Background: Medically unnecessary cesarean Section is a persistent concern worldwide, exacerbating adverse health outcomes for maternals and infants. Furthermore, global data indicates high rates of cesarean births, exceeding the recommended levels (10-15%) set by the World Health Organization. Objective: This literature review aimed to examine the effects of cesarean Section on both the Maternal and Child, in comparison to vaginal delivery. Methods: This research was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, using the search engines MDPI, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar to identify articles published between 2016 and 2024. As part of the systematic review process, this yielded 599 studies; after screening and assessment, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. As part of the systematic analysis, the researchers examined study characteristics in terms of author, title, objective, sample design, sample size, data collection method, and outcomes. Results: The study showed that medically recommended cesarean Section reduces maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Unnecessary and medically inadvisable cesarean Section affects both the Maternal and the child, or both. For moms, having a cesarean section raises the chances of having headaches, physical problems, hip pain, trouble doing everyday tasks, and trouble breastfeeding after the child is born. For in-fants, the effects include respiratory problems, obesity, abnormal behavioral characteristics, and recurrent illnesses. The risk of disrupted feeding and sleeping patterns has also been found to be lower among infants born by cesarean section compared to those born vaginally. Furthermore, the disparity in cesarean Section rates between private and public facilities highlights the influence of social, economic, and institutional factors Conclusion: The high rate of cesarean Section is influenced by complex medical, social, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. While cesarean Section is a life-saving intervention when medically indicated, cesarean Section when medically indicated poses significant health, psychological, and behavioral risks to both Maternals For infants, the effects include respiratory problems, obesity, abnormal behavioral characteristics, and recurrent illnesses. The risk of disrupted feeding and sleeping patterns has also been found to be lower among infants born by cesarean section compared to those born vaginally.

In Awka and most parts of Anambra State, plastering is commonly carried out using the cheapest and nearest available materials like river-bed sand dredged from the Onitsha reach of the River Niger or clayey borrow-pit soils excavated locally, which are often mixed by eye, leading to frequent cracking, blistering, delamination, poor bonding, and patchy finishes. This study therefore characterized the geotechnical, physico-chemical, and mineralogical properties of borrow-pit soils from Amansea and Ebenebe, river-bed sand from Onitsha, and four laboratory-prepared blends at 80/20 and 60/40 (sand/soil) ratios using particle-size analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, Standard Proctor compaction, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that all materials are highly siliceous (SiO₂ 77–87 wt.%) and quartz-dominated (86–96 wt.%) with very low fines content (< 0.6 %), making them essentially non-plastic despite the clayey appearance of the borrow-pit soils (kaolinite only 3–7 wt.%). Blending Onitsha river-bed sand with borrow-pit soils significantly reduced fines, water demand, and plasticity while increasing maximum dry density and specific gravity. The 60 % Onitsha + 40 % Amansea blend exhibited the optimum combination: highest maximum dry density (1.86 Mg/m³), low optimum moisture content (11 %), very low fines (0.39 %), and the cleanest oxide profile, clearly outperforming the individual raw materials. The widespread plaster defects observed locally are thus attributable to the use of unblended or poorly proportioned materials, while a simple, controlled 60:40 blend offers a strong, shrinkage-resistant, and sustainable plastering aggregate using only locally available resources.

Background: Major studies in this basis have addressed the ethical climate and ethical courage separately. Additionally in this pandemic era upto the best knowledge pf researcher there is no such study which is conducted on the moral courage and ethical climate present in the hospitals providing care to the corona patients. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of ethical climate and moral courage among nurses caring for the corona patients in the public tertiary care hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in March to May 2021, on the nurses working in a public hospital and private tertiary care hospitals in Faisalabad. Sample size was 300 nurses. Written consent was taken from the participants. The data-collecting tool was a three-part questionnaire. The first part contains demographic information, second part consists of a questionnaire “Ethical climate of the hospital” by Olson in 1995, the third part included a moral courage questionnaire, which was designed by Sekerka et al. in 2009. All required permissions were taken from the authority and principle of confidentiality, beneficence, non- maleficence were observed. Results: Table 4 displayed the mean score of ethical climate and moral courage among nurses. The average score of the ethical climate among nurses was 2.3 which is between sometimes to often and moral courage mean score was 2.7 which mean that nurses got often chance to perform according to their moral value. Table 5 shows the ANOVA Test scores between the demographics and ethical climate and moral courage. Participants with higher educational levels and with more years of experience reported good ethical climate and shared more moral courage. The finding were insignificant with the marital status of the participant. Table 6 shared the correlation between ethical climate and moral courage. The relationship between ethical climate and moral courage is significant. This means that participants perceive that if there is more ethical climate in their practicing areas then they have more moral courage to practice good nursing values independently. Discussion: The results of this study also showed that the higher ethical climate score of the hospital lead to the more ethical virtue of courage in nurses. This will ultimately lead patients to better care and reduce the risk of physical, mental and mental harm to both patients and the health care provider. Therefore, nursing managers can use the operational features to improve ethical climate and ethical courage of nurses to get synergy between these two variables in order to achieve satisfaction, trust and confidence of patients in the nursing profession and health services organizations.

