This study is about committing anti-social activities like: theft, illicit sexual relations, use and trafficking of drugs, fighting, destruction of property and cheating (juvenile Delinquency) by high school students ages 14-18 in Kisii Central Sub-County, Getembe Zone, Kenya. The purpose of the study was to explain the extent to which suicidal ideation, help-seeking behaviour, and use of media influence JD among secondary school students in Kisii Central Sub-County, Getembe Zone. It was also about the extent of differences in JD according to family type and perceived social class. The objective dealt with in this paper was to investigate the relationship between help-seeking behaviour and Juvinile Delinquency among secondary school adolescents in Kisii county, Kenya. Kisii Central Sub-County was selected because no similar study has been done there and because acts of student violence are apparent there. Probability and non-probability sampling methods were used. Questionnaires were used to collect data from students and teachers, interview schedules for principals, and focus group discussion questions were used on parents. The results indicated that respondents who scored highly in help-seeking behaviour were more delinquent than those that had a low score. The conclusion was that young people who think that they do seek help probably seek it from irresponsible people. It was therefore recommended that youths should be sensitized to seek help from caring persons in order to reduce cases of juvenile delinquency.

This study aims to assess the concentrations of these heavy metals in water, crab, and sediment samples from oil-producing and non-oil-producing communities during low and high tides in Akulga Local Government Area, Rivers State. Samples were collected at both low and high tide regimes to assess the concentrations of heavy metals, including Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Cr. The analyses were conducted using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed that Kula sediments has significantly higher Fe levels (3844.80 mg/kg at low tide, 3663.30 mg/kg at high tide) compared to Abonnema (3622.10 mg/kg and 3117.50 mg/kg, respectively), with Mn and Cu also elevated. These concentrations exceed safe limits, indicating severe pollution. In crab samples, Kula showed higher Pb levels (38.28 mg/kg at low tide, 16.55 mg/kg at high tide) than Abonnema, exceeding WHO/FEPA safety limits and posing health risks. The elevated Mn and Cu levels also indicate bioaccumulation, raising concerns for the local ecosystem. Water samples showed minimal contamination, with most metal concentrations below detection limits and pH levels ranging from 5.55 to 6.49. Fe levels in Kula water remained within WHO permissible limits. Also, the analysis of variance findings on samples collected at low and high tides from Abonnema (ABO) and Kula (KUL) communities indicate significant differences (p< 0.05) in heavy metal concentrations in sediment, crab, and water samples. In conclusion, the results reveal significant heavy metal pollution in Kula, especially in sediment and crab samples, posing potential health risks to local communities. There is therefore the need for continuous environmental monitoring and remediation to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial activities in the study area.

Indigenous environmental mythology has long been an essential component of many communities' ecological and cultural systems in the Rivers State, Nigerian These myths, which usually stem from the notion that nature is untouchable, offer crucial insights into the practices of traditional forest protection. This study looks into how these indigenous myths could help with current conservation efforts, particularly those that are meant to protect forest resources. By examining a number of myths and the associated behaviours, the study demonstrated how these cultural narratives have historically controlled human interaction with the environment, ensuring the sustainable use of forest resources. It also suggested how community members can remain involved in the conservation of forest resources. The study pointed out the forest's critical role in the welfare of rural Nigerian households. Therefore, the more community people participate in sustainable forest management, the more the forests contribute to meeting the needs of rural Nigerian household welfare. Thus, it was concluded that community involvement not only protects people of the community's means of sustenance but also enhances the social, economic, and environmental aspects of forestry efforts.

