Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lignocaine as a local anesthetic in root canal treatment, particularly focusing on its use in lower teeth, different administration techniques, and its performance in patients with specific challenges such as inflammation or allergy. Methods: A survey-based approach was utilized to gather data from clinicians on their experiences with lignocaine in endodontic procedures. The study assessed the success rates of various techniques, including the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB), intraligamentary, and intraosseous injections. The impact of different adrenaline ratios (1:100,000, 1:80,000, and 1:200,000) on anesthesia duration and effectiveness was also analyzed. Results: Lignocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline was effective in the majority of cases, with IANB being the primary technique used for lower Lignocaine was identified as the anesthetic of choice by the majority of participants, preferred for its rapid onset and adequate duration of action. Most clinicians reported that lignocaine provided effective anesthesia for routine root canal procedures when inflammation was present or additional duration was required, clinicians recommended using supplemental techniques such as intraligamentary and intraosseous. Alternative anesthetics like articaine and bupivacaine were used successfully in patients with lignocaine allergies. Conclusion: Lignocaine remains a reliable anesthetic for root canal treatments, particularly in the lower jaw, when used with appropriate techniques and adrenaline ratios. However, challenges such as inflamed tissues and patient allergies require alternative strategies, including supplemental injection techniques and the use of different anesthetic agents. Clinicians should be adaptable in their approach to ensure effective anesthesia and patient safety. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lignocaine as a local anesthetic in root canal treatment, particularly focusing on its use in lower teeth, different administration techniques, and its performance in patients with specific challenges such as inflammation or allergy.

Indonesia has great potential for asset waqf and cash waqf. Technological advancements show significant growth through fintech platforms for donations, zakat, and waqf. However, the magnitude of the potential of waqf and the advancement of financial technology is not in line with its realisation; this is a fundamental problem in Indonesia. The study aims to analyse the support of online waqf, an approach to waqf behaviour in Indonesia, by examining the influence of waqf literacy, trust, and attitude on behavioural intentions and behaviour of users who pay online cash waqf with age as a moderating variable. The study used a quantitative method with a survey approach to waqif in Indonesia, totalling 242 respondents through purposive sampling domiciled on the island of Java. Data analysis uses a structural equations model with the partial least squares (SEM-PLS). The study found that waqf literacy, beliefs, and attitudes have a significant relationship and a positive influence on behavioural intentions and user behaviour. Age has a significant impact on moderating the relationship between literacy and behavioural intentions. Behavioural intentions are significantly related to online waqf user behaviour. The implications of the research are increasing the support of literacy, trust and attitude to increase the potential for the realisation of online waqf in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. The waqif behaviour approach strengthens the literature on Muslim social contributions. Further research examines the behavioural aspects of online waqf recipients (nazir) with qualitative and quantitative method approaches.

This study was prompted by the fact that nanofluid exhibits a completely different behavior from the base fluid, usually water. It was expected that there should be a reduction in the pumping power when pumping nanofluids as compared to pure liquids, without nanofluids. Pump action and their performance are defined in terms of their characteristic curves. These curves usually supplied by pump manufacturers are for water only. This research reveals performance curves for nanofluid and compares it with those obtained for water. By pumping separate concentrations of copper nanofluids which contains 5g, 10g, 15g and 20g of copper nanoparticles, through a constructed nanofluid pump testing machine, the various flow parameters obtained were used to characterize a one horse power centrifugal pump. The flow parameters included; time to pump 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 liters of copper nanofluids, flow rate, head gained, Pump vibration due to pumping activities, pump speed, fluid power, brake power and the pump efficiencies. These parameters were used to plot performance characteristics curves for the different copper nanofluid concentrations which were then compared with those obtained for ordinary water. The results show a reduction in the pumping power as compared to pure liquids, without nanofluids. The performance characteristic curve obtained for water when compared to those obtained for copper nanofluids, revealed that there was an increased in pump efficiency at lower concentration of the copper nanofluid. Lastly, the relevance of the distinct properties of nanofluids to exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid was established.

