Background: Oesophageal masses, including cancers, are serious gastrointestinal conditions diagnosed and studied using endoscopic and histologic techniques to confirm. Objectives: To analyze and evaluate the endoscopic and histologic findings in oesophageal masses over a five year period. Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective study of all patients with endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of oesophageal masses as seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto between January 2017 and December 2022. Results: The age range was 41-70, mean of 57.26±1510years and Male: Female ratio of 1.62: 1. The commonest indications were dysphagia and weight loss accounting for 64.7%. About half of the masses were located in the mid oesophagus, 50% were Squamous cell carcinoma, 8(23.5%) and Adenocarcinoma, 7(20.6%). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor was seen in only 2 (11.8%). Alcohol was not a recognized risk factor. Majority of the masses were located at the upper and mid oesophagus were squamous cell carcinoma and none was adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of the masses seen at the lower oesophagus were histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. The overall results were statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Oesophageal masses during the period of the study were seen among patients over the age of 41 years, male gender predominated, dysphagia and weight loss were the most common clinical presentations. Mid oesophagus accounted for the majority of the masses and squamous cell carcinoma the predominating histologic type. Adenocarcinoma was seen dominating the lower esophagus.

Background: A variety of factors, including tubal blockage, cause infertility, a global problem. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look at the most common tubal irregularities. Methodology: A descriptive longitudinal study was undertaken in Khair Alelag private hospital in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from January to December 2023. We included approximately 60 individuals who presented for a hygrosalpingogram (HSG) evaluation. Results: According to our findings, half of the study group 30(50%) has a history of PID, with 17 (57%) having tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (7%) or unilaterally (10%). Those without a history of PID (12%) have tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (3%) or unilaterally (9%). 12 (20%) have a history of uterine or tubal surgery, all with tubal obstruction; 8 (13%) have unilateral tubal obstruction; and 4 (7%) have bilateral tubal obstruction. Conclusion: Tubal blockage is common in Sudan, and it may contribute to the country's high rate of infertility. Unilateral tubal blockage is the most prevalent form.

Since vocational education gives young people the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the workforce, it is crucial for human development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how satisfied trainees were with their vocational training and skill development in Tana River County vocational training facilities. Data were gathered using a descriptive research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methods. There were nine Vocational Training Centres in Tana River County, with a total of two hundred and fifty trainees. The trainees were chosen at random. Trainee data was gathered using questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 was used to analyze, code, and critical quantitative data. Pie charts and graphs were used to display the data that had been analyzed. The results of the study showed that the trainees believed academic education was superior and that vocational skills were for failures.

Background: Obesity is a growing global health issue with significant implications for gynecological health. This study investigates the impact of obesity on various gynecological outcomes, comparing obese and non-obese women. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at BSMMU and Dhaka Medical College from February 2022 to January 2023. A total of 150 female participants were purposively selected and divided into two groups: Group 1 (Obesity, n=75) and Group 2 (No Obesity, n=75). Data on blood pressure, HbA1c levels, body fat percentage, waist circumference, cholesterol levels, physical activity, insulin sensitivity, sleep duration, and the prevalence of complications such as hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, and joint pain were collected and analyzed. Result: Obese participants had significantly higher blood pressure (140 ± 10 mmHg vs. 125 ± 8 mmHg, p=0.002), HbA1c levels (7.2 ± 1.1% vs. 5.9 ± 0.8%, p=0.004), body fat percentage (35 ± 5% vs. 22 ± 4%, p=0.001), and waist circumference (110 ± 12 cm vs. 85 ± 10 cm, p=0.003) compared to non-obese participants. Additionally, obese women exhibited a higher prevalence of hypertension (27% vs. 13%, p=0.045), diabetes (20% vs. 7%, p=0.032), sleep apnea (16% vs. 5%, p=0.021), and joint pain (24% vs. 11%, p=0.039). Conclusion: The study highlights the detrimental effects of obesity on gynecological health, emphasizing the need for effective weight management strategies to improve reproductive health outcomes and overall well-being in women.

Bacillus subtilis is an active substance capable of producing a variety of antimicrobials, enzymes and promoting the growth of plants and animals, which is widely used in modern agricultural production due to its clear research background, wide range of application scenarios, rich industrial use time, non-toxicity and harmlessness to human beings, and its ability to produce spores to tolerate adverse environments. If Bacillus subtilis is further mutated, it can enhance the production of antimicrobials and enzymes, and improve the economic benefits and work efficiency, UV mutagenesis as a safer and widely used mutation technique has been chosen by many scientists, this paper summarizes the current status of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various applications in recent years, and elucidates the future application prospects and research hotspots of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture. The paper summarizes the current status of the application of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various aspects in recent years, and elucidates the future prospects of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture and research hotspots.