Copyright, as a special right of creators, develops automatically under the declarative value once a work is happened in a physical form, with certain limitations as prescribed by law. This study investigates the current limitations in legal protection for copyright owners and proposes a justice-based regulatory framework. The research is structured around three central questions: 1) Why does the existing legal framework for copyright protection fail to deliver justice for copyright owners? 2) What are the essential shortcomings in the current regulations? 3) How can these values be restored to safeguard justice-based protection? Engaging a constructivist paradigm and a sociological legal method, this research utilizes socio-legal methods, including expressive analysis of both primary and secondary data. Data collection was conducted through literature reviews and field studies, with qualitative methods applied to analyse the findings. The study reveals substantial gaps in the current legal framework, particularly within Articles 1, 8, and 9 of the Copyright Law, which ineffectively safeguard the rights of copyright owners. These deficiencies are exacerbated by the widespread misuse of artificial intelligence technologies that modify original works, undermining the economic rights of creators. The analysis finds three main areas of weakness: legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. The current legal provisions are ineffective in practice, implementation mechanisms are flawed, and societal attitudes towards copyright are driven by pragmatism, leading to frequent violations and unfair royalty distribution. To address these issues, the study recommends a comprehensive modernization of the legal framework, focusing on value and normative modernizations. Key proposals include amendments to the Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 and Government Regulation No. 56 of 2021 to establish a more equitable and justice-oriented system for copyright protection.

This study explores how effective oversight can enhance the utilization of state apparatus for achieving good and clean governance, specifically focusing on the role of regional inspectorates in preventing corruption within regional police departments. The study aims to: 1) analyze why current regulations regarding the regional inspectorate's role in corruption prevention are not based on justice values; 2) identify challenges in these regulations; and 3) propose a reconstruction of the regulations to align with justice values. Using a constructivist paradigm, a socio-legal approach, and descriptive research methods, the study relies on secondary data sources, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection is conducted through a literature review, and qualitative analysis is employed for data interpretation. The findings reveal that the current regulation is not justice-aligned due to the supervisory function of the Regional Inspectorate (Itwasda) being under the authority of the Regional Police Chief (Kapolda), rather than the National Police Chief (Kapolri). This structure limits the effectiveness of oversight and suggests the need for a direct reporting line to National Police Chief. Challenges in the existing framework include a lack of specific legal guidelines governing the inspectorate's role in corruption prevention and insufficient synergy between organizational sections and Supervision Inspectorate. Furthermore, there is a cultural reluctance to report corruption. The study proposes reconstructing the regulation to ensure a justice-based framework, including normative revisions to relevant laws and regulations, such as Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Amendment of Law No. 31 of 1999 on Corruption Eradication, and Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 14 of 2018. This reconstruction aims to establish a clearer, more effective oversight mechanism that enhances the inspectorate's role in corruption prevention.

In Indonesia, current constructive law lacks clear regulation regarding the enforcement of laws against employers who hire medical practitioner without practice licenses. As a result, law enforcement often relies on general statutes such as the Penal Code or Civil Code, treating offenders similarly to criminals. This situation emphasizes the urgent need for specific rule that adhere to principles of restorative justice. This study aims to study the absences in current law enforcement rule pertaining to employers of unlicensed medical practitioner, explore these issues from a restorative justice perspective, and propose a reconstructed regulatory framework grounded in restorative justice principles. The research employs a constructivist paradigm with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing socio-legal methods within a qualitative research design. Data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials gathered through literature review, observation, and interviews, and are studied qualitatively. The findings reveal that existing rule do not follow to principles of restorative justice. Enforcement lacks consistency, hindering the equitable access of the public to law enforcement, justice, and benefits. Weaknesses include the absence of specific legal provisions and insufficient knowledge among law enforcement officials regarding healthcare law, resulting in inconsistent enforcement practices. Illustration on international and national legal insights, the study proposes a reconstructed legal framework that ensures balanced protection for employers, medical practitioner, and patients, promoting dignified and high-quality healthcare services free from stigma, and showed with fairness and professionalism. Reconstructing legal norms such as Article 442 and healthcare legislation could create a balanced law enforcement regulation that upholds legal enforcement, legal utility, and societal justice perceptions.

Human rights are universal fundamental protections worth of all individuals, including those with mental health conditions. However, these rights are often observed violated in mental health care settings, where individuals may face forced treatment, isolation, and degrading conditions. Despite global advocacy efforts, to ensuring that these rights are respected, continues to be a challenge for healthcare professionals and the general public. This review examines the current awareness of human rights among mental health professionals and the public, identifies the knowledge gaps, and highlights the recent developments in policy and practice aimed at improving human rights in mental health care. A comprehensive search of academic databases identified relevant studies published between 2019 and 2024. Findings suggest a promising level of public knowledge about human rights, yet negative attitudes and stigma persist. While improvements in mental health services have been observed among healthcare professionals; resource limitations and a lack of social support remain challenging. A gap between knowledge and practice is evident, necessitating further education and training to ensure a deeper understanding of human rights complexities in mental healthcare. Overall, this review underscores the importance of continued efforts to raise awareness and advocate for the human rights of individuals with mental health conditions. By implementing educational and sensitization programs, a supportive environment can be created that empowers them to seek help without fear of discrimination.