Background: The nasal cavity is the upper part of the respiratory tract which communicates with the external environment through the anterior apertures. It also communicates with the nares, and the nasopharynx via the posterior apertures. The nasal cavity is divided into two by a septum, each cavity consisting of a roof, floor, medial wall, and lateral wall. The nasal cavity is formed laterally by the inferior, middle and superior nasal conchae (turbinates). Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the dimensions of the inferior turbinate as seen in selected Nigeria subjects and develop novel anatomical parameters and indices with potential clinical implications. Methods: This retrospective study was done in the Radiology department of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital following ethical approval, 339 CT films of adults (males and females) were analysed in this study. Sex and side differences were analysed using t-test, while relationship between anatomical structures were analysed using the Chi square test. The confidence interval was set at 95% and p < 0.05 was considered significant. The volume of the inferior turbinate and nasal cavity were measure and the inferior turbinate/nasal cavity ratio was calculated. Results: The mean volume of the inferior turbinate for males was 2.01±0.12, female was 2.22±0.14 and for the entire population it was 2.12±0.13. The mean volume of the nasal cavity for male and female were 15.98±0.40 cm3 and 14.73±0.34 cm3, respectively, whereas the average for the population was 15.35±0.37 cm3. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research that used well defined anatomical landmarks in estimating the volume of the nasal cavity and inferior turbinate. This study also provided a clinically objective tool in assessing the degree of nasal cavity obstruction by providing a grading system for the inferior turbinate/nasal cavity. This tool will particularly be very useful in resource poor settings like ours where nasal endoscopy and rhinometry may not be readily available and affordable. Therefore radiologist can use this grading system to grade the degree of inferior turbinate hypertrophy and predict the degree of nasal obstruction and severity of symptoms.

Background: Prurigo Nodularis (PN) presents as a challenging chronic dermatological condition characterized by intensely pruritic nodules on the skin, leading to significant morbidity. Despite its prevalence and impact on patients' quality of life, treatment options remain limited, necessitating evidence-based approaches to address this complex condition effectively. Objective: This study aims to provide an updated overview of evidence-based management strategies for PN, highlighting recent advancements in treatment modalities. Method: A systematic review of clinical studies on PN treatment was conducted by searching the PubMed and Scopus databases from January 1, 2001, to December 1, 2023. A total of 706 unique studies published in English were identified and screened for inclusion criteria. Only primary clinical studies investigating treatment strategies in PN patients were included, while case reports and series with fewer than five patients were excluded. Relevant publications were further supplemented by searching bibliographies for additional studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: The review identified significant advancements in evidence-based management strategies for PN, driven by a growing body of clinical research and therapeutic innovation. Pharmacological interventions targeting pruritus, inflammation, and lesion resolution have shown efficacy, including topical agents such as corticosteroids, emollients, Vitamin D3 analogues, tacrolimus creams, and systemic therapies like antihistamines, gabapentinoids, immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agents, JAK inhibitors, retinoids, and sometimes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Additionally, emerging biological agents and non-pharmacological approaches, such as multidisciplinary interventions, have demonstrated promise in improving patient outcomes. Conclusion: Evidence-based management of PN represents a dynamic field with evolving treatment modalities. While challenges persist, including limited efficacy and safety concerns of certain treatments, recent developments in targeted therapies, systemic immunomodulators, and novel pharmacological approaches offer hope for improved patient care. Further research into genetic underpinnings and personalized therapies is warranted to address the heterogeneous nature of PN and enhance treatment efficacy and safety.

Background: The primary cause of illness and death in Bangladesh is community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Many hospitals in Bangladesh lack the resources to perform sputum cultures and sensitivity tests, making it difficult to identify the etiological agent of an infection. As a result, antibiotics are prescribed on a "empirical basis" rather than as part of a specific anti microbial treatment. The optimal antibiotic for treating CAP should be chosen using an empirical approach. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various empirical antibiotic choices in the management of CAP. Methods: Eighty-two patients with CAP were included in this prospective observational research at a tertiary medical college hospital in Bangladesh. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to choose patients. Chest x-rays confirmed the diagnosis of CAP. The antibiotic was chosen based on clinical experience, which is an empirical method. The majority of patients received a combination antibiotic, whereas the remaining handful received monotherapy. The result served as an evaluation of the empiricism used in selecting the antibiotic. During the research, data were recorded in standardized formats. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Results: A total of 82 people were treated, and of them, 62 (or 76%) were men and 20 (or 24%) were women. The average age was 54.4% (9.6%). The round of antibiotics was supposed to last for a week. There were no unwanted medication reactions. No cases of lung abscess or parenchymal damage to the lungs occurred, and only one patient had paraneumonic effusion. Every single person made a full recovery. Conclusion: In many hospitals in Bangladesh, the choice of antibiotic for treating CAP is made on a "empirical" basis. Selecting an appropriate antibiotic requires better sputum culture and sensitivity testing in hospital labs.

