Organic products are grown under a system of agriculture without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with an environmentally and socially responsible approach, and provide healthy food. It is developing rapidly and is practised in more than 120 countries. In 2022-23, the total area under the organic certification process (registered under the National Programme for Organic Production) is 10.17 million ha. This includes 5.39 million ha of cultivable area and another 4.8 million hectares for wild harvest collection. Madhya Pradesh has covered the most significant area under organic certification. In contrast, India produced around 2.9 million MT of certified organic products, which include all varieties of food products, namely Oil Seeds, fibre, Sugar cane, Cereals and millets, Cotton, Pulses, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Tea, Coffee, Fruits, Spices, Dry Fruits, Vegetables, Processed foods etc. The production is not limited to the edible sector; it produces organic cotton fiber, functional food products, etc. Among different states, Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer. In terms of exports, the total value was 0.31 million Mt. The organic food export realisation was around Rs. 5525.18 Crore (708.33 million USD). Products are exported to the USA, European Union, Canada, Great Britain, Switzerland, Turkey, Australia, Ecuador, the Korean Republic, Vietnam, Japan, etc. The objectives of organic farming ensure that food production has high nutritional value in adequate quantities and preserves and enhances the long-term fertility of soils.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a critical challenge to global public health, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of bioactive compounds derived from four medicinal plants: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Asteracantha longifolia, Asparagus racemosus, and Tinospora cordifolia. These plants, traditionally used in various medicinal systems, contain compounds such as khusimol, stigmasterol, lupeol, shatavarin IV, asparagamine A, tinosporin, and cordifolioside A, which have shown promising antimicrobial properties against resistant pathogens. Two formulations were developed: Formulation 1, designed for oral administration, and Formulation 2, a topical cream, both targeting antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each extract and formulation was determined using a microdilution method. Results indicate that these plant-based formulations exhibit significant inhibitory effects on bacterial growth, with potential applications as complementary therapies to conventional antibiotics. This study highlights the potential of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimicrobial agents, providing a sustainable approach to combating antibiotic resistance.

Background: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common gynecologic malignancy with significant implications for women's health. Mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) has emerged as a critical factor influencing the pathogenesis and prognosis of EC. This study aims to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of MMRd EC in a Bangladeshi cohort. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2022 to February 2023. A total of 49 patients with histologically confirmed EC were included. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and patient records. Results: Among the 49 patients, 67.35% (n=33) were MMR proficient, while 32.65% (n=16) were MMR deficient. The mean age was 55 years for MMR proficient and 55.6 years for MMR deficient patients. Hypertension was present in 69.70% of MMR proficient and 75% of MMR deficient patients, while diabetes mellitus affected 54.55% of MMR proficient and 62.50% of MMR deficient patients. MMRd patients showed higher rates of adnexal involvement (37.50% vs. 6.06%, p=0.010) and metastasis (37.50% vs. 9.09%, p=0.024). Multivariate logistic regression identified advanced FIGO stage (III & IV) as a significant predictor of MMR deficiency (adjusted OR 4.274, 95% CI: 1.691-15.515, p=0.025). Conclusion: MMRd in endometrial carcinoma is associated with more aggressive tumor features and poorer prognostic indicators. Routine evaluation of MMR status is crucial for effective prognosis and treatment planning. Addressing socioeconomic disparities and integrating targeted therapeutic strategies can improve management and outcomes for patients with MMRd endometrial carcinoma in diverse populations.

Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease, has become the hot topic spreading across the newspaper headlines like a forest fire. The disease is transmitted from one individual to another by close, intimate contact such as cuddling, kissing, or contact with fluids in the dermal lesions. Though it is a self-limiting disease with symptoms akin to Smallpox (but a milder version), some severe cases have been reported as well. WHO has reported the case fatality rate of Monkeypox infection to be around 3–6%, which is slightly higher than that of COVID-19. Incubation period of the disease is 6–13 days on an average (range of 5–21 days). The monkeypox virus, which was previously exclusive to West and Central African nations and caused endemic diseases in monkeys and people, has recently been linked to human infections in non-endemic areas including the United States of America (USA) and more than 30 additional countries. The monkeypox outbreak continues to be a worldwide health emergency, the highest degree of alert recognised by the World Health Organization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises vaccination for those who have been exposed to the disease as well as those who may be at higher risk of contracting it, such as those who have been identified by public health officials as a contact of someone who has the disease.

