Introduction: Open defaecation (OD) has been strongly linked to high prevalence of cholera and other sanitation-related diseases. This study was conducted to assess community-led total sanitation (CLTS) on the reduction of OD practices and its health implications in Cross River State. The study design was a community-based randomized controlled trial. Materials and Methods: A multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting LGAs, wards, communities, households and respondents. Data were collected from 744 respondents at pre- and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solution (version 24). Results and Discussions: Results were presented as frequencies, percentages, tables and charts. The findings from this study showed a significant increase in knowledge level of OD due to the CLTS intervention; at baseline, 344 (46.2%) of respondents had good knowledge of OD, which was later increased to 395 (53.1%) at post-intervention, indicating that there was a statistically significant difference in respondents’ knowledge level of OD and diseases associated with OD practices due to the CLTS intervention. The perceptions of respondents about OD were 404 (54.3%) at baseline, and was improved to 701 (94.2%) at post-intervention, implying that there was a statistically significant difference in the perceptions of respondents about OD practices due to the CLTS intervention. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the CLTS intervention was effective in increasing knowledge of OD practice, changing wrong perceptions about OD and improving toilet ownership and maintenance. To scale up the gains of this study, continued commitments to the eradication of OD practices from community members, governments at all levels and NGOs is crucial.

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a pervasive issue in Nigeria, affecting individuals across different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Despite existing laws and policies, the prevalence of GBV continues to rise, largely due to deeply entrenched societal norms, weak law enforcement, and inadequate support systems for survivors. This study explores the role of communication in the prevention and intervention of GBV, examining how media platforms, digital activism, and community-based communication strategies contribute to addressing the issue. Using secondary research (desktop research) as the methodology, the study analyzes scholarly literature, reports, and case studies to assess the effectiveness of communication strategies in combating GBV. Findings reveal that media campaigns such as #SayNoToRape and #MeToo have significantly raised awareness, influenced policy discussions, and encouraged survivors to speak out. Investigative journalism, as seen in the BBC Africa Eye documentary Sex for Grades, has also played a crucial role in exposing perpetrators and prompting legal reforms. However, challenges persist, including sensationalized reporting, victim-blaming narratives, and limited access to digital advocacy tools in rural areas. The study concludes that effective communication strategies are key to preventing GBV and supporting survivors. Recommendations include strengthening ethical media reporting, leveraging digital media for advocacy, promoting community-based awareness programs, and improving policy implementation and survivor support services. By adopting a multi-sectoral approach that integrates media, government, civil society, and community efforts, Nigeria can make significant progress in the fight against GBV.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition resulting from an extreme immune response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and high mortality rates. Early identification and timely intervention are crucial for improving patient outcomes. This review explores evidence-based strategies in sepsis management, including early recognition, fluid resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, hemodynamic support, and nursing interventions. The role of a multidisciplinary healthcare team in sepsis care is also highlighted, emphasizing the importance of adherence to international guidelines such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Strengthening nursing protocols and adopting advanced monitoring techniques can significantly reduce sepsis-related morbidity and mortality.

This study evaluated the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract of Chiropsoides buitendijki in female Sprague-Dawley rats and its toxic effects in brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Rats were treated with the extract for 14 days, and no clinical signs of intoxication, lethality, or significant changes in body weight, food intake, or behavior were observed. The LD50 value for the rats was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. In brine shrimp lethality assays, the LC50 was calculated to be 20.89 µg/mL. Histological analysis of organs such as the liver, kidney, lungs, brain, spleen, ovary, and uterus revealed no pathological changes at both 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg doses, with tissues maintaining normal structure. These results suggest that while the crude extract demonstrates potent toxicity in brine shrimp, it is non-toxic at high doses in rats and does not cause harm to major organs. The extract shows promise for potential pharmaceutical use, warranting further investigation into its bioactive constituents.

This work establishes relationship between drug constitution and its basic effector molecules within the human body. Basic effectors derived from constitutional elements of all the 20 (twenty) drugs were matching with those mentioned in the existing medical literature. Therefore drug and its effects can be identified easily. Retrospectively a drug can also be designed for any given basic effectors within the body.

Long COVID or POST-COVID is continuation or development of new symptoms after three months of infection. Long COVID (also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or PASC) refers to a range of symptoms that persist for weeks, months, or even longer after the acute phase of COVID-19 infection has resolved. Long COVID can affect many organs. More than 200 symptoms have been identified with impacts on multiple organ systems. At least 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have long COVID, with cases increasing daily. Long COVID-19 in pregnant women include a wide spectrum with fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, respiratory symptoms and psychological disturbances. There are adverse maternal and foetal complications. Two doses of vaccination can substantially reduce post COVID problems.