Background: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality among women in developing countries. In Bangladesh, its prevalence is rising due to low screening rates and late-stage diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of CIN among women attending the outpatient department of Islami Bank Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, and to identify associated risk factors. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Islami Bank Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2023. The study included 218 women aged 30-65 years. Screening for CIN was performed using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Pap smear/Liquid Based Cytology (LBC). Positive cases were confirmed using colposcopy. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of risk factors, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 218 women screened, 35 were diagnosed with CIN, yielding an incidence rate of 16.1% (95% CI: 11.5% - 21.8%). Of these, 20 cases (57.1%) were identified as CIN 1, 10 cases (28.6%) as CIN 2, and 5 cases (14.3%) as CIN 3. The incidence of CIN was significantly associated with early sexual exposure (p=0.03) and multiple sexual partners (p=0.02). The use of VIA and LBC demonstrated a combined sensitivity of 92% for CIN detection. Conclusions: The study highlights a significant incidence of CIN among the outpatient population in IBMC Rajshahi, emphasizing the need for enhanced screening and preventive strategies. Early detection of cervical cancer through VIA and LBC, followed by colposcopy, proves effective in managing CIN. Public health initiatives should focus on increasing awareness, health education, and accessibility to screening services to reduce cervical cancer incidence.

Objective: To identify the significant level of Case fatality of Covid-19 Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in selected hospitals in Dhaka city. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out at NICVD/ Lab aid cardiac hospital/ Universal cardiac hospital from January 2023 to February 2023. Where a total of 384 adults (>18 ages) with Ischemic Heart Disease who admitted in hospital and tested positive for Covid- 19 were included as a sample population. After collecting data from sample population, data was checked and re-checked for completeness and correctness. The Collected data was analyze via statistical Software’s like STATA, SPSS etc. Results: during the study, majority were belonging to 51-60 years age group, 32.81%. followed by 27.60% were belong to 41-50 years age group and 23.18% belong to >61 years age group and majority were male, 80%.42.71% had normal weight whereas 28.13% were overweight & 24.74% were obese. 80.47% had chest pain, followed by 13.28% had dyspnea, 12.50% had cough, 10.68% had palpitation, 4.17% had vomiting. where 46.61% had STEMI, followed by 17.19% had NSTEMI, 19.27% had unstable angina, 25.78% had systemic hypertension, 21.88% had diabetes mellites, 6.77% had Heart valve disease, 4.43% had Arrhythmia. Plus, majority didn’t get their vaccination, 89.60%.49.48% had abnormal level of anxiety status whereas 55.73% had abnormal level of depression. Multivariable logistic regression found residence, age, profession, and income to be statistically significantly associated with anxiety after controlling for the other factors found to be significant at the univariate level. Plus, Chronic disease, STEMI, NSTEMI to be statistically significantly associated with anxiety after controlling for the other factors found to be significant at the univariate level. Cardiovascular Drug Therapy at Hospitalization of Covid-19 shows Medical therapy included ACE inhibitors (22.1% of the patients), ARBs (20.57%). mean length of hospital stay was 10.7±2.7 days, with an overall in-hospital mortality of 5.8% (515 of 8910 patients) in this population of patients with completed outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that health care providers, particularly cardiologists and nurses, should take extra care to detect and evaluate all heart disease patients for level of anxiety and depression in a clinical setting. There is a need to develop a quick screening approach in hospitals dealing with cardiovascular inpatients to identify those needing extra evaluation and care.

This study examined workplace humanization and job effectiveness of business education graduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Two (2) objectives, research questions and null hypotheses were stated, answered, formulated and tested to guide this study. Descriptive survey design was adopted in this study and the population consists of one thousand two hundred and eighty-three business education graduates in public tertiary institutions in Rivers State and the sample size of this study was two hundred and ninety-seven respondents drawn from the population with the use of Taro Yamen formular, hence simple random sampling techniques was adopted in this study. A self-developed questionnaire titled “Workplace Humanization and Job Effectiveness of Business Education Graduates Questionnaire (WoHuJEBEGQu) was used to obtain data for this study. In addition, the said instrument employed face and content validity, which was validated by experts in the study area and a reliability index coefficient of 0.81 was obtained using test-retest method of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC). Mean and standard deviation was used to answer and analyzed the research questions while independent t-test statistical tool was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of this study revealed that job security and equity in remuneration are the variables of workplace humanization that enhances job effectiveness of business education graduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State to a high extent. In addition, there is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female business education graduates on extent job security and equity in remuneration enhances job effectiveness in the aforementioned institutions in Rivers State. It was therefore recommended among others that management of institutions should display equal fairness in the areas of employees’ remuneration so that there will not be room for any marginalization.