Background: Excessive and uncontrolled internet use can significantly impair daily functioning in various life domains. Despite the numerous benefits of the internet, its addictive use is a growing concern, particularly among youth, who are prone to anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders. Understanding the current scenario is essential for devising effective interventions, yet no scientific data is available in Bangladesh. Objective: To assess between depression, anxiety, and stress among youth with problematic internet use (PIU) attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, from October 2020 to September 2022. Participants were interviewed using a structured socio-demographic questionnaire, the Bangla versions of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21-BV). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Among the 90 participants (mean age: 21.33 years; 68% male, 32% female), 95% were students, and 87% were from nuclear families. Internet use exceeded one year for 83% of participants. PIU levels were minimal in 15%, moderate in 62%, and excessive in 22%. Severe depression was observed in 15% of participants, severe anxiety in 25%, and severe stress in 25%. Extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were found in 14%, 5%, and 14% of participants, respectively. Significant risk factors for PIU included male gender (χ²=8.217; p=0.02) and over three hours of daily internet use (χ²=35.289; p=0.001). PIU was significantly associated with depression (χ²=20.380; p=0.001), anxiety (χ²=16.159; p=0.019), and stress (χ²=14.734; p=0.019). Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly associated with PIU. Early risk assessment, proper internet use, and initial screening are essential for managing potential mental disorders linked to PIU.

In the era of big data, organizations are increasingly leveraging advanced analytics to extract valuable insights from vast and complex datasets. Management Information Systems (MIS) play a crucial role in collecting, processing, and analyzing data to support decision-making. Integrating big data analytics into MIS can enhance business intelligence and improve organizational performance. This study aims to investigate the integration of big data analytics into MIS and its impact on business intelligence. Specifically, the study seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with this integration and explore best practices for implementation. A qualitative research approach was adopted for this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews based on a survey of over 312 information technology (IT) professionals from 21 industries with IT managers and business analysts from January 2022 to December 2023. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and identify key themes related to integrating big data analytics into MIS. The findings indicate that integrating big data analytics into MIS can significantly improve business intelligence. According to the respondents, on average, there was a 30% increase in the accuracy of decision-making processes after the integration. Additionally, organizations reported a 25% reduction in operational costs and a 20% increase in revenue as a result of the integration. Moreover, 70% of the respondents agreed that integrating big data analytics into MIS improved their organization's overall performance. Integrating big data analytics into MIS offers numerous benefits, including improved decision-making, cost savings, and revenue growth. However, organizations must overcome challenges such as data privacy and security concerns and the need for skilled personnel to manage and analyze big data. Overall, this study highlights the importance of integrating big data analytics into MIS for enhancing business intelligence and achieving organizational success.

Periampullary tumors are cancers that arise in the region of the ampulla of Vater, where the bile duct and pancreatic duct converge and empty into the small intestine. These tumours can be challenging to diagnose and manage given the region's transitional character and closeness to various structures. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may be a rare clinical presentation following tumoral ulceration, erosion into blood vessels or nearby structures or secondary complications like pancreatitis or portal hypertension. Identifying the anatomical origin of these malignancies is usually a herculean task. This will require prompt oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and imaging to determine the source. Immunohistochemistry may be helpful in differentiating these tumours. We present periampullary tumour an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A 52 year old male was admitted for evaluation following a 3 months history of weight loss, burning/colicky epigastric pain, easy fatiguability, dizziness, vomiting and passage of malaena.He was fully conscious on admission, pale, tachycardic with a blood pressure of 90/70mmHg. He had an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.0. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a polypoid fungating mass at the1st and 2nd parts of the duodenum. A Computerized Tomogram scan of the abdomen showed a diffuse circumferential duodenal wall thickening of 1st and 2nd parts with reduction in luminal calibre, mildly dilated pancreatic, common bile and common hepatic ducts. Histology showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. He had a side to side gastrojejunal anastomosis and cholecystojejunostomy and entero-enterotomy following which he received chemotherapy.