Background: Antibiotic overuse and misuse significantly contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. Despite national and international efforts to combat this issue, inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions remain common in hospital settings. This study aimed to assess the quality of antibiotic prescriptions and identify the reasons behind irrational antibiotic use at Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1007 patients admitted to the Pediatrics, Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics & Gynecology departments of Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital from October 2021 to December 2021. Data were collected through medical record reviews, and antibiotic use was analyzed based on the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) for Bangladesh. The rationality of prescriptions was determined by comparing them against the policy-cited choices or microbiological culture and sensitivity results. Results: Antibiotics were prescribed in 90.2% of cases, with 99.5% being administered empirically and only 0.5% based on culture sensitivity tests. Preoperative surgical prophylaxis was the most common reason for antibiotic use (39.3%). Approximately 34.2% of antibiotic use was deemed inappropriate, with incorrect duration being the most frequent cause (32.4%). Antibiotic misuse was highest in the Surgery (61.2%) and Medicine (56.1%) departments, while the Obstetrics & Gynecology department had the lowest misuse rate (1%). Conclusion: Irrational antibiotic use is a major issue in Bangladesh, contributing to growing resistance. Strict adherence to antibiotic guidelines, especially in surgical and medical wards is essential to curb misuse. This study highlights the need for ongoing audits and the development of hospital-specific antibiotic guidelines to combat AMR effectively.

Improving facial aesthetics is a major reason why patients with class II division 1 malocclusion look for orthodontic therapy. Two-phase approach that includes functional jaw orthopaedics as well as fixed orthodontic treatment is one of various techniques available to treat Class II malocclusions. The following case report describes a young growing female patient with a Class II Division 1 malocclusion. In the first stage, the patient was treated using Andresen activator for growth modification and correction of her overjet, overbite and profile. Then, fixed orthodontic appliance was used in the second phase, to ensure well-aligned arches and improve aesthetic and function.

Tuffcrete concrete (ATC) has emerged as a promising material in modern civil engineering due to its enhanced durability and eco-friendly composition. This study presents the development of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models to predict and optimize the compressive strength of Tuffcrete concrete based on experimental data. The dataset consists of 21 input features, including mix proportions (e.g., cement content, water-cement ratio, aggregate size distribution), material properties (e.g., tuffcrete polymer, slag content), and process parameters (e.g., mixing time, compaction level). The ANN models were trained and validated using these features to accurately forecast the compressive strength of Tuffcrete concrete under various conditions. The study demonstrates the model's ability to capture nonlinear relationships between input variables and compressive strength, achieving high accuracy metrics (e.g., R² and RMSE). Furthermore, optimization techniques were employed to identify the optimal mix design for maximizing compressive strength. Results reveal critical insights into the interplay between material properties and mechanical performance, paving the way for efficient mix designs tailored for specific applications. This work contributes to the advancement of machine learning applications in civil engineering, providing a robust framework for performance prediction and optimization of sustainable construction materials.

Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) is a prevalent enamel defect affecting both permanent and deciduous teeth, posing significant clinical challenges. This literature review aims to comprehensively evaluate the etiology, prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies of MIH in permanent and deciduous dentitions, while identifying current knowledge gaps and suggesting directions for future research. The prevalence of MIH varies globally, ranging from 3% to 40%, with the highest rates observed in South America (7-40%) and Africa (10-30%), compared to Europe (8-25%) and Asia (3-20%). Gender distribution is nearly equal, though some regions report a slight female predominance. Genetic factors, prenatal and perinatal complications, childhood illnesses, and environmental exposures such as dioxins significantly contribute to MIH etiology. Clinically, MIH presents as demarcated opacities, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, and increased caries susceptibility, affecting approximately 70% of affected first permanent molars and 60% of incisors. Management strategies vary based on severity, with mild cases managed through preventive measures like fluoride varnish, while severe cases often require restorative interventions such as resin composites and stainless steel crowns. The economic burden is substantial, with affected individuals necessitating frequent and costly dental treatments, and MIH adversely impacts quality of life by increasing dental anxiety and affecting aesthetics. MIH is a widespread and multifactorial dental condition with significant clinical and socioeconomic implications. Effective management necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, and further research is essential to elucidate its etiology and develop robust preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Stem cells are partially differentiated cells in multicellular organisms that can change into various types of cells and increase indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell which is considered as the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. Treatment with those cells is regarded as an innovative approach in regenerative medicine, offering promising capabilities for healing and restoring damaged tissues and organs. Mesenchymal stem cells, derived from different sources like bone marrow, fat, and dental pulp, are highlighted for their self-renewal, immune-modulation, and regenerative abilities. Regenerative medicine is one of the more recent fields or methodologies that revolutionizes the path for upgrading human health and quality of life, relying on the use of stem cells. The process of using stem cells indicates marvelous capabilities for healing and restoring damaged tissues and organs. The current overview examines the science or biology of stem cells, showing their various sources, and their potential applications across a wide range of medical fields, carried by discussing multiple studies exploring the stem cells. The review further explores the potential of stem cell therapy for treating neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular conditions, liver diseases, ophthalmic conditions, bone injuries, kidney disorders, and dental issues.