Background: A deficiency is a public health issue for many children and adults. In wartime hardship, patients eat little meat, dark vegetables, and fruits, which can cause vitamin A deficiency and corneal dryness, erosion, ulceration, and perforation. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and demographics of vitamin A insufficiency in Sudan during the 2023-2024 war. Methodology: This prospective descriptive study was carried out between June 15, 2024, and August 15, 2024, at Dr. Khalil's Ophthalmology Center in North Kordofan, Sudan. The study looked at 100 individuals who presented at the clinic complaining of deficient night vision (including full coverage during the notification period). Results: In this study, only six patients had corneal opacity, with 67% being males and 33% females. In terms of Bitto's spots, 12% are present, with males and females having 58% and 42%, respectively, and 46% having dry eyes. 52% were males and 48% were females in terms of retinal pigmentation. Only one female patient exhibited peripheral retinal pigmentation, which was due to retinitis pigmentosa; all patients had inadequate food intake; and no diarrhea was reported. Conclusion: In Sudan, the rise in vitamin deficiency can be attributed to the inadequate development of all health system programs. Additionally, the devastating war, which primarily affects young people, has forced most people to leave their homes and become either displaced or refugees. Consequently, 69% of the patients were 17 years old or younger.

During this study period, we recorded 10187 deliveries, including 2763 caesarean sections. Surgical site infections were found in 102 caesarean sections, i.e. 3.69%. We found that age over 35 years, history of diabetes, asthma, sickle cell anemia, obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and history of caesarean section were risk factors for the occurrence of an infection at the surgical site. The bacteriological profile was dominated by Staphylococcus Aureus (21%) followed by Klebsiella Pneumoniae (20%) and Escherichia Coli (16%). Superficial infection was the most common at 65%. Most of the germs were sensitive to imipenems; to the ertapenems; amikacin; gentamycin; colistin and ciprofloxacin. Klebsiella was the germ most resistant to common antibiotics.

The aim was to assess the prognosis of anaemic pregnant women at the Gabriel Toure University Hospital in Bamako (Mali). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. It covered a period of 6 months and involved 432 patients. Results: the frequency of anaemia associated with pregnancy was 28.7% or 432 cases of anaemia among 1505 pregnant women. The mean age was 25.99 years with extremes of 15 and 45 years. Among them, the majority were housewives and constituted 77.8% of the workforce compared to only 4.9% of civil servants. The etiological factors often associated were: gestationity (3.52 with extremes of 1 and 11); primiges (29.20%); parity (3.26 with extremes of 1 and 11). The mean birth interval was 24.4 months with extremes of minus 6 months and 158 months. In 78.7% of cases, patients were transfused. The prognosis was characterized by a maternal mortality rate of 4.4% and a neonatal mortality rate of 33.3%. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.21 days. Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnant women is a pathology that causes maternal and neonatal mortality. The unavailability of blood products worsens the prognosis.

In a typical watershed area such as the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, watershed modelling is essential for the sustainable management of water resources, protection of ecosystems and more. In this study, we will be creating a watershed model for FUTO, this study will also cover other aspects such as estimating the depression-less flow direction, delineating the flow accumulation, extracting realistic drainage network using the Strahler’s stream order method and we will also delineate the watershed’s boundary and identify possible outlets / pour points, using the digital elevation model (DEM) gotten from Alaska satellite facility used as a main data source in combination with the PC version of ArcGIS software (ArcMap 10.7) and then we extract the hydrologic information from the DEM in ArcGIS using Hydrology tools. The estimation of depression-less flow direction is done by filling the digital elevation model (DEM). This includes performing fill on sinks to ensure proper delineation of basins and streams. If the sinks are not filled, a derived drainage network may be discontinuous. After the DEM has been filled, then we can now move on to delineating the flow accumulation in the study area. The results shows that by using watershed function in ArcGIS for watershed flow direction and accumulation in FUTO can be determined. The results also shows the drainage network that was extracted by Strahler’s method, showing different orders of streams and it also shows the watershed boundary and pour point / outlets along the Otamiri River which the watershed drains into. This work simply shows the applicability of GIS as a tool of watershed delineation and drainage extraction.

Uterine ruptures are common in Africa incidence 1 per 70 to 151 deliveries [1]. Rupture of the gravid uterus affects less than 1% of pregnant women involved in a public road accident. We report a case of uterine rupture due to direct abdominal trauma during a road accident (AVP) occurring in Kayes (Mali) [1].

This article proposes an innovative approach to optimizing scheduling in reconfigurable production systems, with a focus on minimizing resource allocation in a dynamic environment while considering time constraints and resource availability. We present a methodology based on intelligent Petri nets to model and solve this complex problem. Our approach aims to maximize operational efficiency and flexibility of production systems while ensuring optimal performance in the face of unforeseen events and changing market demands. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study in a real industrial context, demonstrating the tangible benefits it offers in terms of optimizing production processes and reducing costs.