Vaginal malformations can be diagnosed by ultrasound in a large number of cases. The prevalence of uterovaginal aplasia usually reported in the literature is 1/4000 to 1/10,000. Objectives: We tell you about the difficulties of diagnosis with ultrasound, the difficulties of managing our case of vaginal aplasia. Observation: This was a 20-year-old patient saleswoman, single. History of the disease: was marked by cyclic pelvic headache for 6 months with primary amenorrhea. She has no particular medical-surgical history. On physical examination: Secondary sexual characteristics were developed. On inspection of the vulva, normal pubic hair was noted. Examination of the vulva showed the labia majora and labia minora present and normal-looking. A hymen could not be identified and there was no visible vaginal opening. Faced with this clinical and paraclinical symptomatology, we made the diagnosis of vaginal agenesis. The ultrasound showed a uterus measuring about 92x71x62 mm, its parenchyma is homogeneous, its contours are regular. The presence in the uterine cavity at the corporeofundic level of a homogeneous echogenic collection of about 66.5 cc (69x35 mm). Note the congenital malformation of the cervix with agenesis). The Surgical Procedure Performed is vaginoplasty. Conclusion: Ultrasound of uterine malformation is difficult and requires some experience from the sonographer.

Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) is a natural monoterpene phenolic antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potentials in experimental studies. Literatures are scarce on effects of hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatic damage. Therefore, this study investigated the ameliorating potential of thymol (THY) on hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-induced hepatic damage as well as the effects on the antioxidant status, polyamine catabolism, inflammatory and apoptotic processes. Thirty-two adult male rats were daily treated orally by gavage for 25 days and allocated into four groups; control group received corn oil, HCB alone group (15 mg/kg b.wt), THY-treated group (100 mg/kg b.wt) and HCB + THY-treated group. The results showed that HCB significantly reduced the body weight with concurrent increase in relative liver weight accompanied by widespread histological aberrations. Furthermore, HCB-treated rats revealed increases in hepatic putrescine oxidase, spermine oxidase, and myeloperoxidase activities, tumor necrosis-α and interleukin-1β levels, caspase-3 activity, induced oxidative damage as evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione (GSH). However, co-administration of THY with HBC abated the hepatic damage by preventing the generation and release of reactive oxygen species, improving the antioxidant system, down-regulated polyamine catabolism, inflammatory and apoptotic responses. The findings of this study revealed that HCB acts as a hepatotoxicant and thymol might be a possible future therapeutic agent for HCB-induced hepatic damage.

This study examined financial sector development and original sin in Nigeria financial market. Time series data was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1990-2023. Original sin measured by Nigeria external debt per exchange rate, Capital market development as market capitalization to gross domestic product, Foreign exchange market as variation in naira exchange rate per US Dollar, banking sector development as percentage total bank assets to gross domestic product, money market development as insurance total assets to gross domestic product, Money market development as value of money market instrument to gross domestic product. The study employed descriptive statistics and multiple regression models to estimate the relationship that exists between the dependent and independent variables. The null Hypotheses (H0) were tested at 0.05 level of significance, Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Johansen Co-integration test, normalized co-integrating equations and parsimonious vector error correction model were used to conduct the investigations and analysis. The study found that 57.0% variation on original sin can be traced and explained by variation on the independent variables as formulated in the regression model. However, the F-Statistics and the F-probability justifies that the model is significant and adequate in explaining variation on the dependent variable. The β coefficient shows that capital market development have negative effect on original sin, foreign exchange market have positive effect on original sin, banking sector development have negative effect on original sin, insurance sector development and money market development have positive effect on original sin. From the findings, the study concludes that the independent variables determine positively and negatively original sin in Nigeria. We recommend that the need for policies to deepen the capital market as this can cushion the effect of the negative effect of external borrowing and domiciled in Nigeria currency rather than international currency. There should be institutionalized policies to enhance the value of the naira against other international currencies as this can reduce the pressure of exchange rate variation in international debt and international monetary environment. Public expenditure should be directed to the productive sector of the economy as this can enhance the productive capacity of the economy and reduce the negative effect on balance of payment and other macroeconomic variables. Policies should be advanced to reduce external borrowings; this can reduce the debt burden and reduce the incidence of original sin in the financial market.