Every language possesses a unique system for constructing meaning. Assamese, the easternmost Indo-Aryan language and Assam's official tongue, exemplifies this with its rich morphological system. Suffixes, attached to word ends, significantly impact meaning and emotional weight. This study delves into a fascinating subset: pleonastic suffixes. Unlike others, these add emphasis and emotional depth without altering core meaning. Their versatility allows them to express a range of emotions in everyday speech. Their frequent use reflects the nuanced expressiveness inherent in Assamese. To illuminate these multifaceted functions, a corpus-based approach will be employed. A comprehensive corpus of spoken Assamese, compiled from interviews, documentaries, and everyday conversations, will be analysed using established corpus techniques to identify instances of pleonastic suffixes. Following this, a qualitative analysis using thematic and discourse analysis will delve deeper, examining context, conveyed emotions, and the overall impact on the message. This exploration of the pleonastic suffixes will further help in gaining a deeper appreciation for Assamese morphology. These seemingly small additions significantly enhance the language's emotional depth and communicative power. This research paper, will not only contribute to a better understanding of Assamese grammar but also sheds light on the role of morphology in shaping emotional expression across languages.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. And these Patients with a severe form of COVID-19 tend to have a high viral load. Objective: Identify biomarkers that show significant variation between different covid-19 viral load groups in T2DM patients in Pointe-Noire. Methods: We recruited a total of 206 participants for this study. Detailed information on age, gender, and health status of participants was collected from medical records. Biomarkers were quantified from blood samples and sars cov-2 virus was identified using the PCR technique on nasopharyngeal swabs. Viral load results were deduced from threshold cycles (CT) and subjects were grouped into two groups Ct < 25: Strong positive = High viral shedding and If Ct: 30 and 35 inclusive: Weak positive = Low viral shedding. Results: we found that fever (116/100%), Fatigue (115/99.1%), dyspnea (114/98.2%) and Cough (108/88.8%) were the most common signs in our population. study with high viral shedding. Non-survivors numbered 44 out of 46 for the same group. Biomarkers: CRP, ESR, CBC, GLY, HBA1c, DDI, Creat were significantly disrupted depending on viral load between non-survivors and survivors. Conclusion: This study showed that a high viral load was a source of disturbance of CRP, VS, CBC, GLY, HbA1c, DDI, Creat, signalling a poor prognosis.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a frequently encountered and clinically relevant condition that can have several causes, including curable infections or cancerous growths. This study was done to analyze the different cytopathological patterns observed in the fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of patients with lymphadenopathy. Methodology: In this retrospective study, we present the findings of a comprehensive analysis on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 70 cases with lymphadenopathy in North Kordofan State. Our aim was to investigate the frequency and underlying causes of lymph node enlargement across different age groups, as well as analyze the diverse cytopathological patterns associated with lymphadenopathies. Results: The study population comprised 43 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 6 to 78 years, with a mean age of 50.6 years. Among the 70 cases, 40 were determined to be benign. Out of these, 31 were diagnosed as tuberculosis and 9 were classified as benign lymph node aspirates, which included reactive hyperplasia and vascular lesions. The remaining 30 cases were reported as malignant. Out of these, 12 were identified as metastatic carcinoma, 10 as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 4 as metastatic breast cancer, and 4 as large-cell anaplastic lymphoma. Conclusion: Benign tumors are the predominant components of lymphadenopathy. FNAC is a valuable method for examining lymphadenopathy.

Background: Diabetes mellitus poses a significant global health challenge, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) being particularly prevalent and on the rise, especially in low and middle-income countries. Liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), are vital indicators of liver health and metabolism, often showing elevated levels in individuals with diabetes. Despite the public health importance of this relationship, comprehensive research, especially in Bangladesh, remains limited. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating liver enzyme levels and their correlation with T2DM. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of elevated liver enzymes and their association with T2DM. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka from May to August 2023. The study included 192 participants with T2DM and an equal number of control participants without diabetes. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and GGT) were measured, and statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests. Results: The study found that persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) had significantly higher levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there was no substantial disparity in GGT levels seen between the two groups (p = 0.065). Individuals with T2DM had a considerably higher mean fasting blood glucose level compared to controls (p < 0.001). The liver function test results of the participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were substantially higher compared to the control group. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was 46.06 ± 22.38 IU/L and the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was 42.94 ± 19.08 IU/L, with a p-value of less than 0.001. However, there was no significant association between the gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level in both study groups, with a p-value of 0.065. Conclusion: Elevated levels of AST and ALT are common in individuals with T2DM, indicating potential liver dysfunction. Liver enzyme testing may serve as a valuable tool in the assessment and management of diabetes-related complications.

Dysmenorrhoea with its co-morbidities are about the common gynaecological disorders among adolescent girls. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities are largely unreported and as a result, no national or international attention has been paid to it. This type of study has not been done in this part of the country. It therefore became necessary to evaluate the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities among adolescent girls in a tertiary institution in South South Nigeria and compare it with similar ones elsewhere. The cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured questionnaire that captured dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities. A total of one thousand students were used for the study. Our results show that 78.5% of respondents had dysmenorrhoea. 34.6% had irregular menstrual cycles, 33.3% had dysmenorrhoea from onset of menarche. Dysmenorrhoea interferes with daily routines in 60.3% of dysmenmorhoeics. Academic work and social live was affected in 72.5% and 66.2% of respondents respectively. There was a positive correlation between irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhoea. There was also a negative correlation between dysmenorrhoea and academic, social and other daily routines. We conclude that the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea is high in the tertiary Institution and is negatively correlated with academic, routine and social activities.

