular pain, often necessitating surgical intervention when conservative treatments fail. This study compares the outcomes of unilateral fenestration and discectomy (UFD) versus bilateral fenestration and discectomy (BFD) in treating lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of UFD and BFD in terms of pain relief, functional improvement, complication rates, and recovery times. Methods: This prospective study involved 200 patients diagnosed with single-segment lumbar disc herniation from January 2012 to December 2017. Patients underwent conservative treatment before surgical intervention. Group A received UFD, while Group B underwent BFD. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and functional recovery was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 software. Results: Group A (UFD) demonstrated superior perioperative and postoperative outcomes compared to Group B (BFD). Although demographic variables and herniation patterns were comparable between groups, Group A exhibited shorter surgical duration, lower intraoperative blood loss, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements. Hospital stay and bed rest duration were significantly shorter in Group A, indicating faster recovery. Preoperative VAS-LP, VAS-BP, and ODI scores were similar in both groups; however, Group A showed greater reductions in pain and disability scores at early and late follow-up. Additionally, fewer postoperative complications were noted in Group A. These findings suggest that UFD leads to more efficient surgical recovery and improved early functional outcomes compared to BFD. Conclusion: UFD (Group A) provides clear advantages, including lower postoperative pain levels, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and faster overall recovery. These findings support UFD as a preferable surgical approach for appropriately selected patients, owing to its less invasive nature and superior short-term outcomes.

This study evaluates the impact of soybean inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on different soil types (Acric Ferralsol, Xanthic Ferralsol, Eutric Cambisol) in the Lubumbashi region, in southeastern DR Congo, where yields are low due to soil degradation and limited use of inputs. The main objective was to identify the optimal combinations between Bradyrhizobium strains, soybean varieties, and soil types in order to improve soybean productivity and contribute to the regeneration of degraded tropical soils. A field trial was conducted using a split-plot design. Three strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and an uninoculated control were applied to five soybean varieties on three different soil types. The seeds were inoculated before sowing. Agronomic data (emergence, growth, nodulation, yield) and soil physicochemical properties were collected and analyzed by ANOVA to evaluate the effects of different factors and their interactions. The results showed a strong interaction between soil type, Bradyrhizobium strain, and soybean variety. The Ferralsols, more degraded, responded better to inoculation than the eutric Cambisol, which is more fertile. Strains S1 (USDA 110) and S3 (USDA 142) proved to be the most effective in improving nodulation and vegetative growth. Surprisingly, the highest yields were observed in the acric Ferralsols, despite lower nodulation, suggesting a better allocation of resources toward seed production. Inoculation also had a positive effect on pH and cation availability in Ferralsols. The study confirms that the effectiveness of soybean inoculation strongly depends on local soil conditions. An agroecological approach, adapting the choice of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil type, is essential for sustainably improving soybean productivity and the fertility of tropical soils.

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This study explores the perceptions of undergraduate English literature students in Northern Bangladesh concerning the improvement of their soft skills through academic experiences. The paper mainly focuses on five core skills: presentation skills, technological skills, leadership skills, job searching skills, and CV writing skills. A mixed-method research approach is used to conduct the research. The quantitative data is collected through a structured survey among 300 participants and the qualitative data is collected through open-ended interviews with 50 participants. All the respondents are undergraduate English literature students of 3 private universities, 2 public universities and 2 colleges under national university in northern Bangladesh. The results reveal that though students of the private universities get moderate help from the university for the development of their soft skills, public university students and especially national university students do not get that much assistance for their soft skills development

The shift from secondary level to tertiary level marks an important phase in a student’s academic and personal life. This study investigates the various challenges faced by first-year university students, commonly known as freshers. This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, encompassing questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to identify the primary challenges encountered by students in their initial university experience. The study's findings indicate that freshmen face various social, emotional, academic, and financial difficulties, including homesickness, language barriers, adjustment to new learning styles, and financial stress. A lot of students also felt mental anxiety, feelings of inferiority, and trouble with time management and communication. This study underscores the necessity for supportive measures from university administrations, encompassing counseling services, pedagogical approaches, and equitable treatment for all students. If these issues are properly addressed, universities can ensure a more welcoming environment for freshers; additionally, it will create a smoother shift to higher education and promote their academic and personal development.