Background: Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort are common causes that influence most surgeons' performance and lifestyle. The purpose of this study is to investigate where surgeons experience the most musculoskeletal discomfort and suffering compared to non-surgical specialty doctors. Methodology: This descriptive case-control study included 156 participants from El Obeid, a city in Sudan's Northern Kordofan state. We randomly selected the volunteers between May and June 2024, irrespective of their age or gender. Results: This study included 156 doctors from diverse disciplines aged 27 to 70, with a mean age of 37. Male-to-female ratio: 2:1. Of the 156 participants, 104 (67%) were males and 52 (33%) were females. The bulk of participants were 31–35 (33%), 36–40 (30%), and under 30 (13%). Neck pain was experienced by 38% of participants, including 44% of surgeons and 25% of non-surgical specialists. Surgeons had a greater neck pain rate (RR = 0.420, 95% CI = 0.201–0.879). About 20% of participants, including 24% of surgeons and 13% of non-surgical specialists, reported shoulder pain. The study found a relative risk (RR) of 0.492 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.197–1.227 between shoulder pain and surgery. Additionally, 57% of participants—66% surgeons and 38% other specialties—reported lower back pain. With an RR of 0.317 (95% CI 0.159–0.633), surgeons are more likely to experience lower back pain. Foot discomfort affected 7% of participants, 9% of cases, and 4% of controls. Cases increased foot pain risk by 0.422 (95% CI 0.088–2.029). Conclusion: Surgeons in various specializations in Sudan, as well as doctors in non-surgical specialties, have a significant prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort. The most often reported areas of pain were the lumbar region, cervical region, shoulder, and lower extremities.

Presentation with a highly infiltrated malignant lesion often leads to unfavorable outcomes. This woman exhibited an advanced form of cervical cancer that had spread to the surrounding tissue, which might involve the urinary bladder. Due to the Sudan War in 2023, there was a lack of oncological therapy. In response, we implemented palliative surgery, which yielded positive results.

This study, titled "Gyambon Ciki da Magungunansa a Bahaushiyar Al’ada (Ulcers and their Hausa Tradomedical Remedies)," was motivated by the researcher’s long-term observation of ulcers as a silent killer in Hausa and other African communities. The study is grounded in Talcott Parsons' "functionalism theory of culture," which views society as an interdependent system where each part contributes to the stability and functioning of the whole. Just as organs in the human body must work together for proper functioning, so must the interconnected parts of society. The research focuses on the meaning, nature, types, symptoms, and effects of ulcers, as well as preventive and curative measures from the perspective of Hausa culture. It is limited to the Hausa community in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria. Using a qualitative approach, the researcher gathered data through interviews with experts in both traditional and orthodox medicine, as well as individuals affected by ulcers. The study's major findings include a comprehensive list of locally sourced food items, plants, herbs, and animals used in managing ulcer conditions among the Hausa. Additionally, the research reveals that some of the remedies are of Islamic origin.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a major force behind the integration of the global economy and has the potential to boost economic development in both investing and those receiving the investment. The majority of the study focuses on the influence of FDI on Bangladesh’s economic growth. A number of scholars have also looked at how FDI affects trade, domestic investment and other economic sectors. But surprisingly less research has been done on the effects of FDI on Bangladesh's export processing zones (EPZs). This study tries to investigate the impact of foreign and domestic investment on exports of EPZs between 2011-2022. To investigate EPZs export, this study used the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The Wald test was used to determine the direction of causation. The ARDL estimate shows that investment, GDP and FDI all have a positive correlation with rising EPZ export. The coefficient for FDI inflows is 0.15% which suggests that if FDI inflows raise by 1%, EPZ export will grow by 0.15% while all other factors stay constant. It also shows that a 1% increase in investment leads to 1.32% quicker growth in EPZ exports, assuming all other factors remain constant. The Wald test demonstrates the bilateral causal relationship between EPZ export & FDI and the unidirectional relationship between EPZ export & GDP. Therefore, Bangladesh must take immediate measures to protect potential foreign investors in order to provide a welcoming environment so that they can feel their contribution in the Bangladeshi business industry is respected.

The aim was to assess the frequency of fetal death in utero; to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients; to identify risk factors for IUD; to describe its management and to determine the maternal prognosis. Material and Method: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical study of the prospective case/control cohort type from June 2021 to May 2022, i.e. a period of 12 months in the maternity ward of the Koutiala reference health center. Results: Fetal death in utero concerned 85 deliveries out of a total of 3024 deliveries, i.e. a frequency of 28.11 ‰. The epidemiological profile is that of a poor person (37.6%) between 25 and 29 years of age (31.8%), with a pregnancy of 28 to 37 weeks of amenorrhea; they came on their own in (64.7%) of cases. If, in 5.9% of cases, the cause of fetal death was not known in the study; arterial hypertension was the most common etiology with 37.6% of cases. Patients gave birth vaginally in 89.4% and presented complications of infections (endometritis) in 10.6% of cases.