As the new era is changing dramatically, the presentation of Chinese image in literary works is one of the ways for the people of China to understand the international perspective. This paper takes the image of China portrayed in writer Amy Tan's work The Joy Luck Club as the main object of discussion, briefly describes the portrayal of Chinese image, and provides some references for people how to set up Chinese images and how to confirm their our identity in the context of the new era.

Background: There are conflicting reports on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters. Similarly, studies believe hemi-orchidectomy improves the function of the contralateral testis while others observed no differences in the function of the contralateral testis. But there is paucity of information on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals, and hence this study. Methods: Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were used for this study. The 20 male rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 (both testes, no coitus); group 2 (both testes, with coitus); group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) and group 4 (hemi-orchidectomized, with coitus). Each male rat in groups 2 and 4 was cohabited with 2 females for three months after two weeks of the orchidectomy. Animals were sacrificed and their cauda epididymis and right testes dissected out for assessment of relevant parameters. Results: The results shows that seminal fluid parameters were not significantly different among the groups. There were no significant differences in body and organ weights among the groups. Group 2 rats (both testes/coitus) had a significantly reduced sperm count (p<0.05) compared with group 1 (both testes, no coitus). Sperm count was also significantly lower in group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) than in group 1 (both testes, no coitus) (p<0.05). Sperm count was significantly increased in group 4 (hemi-orchidectomy, with coitus) compared with group 2. Conclusion: We conclude that coitus may reduce sperm count in normal rats but does not have effect on sperm parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals. However, orchidectomy increases sperm count in the contralateral testis.

The Green synthesis method is proved to be one of the simplest and efficient ways for material synthesis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis method, with silver nitrate and green tea leaves as precursors. The sample is then characterized using versatile characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Particle size analyser (PSA). The PSA pattern has shown that the particles are pure. The surface morphology is obtained through SEM image and it has suggested that nano particles were aggregates. The nanoparticles have shown interactions between silver and oxygen atoms supported by Raman. Molecular docking is a pivotal computational technique widely used in drug discovery to predict the preferred orientation of a ligand as it binds to a receptor's active site. This approach is fundamental to understand molecular interactions at the atomic level, thereby facilitating the design of new drugs by high affinity and specificity. The process involves simulating the interaction between molecules to determine the optimal binding configuration, using algorithms that assess the binding energy and stability of the resulting complex.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental issue, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This research work focused on investigating the levels of heavy metals concentration in polyalthia longifolia. The metals analyzed include the following, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), Mercury (Hg) and Zinc (Zn) in the bark of polyalthia longifolia, the fresh bark samples were collected from Akwaka, Rivers-state. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the fresh bark samples for heavy metals. The results obtained for fresh bark were; Chromium (0.03mg/100g), Lead (0.05mg/100g), Sodium (3.80mg/100g), Arsenic (0.01mg/100g), Copper (0.23mg/100g), Iron (5.21mg/100g) Nickel (0.01mg/100), Aluminium (0.30mg/100g), Mercury (ND), Zinc (2.97mg/100g) and Calcium (3.80mg/100g). from the results obtained it has shown that mercury is not detected, the values of iron, sodium, and zinc are considerably significant and which contributes to the nutritional and medicinal importance of the plant in building of the cells as coenzymes and effective metabolic rate in the body system, the values of arsenic, lead and mercury show that the plants is less toxic and may not be harmful to the human system. The consumption of this plant can contribute good fibre, high energy content and will effectively reduce dangerous health risks, the results are generally within the permissible limit of World Health Organization. . For separation and identification of various components of the Polyathia Longifolia sample extract, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using 95% ethyl acetate and 5% ethanol as eluents. This gave three separation spots with Rf factors of 0.1, 0.025 and 0.075 respectively. Extraction of the Polyalthia Longifolia plant bark was carried out by steeping washed, air-dried and ground sample in n-hexane for 48 hours, which was then filtered and evaporated to dryness to obtain a thick black viscous liquid The plant is rich in minerals and is properly cultiivated in Nigeria. Continuous research on other areas of polyalthia longifolia, should be carried out regularly in the area.

This research analyzes the weaknesses of the consumer protection for users of information technology-based funding services in indonesia currently and how to reconstruct the law based on justice value in a constructivism paradigm where the type of research method used is normative juridical and the specifications of this research have a prescriptive analytical nature with the approach used by the author being a statutory approach. The research results found that the the weaknesses of the Regulation of the Financial Services authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 10/POJK.05/2022 concerning Information Technology-Based funding Services and Reconstruction of improvements to the policy of POJK Regulation Number 10/POJK.05/2022 with the contents of SE OJK No.19/SEOJK.06/2023 and emphasize the requirements for the analysis of organizers to pay attention to the ability to pay as seen from evidence of the average consumer income to minimize default by being required to pass the SLIK data verification analysis and not exceeding 50% of the remaining income of prospective consumers. Therefore, the Reconstruction of POJK Regulations are in regard to the permission for online credit organizers to access consumer camera, location, and microphone applications that are only given when the consumer needs initial verification.