Purpose/Objectives: The Bachelor of Dental Medicine and Surgery program at Taif University is a comprehensive six year program with one year of compulsory Field Experience. Many of the courses and Preclinical/clinical activities were conducted online in the academic year 2020-21 due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Aim of this study was to identify the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental curriculum achievement at Taif University. Methods: The scores and passing percentage of undergraduate dental students for the Academic year 2019-20 and 2020-21 were compared and analyzed. All courses were grouped into five categories- theoretical, theoretical-practical, theoretical-clinical, pure clinical and Interactive learning courses. A minimum of 60% aggregate score in each course was mandatory for a student to pass in the exam. Results: The results of all the exams were entered in SPSS, Version 21.0. The performance of the students were assessed and compared for both academic years using Chi square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Considering the passing percentage of students, the performance of students in ‘Clinical’ courses was better in AY 2019-20 as compared to AY 2020-21. The difference in the mean scores for these two years was statistically significant across ‘theory+clinical’ category. Conclusion(s): The performance of students was much affected after the imposition of Covid-19 pandemic restrictions, where the courses had clinical component. In rest of the categories, students performed better in AY2020-21. A hybrid mode of Dental Education may be beneficial.

Background: Non-healing corneal ulcers pose a significant challenge in ophthalmology, often resulting in persistent pain, visual impairment, and corneal perforation. Conventional medical treatments may fail to promote healing in refractory cases, necessitating surgical intervention. Conjunctival flap surgery provides a vascularized and protective layer that facilitates corneal healing and structural preservation. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of conjunctival flap surgery in managing non-healing corneal ulcers by assessing its impact on corneal healing, symptom relief, and overall visual prognosis. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary eye hospital in Bangladesh, including 47 patients who underwent conjunctival flap surgery for non-healing corneal ulcers between April 2020 and January 2022. Patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The study population consisted of 63.82% males and 36.17% females, with the majority (57.4%) aged between 41 and 60 years. Infectious etiology was the most common cause of corneal ulcers (65.96%). Postoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved in 31.91% of patients, decreased in 46.81%, and remained unchanged in 21.28%. Anatomic cure was achieved in 72.34% of cases, with only 3 eyes requiring evisceration. Postoperative complications included flap necrosis (14.89%), flap displacement (8.51%), anterior corneal staphyloma (2.13%), and corneal perforation (2.13%), while 72.34% experienced no complications. Conclusion: Conjunctival flap surgery is an effective treatment for refractory corneal ulcers, preserving ocular integrity and facilitating corneal healing. While visual acuity may not always improve, the procedure remains a crucial alternative to emergency penetrating keratoplasty, particularly in regions with limited access to corneal tissue.

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria occurring after 20 weeks of gestation, impacting various organ systems like the placenta, kidneys, liver, and cardiovascular system. Early-onset pre-eclampsia, occurring before 34 weeks, poses significant challenges due to its unpredictable progression and heightened maternal and fetal risks. It is linked to higher rates of maternal complications, including multi-organ dysfunction, and obstetric issues like premature birth and fetal growth restriction. Women with a history of early-onset pre-eclampsia face increased risks of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders post-pregnancy. The study, conducted at Pravara Rural Hospital, Maharashtra, aims to explore the complexities of early-onset pre-eclampsia and improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. The study aims to investigate maternal and fetal outcomes in early-onset severe pre-eclampsia. Materials And Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, with 208 participants. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Inclusion criteria included patients with gestational age between 24 and 34 weeks, diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, proteinuria ≥+1, and certain symptoms like persistent headache or blurred vision. Exclusion criteria included patients with co-morbidities or outside the specified gestational age range. Results: The study revealed high maternal complications, including anemia, abnormal coagulation, and organ dysfunction. Treatment involved magnesium sulfate and antihypertensive drugs. Maternal mortality was 4.32%, with significant fetal mortality (18.88% intrauterine death, 13.33% neonatal death). Conclusion: Vigilant monitoring and individualized care are critical for improving outcomes in early-onset pre-eclampsia.

Background: Cataract remains a leading cause of avoidable blindness worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite advances in surgical techniques, millions, especially in rural and underserved areas, remain visually impaired due to inadequate access to cataract surgery. In Bangladesh, cataract-related blindness is a significant public health concern, particularly in the southern regions where access to specialized healthcare is limited. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of cataract-induced visual impairment and blindness among adults aged ≥50 years in the southern region of Bangladesh. It further evaluates the coverage and barriers to cataract surgical services to inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing avoidable blindness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology. A total of 4,868 individuals were selected through probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity and lens status assessments, were performed following standardized protocols. Cataract surgical coverage was calculated, and the primary causes of visual impairment were identified. Data were analyzed using RAAB V.3.1 software. Results: The prevalence of bilateral severe visual impairment (visual acuity <6/60) was 1.6%, and bilateral visual impairment (<6/18) was 8.4%. Cataract was responsible for 79% of bilateral blindness cases, 78.2% of severe visual impairment, and 41.9% of visual impairment. Cataract surgical coverage for individuals with a visual acuity <3/60 was 60.9%, indicating moderate access to surgical services. The main barriers to surgery included financial constraints, lack of awareness, and fear of surgery. Conclusion: Cataract remains the primary cause of avoidable blindness in the southern region of Bangladesh, with significant gaps in surgical coverage. Addressing barriers to cataract surgery through enhanced outreach programs, financial assistance, and community education is crucial in reducing the burden of blindness. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and increasing the availability of ophthalmic professionals can further improve access to timely cataract treatment.