Meckel’s diverticulum is a congenital gastrointestinal anomaly that is usually asymptomatic but may lead to complications such as obstruction, bleeding, diverticulitis, or perforation [1-4]. Intestinal obstruction is the most common complication in adults [3]. We report the case of a 37-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, cessation of stool and gas passage, and abdominal distension. Abdominal CT revealed small bowel obstruction without a clearly identifiable cause. Emergency laparotomy revealed a bowel volvulus caused by a fibrous band extending from an inflamed Meckel’s diverticulum to the umbilicus. The diverticulum was resected, and a functional end-to-end bowel anastomosis was performed. Although preoperative diagnosis can be challenging, imaging may aid in identifying bowel obstruction, and surgical resection remains the definitive treatment in symptomatic cases [12-14]. This case highlights the importance of considering Meckel’s diverticulum in adult patients with small bowel obstruction and the need for prompt surgical intervention.

Radiology plays a crucial role in the management of stroke, particularly through the use of advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans and MRIs. These imaging modalities are essential for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of stroke types ischemic or hemorrhagic which significantly influences acute treatment decisions. Radiology not only helps in identifying the presence and extent of brain damage but also guides interventional procedures, like thrombectomy, during critical timeframes. In tandem, laboratory testing provides vital information regarding patient health and aids in determining underlying stroke risk factors. Tests such as complete blood counts, coagulation profiles, and lipid panels enable healthcare providers to tailor interventions based on individual patient needs, thereby optimizing outcomes. Preventive strategies and nursing care are fundamental in multifaceted stroke management, emphasizing the importance of risk factor modification and patient education. Preventive strategies focus on controlling hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia through medication and lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise. Nurses play a pivotal role in this preventative realm by delivering education on recognizing stroke symptoms, promoting adherence to treatment regimens, and providing support for smoking cessation or weight management. Furthermore, they are integral in the management and monitoring of acute stroke patients in clinical settings, ensuring timely intervention and facilitating rehabilitation efforts to promote optimal recovery. Their holistic approach not only addresses immediate medical needs but also fosters long-term health and well-being.

Medical devices have become indispensable in modern healthcare settings, fundamentally transforming clinical workflows and patient care delivery. However, despite significant technological advancements, the integration of medical devices into healthcare environments presents multifaceted challenges that directly impact both healthcare worker quality of life and patient safety outcomes. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent literature examining the relationship between medical device usability, human factors engineering principles, and the well-being of healthcare professionals including radiological technicians, health informatics specialists, nurses, clinical coding technicians, and health administration staff. The review examines critical factors including device usability design, ergonomic considerations, training adequacy, workflow integration, and psychological impacts including burnout and job satisfaction. Evidence demonstrates that while medical devices offer substantial benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and clinical decision support, their implementation frequently encounters significant barriers related to poor usability, inadequate training, ergonomic challenges, and psychological stress among users. Key findings indicate that healthcare systems exhibiting structured training programs, user-centered design principles, and adequate organizational support demonstrate markedly superior outcomes in staff satisfaction, productivity, and patient safety. This review identifies essential strategies for optimizing medical device integration, including comprehensive human factors engineering evaluation during development, iterative usability testing with end-users, enhanced training protocols, workflow-centered design approaches, and institutional commitment to supporting staff adaptation and well-being during technology transitions.

Background: Lumbar intervertebral disc prolapses, commonly known as herniated disc, is a leading cause of chronic lower back pain and radicular pain, often necessitating surgical intervention when conservative treatments fail. This study compares the outcomes of unilateral fenestration and discectomy (UFD) versus bilateral fenestration and discectomy (BFD) in treating lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of UFD and BFD in terms of pain relief, functional improvement, complication rates, and recovery times. Methods: This prospective study involved 200 patients diagnosed with single-segment lumbar disc herniation from January 2012 to December 2017. Patients underwent conservative treatment before surgical intervention. Group A received UFD, while Group B underwent BFD. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and functional recovery was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 software. Results: Group A (UFD) demonstrated superior perioperative and postoperative outcomes compared to Group B (BFD). Although demographic variables and herniation patterns were comparable between groups, Group A exhibited shorter surgical duration, lower intraoperative blood loss, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements. Hospital stay and bed rest duration were significantly shorter in Group A, indicating faster recovery. Preoperative VAS-LP, VAS-BP, and ODI scores were similar in both groups; however, Group A showed greater reductions in pain and disability scores at early and late follow-up. Additionally, fewer postoperative complications were noted in Group A. These findings suggest that UFD leads to more efficient surgical recovery and improved early functional outcomes compared to BFD. Conclusion: UFD (Group A) provides clear advantages, including lower postoperative pain levels, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and faster overall recovery. These findings support UFD as a preferable surgical approach for appropriately selected patients, owing to its less invasive nature and superior short-term outcomes.