Thermal regeneration of spent commercial granular activated carbon was done sequentially after batch adsorption studies to check the adsorptive capacities of the carbon after four (4) circles of regeneration. Characterization of the adsorbents was carried out instrumentally using FTIR, SEM, and PXRD. Characterization parameters such as burn off 25.06% (CGAC) and 6.498% for (RGAC), bulk density 0.58 g/cm3 for (CGAC) and 0.68 g/cm3 for (RGAC), Moisture contents 0.074 and pH 7.0. Attrition 36.24% (CGAC) and 88.92 % (RGAC), Conductivity 1422 µs/cm (CGAC) and 13.85 µs/cm (RGAC). Stock solution of 1000 ppm was prepared; the experimental solution was prepared by using dilution formula to calculate the exact amount of the stock needed to dilute with distilled water to obtain 10,20,30,40, and 50 ppm working standards. 20cm3 of each working standards of Congo red solution were interacted with 1.0 g of the commercial granular activated carbon in a separate glass flask capped with foil. The maximum adsorption capacity after four circles of thermal regeneration, is approximately 81% overall. Batch adsorption study was carried out to study the effect of experimental variables. (pH, Initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature). The equilibrium study for the sorption of Congo red was investigated using Langmuir, Freundlich, DubininRadushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. The linearity of the Langmuir isotherm models (R2 value of 0.9909 for CGAC, 0.9869 for RGAC), Freundlich isotherm model R2 was CGAC (0.9295), RGAC (0.8794), Temkin isotherm model (R2 CGAC (0.7837), RGAC (0.8076), and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model RGAC (0.7829), CGAC (0.7322) were obtained from their various plots. Langmuir seems to have the best fit having its R2 values very close to 1 follow by Freundlich isotherm model. The efficiency in removal of Congo red using the regenerated adsorbent and commercial activated carbon at 95% confidence interval shows that there is no statistically significant difference. This implied that regeneration of adsorbents after use is of economic advantage to curb cost in solving the problem of textile effluents decolorization.

Nanoparticles and metals increasingly intersect with biological systems, demanding biomarkers that are mechanistically informative, field-deployable, and interpretable across species. Framed within a One-Health perspective, this literature review synthesizes evidence on the nano–bio interface from molecular to ecosystem scales. We first situate exposure pathways, environmental fate, and bioavailability highlighting agglomeration, protein corona dynamics, dissolution/redox cycling, and uptake routes that condition internal doses. We then map mechanistic cascades (oxidative stress, immune modulation, genotoxic/epigenetic regulation, tissue injury/repair) onto Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to clarify where biomarker families read out along the continuum from initiating events to organismal and population effects. Assay domains are examined comparatively: enzymatic/biochemical markers (e.g., CAT, SOD, GPx, LPO), miRNA and broader omics (transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic pathways), histopathology and digital pathology, behavioral/physiological endpoints, and environmental DNA (eDNA) biosurveillance. Cross-taxa synthesis spans aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, amphibians/reptiles, and birds/mammals, distilling concordance/discordance patterns among endpoints and contexts. For multimodal inference, we review Weight-of-Evidence, multivariate panel construction (PCA/PLS/clustering), and probabilistic/Bayesian fusion with attention to calibration and uncertainty. Quality and standards are emphasized (controls, effect sizes, MIQE/FAIR/GLP elements) alongside nano/metal-specific interferences and key confounders (life stage, genotype, co-stressors, matrix effects, particle traits/metal speciation). Applications span aquaculture health, wildlife conservation, environmental compliance, and translational/clinical monitoring. We identify critical gaps—chronic low-dose and mixture exposures, under-studied taxa/ecosystems, longitudinal field realism—and propose minimal core panels for lab screening and field deployment, plus a staged roadmap for method harmonization, reference materials, and open data resources. Collectively, the review outlines a path to robust, cross-taxa biomarker architectures that strengthen nanotoxicology inference and One-Health decision-making.

This study investigates the linguistic practices of the queer community in Delta State, Nigeria, focusing on the morph-semantic features of its language. Using qualitative methods including interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions, and WhatsApp chat analysis the research identifies lexical items peculiar to the LGBT community and examines the processes of word formation and semantic variation. Drawing on Laurie Bauer’s morphological productivity theory, the study uncovers innovative morphological structures and semantic shifts reflecting identity, secrecy, and solidarity. Findings reveal that queer language in Delta State exhibits high morphological productivity, incorporating affixation, clipping, compounding, and borrowing. Many lexical items have no direct equivalents in Standard English and exhibit meanings accessible only to insiders. The research underscores the intersection of language, identity, and marginalization in sociolinguistic discourse and contributes to the documentation of underexplored Nigerian linguistic varieties.