Reduplication is a common rhetorical method of languages. It reflects the beauty of the languages in rhythm image and expression. This paper aims to make a systematic contrastive study of reduplication in Chinese and English. It also illustrates the forms and functions as well as translation techniques of reduplicatives．

The problem of changing the function of food agricultural land is a crucial and national problem so it needs special handling and protection. Land conversion will have an impact on environmental degradation, decreased rainwater holding capacity, and groundwater and air quality. The Constitution provides a guarantee of a good living environment. Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution "Everyone has the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity, to have a place to live, and to have a good and healthy living environment and the right to obtain health services." The aim of this research is to analyze the protection of land conversion for sustainable food agriculture from an Islamic perspective. The research method used is sociological juridical. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques through literature study and interviews collected data were analyzed qualitatively. The research results found that efforts to preserve the environment from an Islamic perspective take several steps, including reviving dead land, reforestation, not polluting water, and avoiding damage and maintaining natural balance. Caliph Umar bin Khatab's policy in the agricultural sector was through management of dead land, giving agricultural land to the community to cultivate and prioritizing public interests, development of agricultural infrastructure, kharaj (tax) policy and agricultural zakat. Protection of the conversion of agricultural land in Indonesia has not been able to realize ecological justice and Islamic values due to competition in land use between the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector.

Indonesia, possessing the second-longest coastline globally, relies extensively on sea transportation, highlighting the necessity for proficient management of nautical incidents. The authority of Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) in nautical affairs is delineated in Article 282 of Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping. However, the current framework, which places PPNS under the supervision of police investigators, can lead to biased investigations due to the pressure to conform to police findings, thereby compromising the independence and objectivity of PPNS. This study aims to analyse and prove that the regulation of PPNS authority in handling ship accidents is not founded on justice values, identifying several critical weaknesses, and proposing reforms to address them. Using a socio-legal research approach and incorporating primary and secondary data, along with a comparative analysis of international laws, the study is grounded in the Pancasila theory of justice, the legal system theory, and law enforcement theory. The findings reveal that the existing regulation fails to ensure justice values, as the supervision by police investigators introduces potential conflicts of interest and limits PPNS's ability to act independently. Moreover, the lack of specialized nautical expertise among police investigators hinders thorough investigations. Identified weaknesses include insufficient qualification standards for PPNS, structural issues in the coordination and supervision framework fostering conflicts of interest, and a need for more awareness and understanding of nautical laws and procedures among both investigators and the public. To reform the regulation, it is essential to establish a balance and equality of authority between PPNS and police investigators, enhancing the role of PPNS based on their specialized nautical expertise. Consequently, revising Article 282 of Law Number 17 of 2008 is necessary to align with justice values, ensuring more independent and objective investigations in nautical incidents.

The presence of the House of Representatives in Indonesia's constitutional system significantly supports the development of democracy, as they serve as the people's representatives and voice. Currently, it is essential to implement term restrictions for legislative members, primarily for societal benefit. This study addresses the following research problems: Why is the current rule of legislative members' terms not just? What are the weaknesses of the current legislative term rules? How should the rule of legislative members' terms be reconstructed based on the principle of justice? Employing a constructivism paradigm, this research uses a sociological juridical approach and a descriptive research type. Data sources include primary data from field research and secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection methods encompass observation, interviews, and literature study, with qualitative data analysis. The findings indicate that the current rule of legislative members' terms is unjust due to the lack of term restrictions, leading to increased risks of corruption, bribery, collusion, and nepotism. Weaknesses in existing rules on criminal sanctions for corruption, bribery are evident in the legal substance, structure, and culture. The legal substance lacks clear provisions on term restrictions, and the legal structure fails to address the urgency of implementing term restrictions for House of Representatives of Indonesia’s and Regional Representative Council members. Additionally, there is a need to raise public awareness about the importance of term restrictions for legislative members. The study suggests reconstructing criminal sanctions rules against corruption, bribery based on justice values, which involves revising both values and norms. This includes transforming previously unjust rules into just ones and amending the legislative term rules according to the principle of justice, as outlined in Law No. 7 on 2017 concerning General Elections, Articles 240(1) and 248.