The industrial sector, a significant contributor to global energy demand, is experiencing a vital transition towards sustainable practices while maintaining production efficiency. The implementation of peak shaving electricity, a strategy that reduces consumption during periods of peak demand, presents a viable solution. This approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs, benefiting both the environment and the economy. Recent advancements in the integration of solar photovoltaics (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS), and demand response programs have enhanced the appeal of peak shaving using with vendor controller and reliable communication system. This integrated approach has attracted considerable attention for its potential to optimize energy use while maintaining industrial operations, providing a pathway to responsible industrial sustainability. This paper presents application of optimal BESS management with integrating solar PV for industrial peak shaving using real-time demand response data and standard Modbus TCP/IP communication systems. This article identifies key themes, including objectives, technologies employed, and techniques for implementation. A case study of a California Waste Management facility describes the implementation of hybrid solar photovoltaic systems, a battery energy storage system, and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. These systems are capable of directly powering operations, storing solar energy in batteries, feeding excess energy into the grid, and transitioning to grid-supplied power as required. This case study demonstrated a notable 13.87% reduction in energy costs and a 22.9% decrease in CO2 emissions. This study presents the Industrial Peak Shaving framework, designed to promote sustainable industrial practices and guide future research and implementation.

This study evaluates the impact of soybean inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on different soil types (Acric Ferralsol, Xanthic Ferralsol, Eutric Cambisol) in the Lubumbashi region, in southeastern DR Congo, where yields are low due to soil degradation and limited use of inputs. The main objective was to identify the optimal combinations between Bradyrhizobium strains, soybean varieties, and soil types in order to improve soybean productivity and contribute to the regeneration of degraded tropical soils. A field trial was conducted using a split-plot design. Three strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and an uninoculated control were applied to five soybean varieties on three different soil types. The seeds were inoculated before sowing. Agronomic data (emergence, growth, nodulation, yield) and soil physicochemical properties were collected and analyzed by ANOVA to evaluate the effects of different factors and their interactions. The results showed a strong interaction between soil type, Bradyrhizobium strain, and soybean variety. The Ferralsols, more degraded, responded better to inoculation than the eutric Cambisol, which is more fertile. Strains S1 (USDA 110) and S3 (USDA 142) proved to be the most effective in improving nodulation and vegetative growth. Surprisingly, the highest yields were observed in the acric Ferralsols, despite lower nodulation, suggesting a better allocation of resources toward seed production. Inoculation also had a positive effect on pH and cation availability in Ferralsols. The study confirms that the effectiveness of soybean inoculation strongly depends on local soil conditions. An agroecological approach, adapting the choice of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil type, is essential for sustainably improving soybean productivity and the fertility of tropical soils.

This study investigates the linguistic practices of the queer community in Delta State, Nigeria, focusing on the morph-semantic features of its language. Using qualitative methods including interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions, and WhatsApp chat analysis the research identifies lexical items peculiar to the LGBT community and examines the processes of word formation and semantic variation. Drawing on Laurie Bauer’s morphological productivity theory, the study uncovers innovative morphological structures and semantic shifts reflecting identity, secrecy, and solidarity. Findings reveal that queer language in Delta State exhibits high morphological productivity, incorporating affixation, clipping, compounding, and borrowing. Many lexical items have no direct equivalents in Standard English and exhibit meanings accessible only to insiders. The research underscores the intersection of language, identity, and marginalization in sociolinguistic discourse and contributes to the documentation of underexplored Nigerian linguistic varieties.