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 is a major transformative push for an economy and public services diversification such as in health. This strategic vision of health care in the Kingdom gives emphasis on sustainability, accessibility, and quality in the healthcare delivery systems. Developmentally, Jazan is a fast pace growing area which faces its own specific challenges and opportunities with respect to the provision of health services. This review intends to study the health care planning in Jazan in relation to Vision 2030 which includes key policy issues, infrastructure developments, technology integration, and human resources improvements. It draws conclusions on public-private partnerships (PPPs) for health, digital health initiatives, and strategic interventions to address health issues in the region. By peer reviewing the literature available, government reports, and case studies, this review is presented as an overview of best practices and recommendations for strengthening such systems in Jazan. In conclusion, critical aspects such as healthcare governance, financial investments, and technological advancement have been drummed up, emphasizing the need for Jazan to achieve the extensive healthcare goals set forth under Vision 2030.

The study aimed to evaluate donor deferrals among individuals presenting for whole blood or platelet apheresis donation at King Abdullah Medical City in Makkah, Blood Bank Department, and to classify deferrals by screening stage. Category 1 deferrals included interview-based reasons such as recent travel to malaria-endemic areas, current medication use, or behavioral risk disclosures. Category 2 deferrals included clinical assessment findings such as low hemoglobin, abnormal blood pressure, and high body temperature. The study also evaluated the theoretical potential of telemedicine to reduce Category 1 deferrals through pre-donation screening. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Blood Bank Department of King Abdullah Medical City in Makkah between January 2023 and December 2024. From 3,029 recorded deferrals, a systematic random sample of 385 deferred donors was selected for analysis. Each deferral was classified according to the screening stage. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used. A total of 385 deferred donors were analyzed. Of these, 260 (67.5%) were classified as Category 2 and 125 (32.5%) as Category 1. Gender was significantly associated with deferral category (χ²(1, N = 385) = 6.128, p = 0.013). Category 1 deferrals were more frequent among male donors (35.2%) than female donors (18.0%). Interview-based factors accounted for 32.5% of deferrals and could be identified in advance through structured remote screening methods such as tele-interviews, reducing the likelihood of unnecessary on-site visits. The study examined the theoretical role of telemedicine as a pre-donation triage tool, emphasizing its potential to decrease avoidable deferrals and strengthen donor retention through targeted early interventions.

The article examines the rhetorical legacy of Marcus Tullius Cicero as a methodological foundation for contemporary legal research in an era of transformations. It is substantiated that the principles of ancient rhetoric the hermeneutic presupposition and the cognitive-linguistic mechanisms of understanding law retain their relevance during the transition of states to new socio-technological orders. Using the transitional period from the Roman Republic to the Empire as material, the article demonstrates how subjectivism in lawmaking and judicial discretion leads to “norm arbitrariness” and “judicial arbitrariness,” which undermine justice and the predictability of law. A futurological concept is proposed a “symbiosis” between human legal thought and artificial intelligence: the integration of AI into lawmaking and adjudication based on the philosophical doctrines of Stoicism, the rhetoric of Cicero, the ideas of Plato and Aristotle on the supremacy of law, and Ayn Rand’s views on protecting the rights of the individual creator. It is emphasized that only by relying on the logic, humanism, and objectivity laid down by ancient thinkers can AI be programmed to overcome subjective distortions in law and to create an anti-fragile, resilient legal system. The article provides forecasts on how the integration of philosophy and AI can strengthen the rule of law, ensure judicial independence, protect private property, and stabilize rules for economic prosperity, turning lawyers into “architects” of the state of the future. The article is intended for legal theorists, historians of legal doctrines, and specialists in legal technologies interested in the evolution of legal institutions and the influence of AI on law.

Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition among women, significantly impacting their quality of life across psychological, social, and physical dimensions. Despite its prevalence, UI often goes untreated due to social stigma and limited awareness of available management strategies, including physiotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness levels among pregnant women regarding UI and the role of physiotherapy in its prevention and management, with a focus on populations in Sudan and Egypt. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 75 pregnant women in Sudan and Egypt aged 15–49 years, selected using simple random sampling. Participants completed structured questionnaires covering demographic data, obstetric history, and knowledge about UI and physiotherapy. Data were analyzed manually using descriptive statistics. All necessary ethical approvals were obtained. Results: Findings showed that 56% of participants were aware of UI, however, only 5% had consulted a physiotherapist as noted by Parlas and Bilgic (2024), higher levels of UI knowledge are positively associated with attitudes toward management and help seeking, indicating that structured, evidence-based health education especially during antenatal care can bridge the gap between awareness and action. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant gap in awareness of physiotherapy as a preventive tool for UI among pregnant women. These results emphasize the need for targeted educational interventions and the integration of physiotherapy education into antenatal care programs.