Thermal regeneration of spent commercial granular activated carbon was done sequentially after batch adsorption studies to check the adsorptive capacities of the carbon after four (4) circles of regeneration. Characterization of the adsorbents was carried out instrumentally using FTIR, SEM, and PXRD. Characterization parameters such as burn off 25.06% (CGAC) and 6.498% for (RGAC), bulk density 0.58 g/cm3 for (CGAC) and 0.68 g/cm3 for (RGAC), Moisture contents 0.074 and pH 7.0. Attrition 36.24% (CGAC) and 88.92 % (RGAC), Conductivity 1422 µs/cm (CGAC) and 13.85 µs/cm (RGAC). Stock solution of 1000 ppm was prepared; the experimental solution was prepared by using dilution formula to calculate the exact amount of the stock needed to dilute with distilled water to obtain 10,20,30,40, and 50 ppm working standards. 20cm3 of each working standards of Congo red solution were interacted with 1.0 g of the commercial granular activated carbon in a separate glass flask capped with foil. The maximum adsorption capacity after four circles of thermal regeneration, is approximately 81% overall. Batch adsorption study was carried out to study the effect of experimental variables. (pH, Initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature). The equilibrium study for the sorption of Congo red was investigated using Langmuir, Freundlich, DubininRadushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. The linearity of the Langmuir isotherm models (R2 value of 0.9909 for CGAC, 0.9869 for RGAC), Freundlich isotherm model R2 was CGAC (0.9295), RGAC (0.8794), Temkin isotherm model (R2 CGAC (0.7837), RGAC (0.8076), and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model RGAC (0.7829), CGAC (0.7322) were obtained from their various plots. Langmuir seems to have the best fit having its R2 values very close to 1 follow by Freundlich isotherm model. The efficiency in removal of Congo red using the regenerated adsorbent and commercial activated carbon at 95% confidence interval shows that there is no statistically significant difference. This implied that regeneration of adsorbents after use is of economic advantage to curb cost in solving the problem of textile effluents decolorization.

This study explores the perceptions of undergraduate English literature students in Northern Bangladesh concerning the improvement of their soft skills through academic experiences. The paper mainly focuses on five core skills: presentation skills, technological skills, leadership skills, job searching skills, and CV writing skills. A mixed-method research approach is used to conduct the research. The quantitative data is collected through a structured survey among 300 participants and the qualitative data is collected through open-ended interviews with 50 participants. All the respondents are undergraduate English literature students of 3 private universities, 2 public universities and 2 colleges under national university in northern Bangladesh. The results reveal that though students of the private universities get moderate help from the university for the development of their soft skills, public university students and especially national university students do not get that much assistance for their soft skills development

Nanoparticles and metals increasingly intersect with biological systems, demanding biomarkers that are mechanistically informative, field-deployable, and interpretable across species. Framed within a One-Health perspective, this literature review synthesizes evidence on the nano–bio interface from molecular to ecosystem scales. We first situate exposure pathways, environmental fate, and bioavailability highlighting agglomeration, protein corona dynamics, dissolution/redox cycling, and uptake routes that condition internal doses. We then map mechanistic cascades (oxidative stress, immune modulation, genotoxic/epigenetic regulation, tissue injury/repair) onto Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to clarify where biomarker families read out along the continuum from initiating events to organismal and population effects. Assay domains are examined comparatively: enzymatic/biochemical markers (e.g., CAT, SOD, GPx, LPO), miRNA and broader omics (transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic pathways), histopathology and digital pathology, behavioral/physiological endpoints, and environmental DNA (eDNA) biosurveillance. Cross-taxa synthesis spans aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, amphibians/reptiles, and birds/mammals, distilling concordance/discordance patterns among endpoints and contexts. For multimodal inference, we review Weight-of-Evidence, multivariate panel construction (PCA/PLS/clustering), and probabilistic/Bayesian fusion with attention to calibration and uncertainty. Quality and standards are emphasized (controls, effect sizes, MIQE/FAIR/GLP elements) alongside nano/metal-specific interferences and key confounders (life stage, genotype, co-stressors, matrix effects, particle traits/metal speciation). Applications span aquaculture health, wildlife conservation, environmental compliance, and translational/clinical monitoring. We identify critical gaps—chronic low-dose and mixture exposures, under-studied taxa/ecosystems, longitudinal field realism—and propose minimal core panels for lab screening and field deployment, plus a staged roadmap for method harmonization, reference materials, and open data resources. Collectively, the review outlines a path to robust, cross-taxa biomarker architectures that strengthen nanotoxicology inference and One-Health decision-making.

The shift from secondary level to tertiary level marks an important phase in a student’s academic and personal life. This study investigates the various challenges faced by first-year university students, commonly known as freshers. This study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, encompassing questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to identify the primary challenges encountered by students in their initial university experience. The study's findings indicate that freshmen face various social, emotional, academic, and financial difficulties, including homesickness, language barriers, adjustment to new learning styles, and financial stress. A lot of students also felt mental anxiety, feelings of inferiority, and trouble with time management and communication. This study underscores the necessity for supportive measures from university administrations, encompassing counseling services, pedagogical approaches, and equitable treatment for all students. If these issues are properly addressed, universities can ensure a more welcoming environment for freshers; additionally, it will create a smoother shift to higher education and promote their academic and personal development.

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