The excessive consumption of chemical pesticides has negative consequences for men, non-target creatures, and the surrounding environment. Pest control tactics are evolving towards biopesticides, which offer a viable and ecologically friendly sustainable approach to the insect challenges. The primary goals of this study are to investigate the potential of nanotechnology in revolutionizing pest management through the development of nanopesticides and to address the environmental and health concerns associated with traditional agrochemicals. The main objective of the current research work was to prepare medicinal plants based nanobiopesticides having improved stability, and pesticidal activity by following the method of antisolvent precipitation. Nanobiopesticides showed increased pesticidal activity and might be employed as an effective substitute to conventional chemical pesticides. The antisolvent precipitation process was used to create nanobiopesticides from medicinal plant extracts. Different medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Lawsonia Inermis, T. Arjuna bark, Withania Somnifera roots and Ocimum basilicum) was used for the formulation of nanobiopesticides. Soxhlet apparatus was used to formulate medicinal plants extract. Different stablizers was utilized until the stable nanosuspension was formulated. The most suitable nanoformulated pesticides was characterized using FTIR, and Zeta sizer. Almost all nanobiopesticides demonstrated the existence of the O-H stretch at 3300 cm which is characteristic of alcohol and carbon-oxygen double bond at 1636.3 cm. Lawsonia Inermis based nanosuspension revealed intense peak at 3317 cm. The average particle size and polydisperity index of Lawsonia Inermis based nanobiopesticide is 228.7 nm and 24.5%. Medicinal plants extracts, nanosuspensions and pyriproxyfen was applied on Tribolium castaneum insects and mortality rate of insects was determined after different time inervals. Lawsonia Inermis plant extract showed highest (p < 0.05) mortality rate after 72 hours of treatment 51.83 ± 0.76 by utilizing 200mg/ml concentration. Results demonstrated that the Lawsonia Inermis nanosuspension had an 61.83% death rate after 72 hours of exposure due to their nanosized structure, which is higher than the plant extract but lower than the synthetic pesticide.

This study explores the influence of Bank Al-Maghrib's interventions on exchange rate behavior in Morocco from 1990 to 2024. With an ARDL model integrating key macroeconomic factors (inflation, interbank rate, liquidity, and foreign reserves), the research goal is to observe the short- and long-run relationships between monetary policy and the dirham's appreciation. Apparently, the results reveal the presence of a long-run correlation of the studied variables, meaning that the exchange rate demonstrates a sustained-in-time response to monetary fundamentals. Notably, the money supply and foreign exchange reserves appear as the most influential determinants, thereby confirming the supremacy of interventions and withdrawal in foreign exchange markets. The analysis also shows there exists a major impact of the interest rate, which exemplifies the role of the financial channel in the Moroccan setting. The findings also establish that there is a quick adjustment of the exchange rate to its long-term equilibrium, and a strong structural stability of the model. Thus, the study enhances the knowledge about Morocco's exchange rate policy and stresses the importance of policy coordination among reserve management, monetary discipline, and specific central bank operations to boost the dirham's stability during the transitional economy times.

The review paper explains the effects of data-driven transformation in healthcare on access to care and efficiency in the southwest part of Saudi Arabia, with focus on Jazan. Within the ambit of Saudi Vision 2030, several steps have been taken by the Kingdom to adopt digital health technologies that will help close the urban-rural healthcare gap. Utilization of telemedicine, mobile health applications, and AI-enabled diagnostics continues shaping much-needed changes in health delivery mechanisms in resource-poor areas by enhancing access to medical services for previously underprivileged rural populations alienated by geographical barriers, long travel distances to health facilities, unaffordable costs, and inadequate availability of both health facilities and personnel. Across the southwest of Saudi Arabia, where terrain and infrastructural challenges have historically obstructed access to healthcare, digital health initiatives like Seha Virtual Hospital (SVH), and Sehhaty App now play a crucial role in availing remote consultations, the management of chronic diseases, and delivery of care. The integration of electronic health records (EHR) and, in turn, AI tools will boost the efficiency of healthcare services through real-time data sharing, better allocation of resources, and lesser diagnostic errors. Yet, several challenges remain, including issues of internet connection in the rural space, digital literacy, preparedness of the workforce, and regulatory frameworks for telemedicine. These barriers need to be dealt with for the sustainable and equitable rollout of digital health solutions. This review elaborates on how data-driven transformation of healthcare could precipitate a favourable outcome in the health of the southwest region while laying down the challenges to be surmounted for this progress to continue with success. By and large, the data-driven health transformation in southwest Saudi Arabia presents a potential model for addressing disparities between urban and rural health, resulting in more efficient, accessible, and patient-centred care.