Background: Effective time management and efficient discharge planning are crucial for high-quality hospital patient care. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of nurses and patients regarding these aspects to identify areas for improvement. Method: A survey was conducted with 45 nurses and 60 patients in a hospital setting. The nurses’ surveys focused on their experiences with call bell responsiveness, medication administration, and discharge planning. Patient surveys evaluated their perception of nurses’ responsiveness and involvement in the discharge process. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and correlation tests, was used to assess the data. Results: Nurses reported mixed experiences with call bell response times and varied capabilities for timely medication administration. Challenges included disruptions from call bells, delays in medication delivery, and constraints in discharge discussions and planning. In contrast, patients generally viewed nurses as prompt and attentive, with satisfactory timeliness of care. However, patients expressed dissatisfaction with discharge education. No significant correlations were found between the demographics and perceptions of either group. Conclusion: This study highlights the disparity between nurses' experiences and patients' perceptions of hospital time management and discharge planning. It underscores the need for improved processes and communication strategies to align nurses’ capabilities with patients’ expectations, thereby enhancing overall patient care and satisfaction.

This study aimed to establish anthropometric characteristics of volleyball players who participated in the 2023 Men's African Volleyball Club Championship and to identify the possible differences in these parameters in terms of individual playing positions. Player's age, height, and body mass (bm) were obtained from the African Volleyball Confederation Tournament’s Control Committee. A total of 197 players from 15 teams were included and organized in four groups according to their ranks (G1–G4) and sub-grouped using their playing positions. Significant differences (P<0.05) in age, height and body mass index (bmi) were observed among the studied groups (G1–G4). Players in G4 were the tallest and presented the greatest bm (P<0.05) while those in G3 were the youngest. The lowest bm value was observed in G2 (P<0.05). As far as attributes for the different playing positions are concerned, the Middle Blockers and the Opposite players were the tallest (P<0.05). In addition, the opposite players had the greatest (P<0.05) bm while the liberos possessed the greatest bmi values. This study presented anthropometric profile that differentiated levels of success among the teams. This information should serve as reference for staturo-ponderal’s average characteristics of volleyball players according to their positions at professional level.

Introduction: SARS Cov2 infection still represents a real threat whose clinical severity results from an inadequate immuno-inflammatory reaction. The objective of our study was to determine the prognostic interest of the value of CRP and the rate of lymphocytes in the management of patients contaminated by SARS-Cov2. Material And Methods: This is a prospective, descriptive and analytical study of interest to patients with severe COVID-19, admitted to medical intensive care at the Oued Eddahab military hospital, for a period of one year. The biological parameters were analyzed on admission and during the stay in intensive care. The ROC curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CRP and lymphocytes as well as their optimal predictive threshold values. Results: 32 patients were included in our study. The average age of admissions was 65 years ± 12.38 with a sex ratio of 5.4 in favor of men. The optimal predictive threshold for the severity found was 147mg/l for CRP with a sensitization of 95% and a specificity of 83.3%, and 807/mm3 for lymphocytes with a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 95%. The odds ratio (OR) found for CRP and lymphocytes was > 1. Conclusion: The CRP and the level of lymphocytes at the threshold defined above are risk factors for the severity of Sars-Cov2 infection.

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the greatest indirect causes of global death and disease. Cigarette smoke consists of many chemicals, including cytotoxic, carcinogenic and free radicals, therefore it affects many organs including liver either directly or indirectly. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out level of serum hepatic enzymes in smokers and non-smokers adult male. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2019 to December 2019. Total study subjects were one hundred and twenty with age ranging from 20 to 50 years of male gender, selected from attendance of admitted patients and third & forth class employees of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Study subjects were grouped smokers as Group A and age and gender matched, nonsmokers as Group B. Group A smokers again divided into three groups. Group A1- heavy smokers (who consume 20 cigarette sticks or more per day) consist of thirty study subjects, Group A2- moderate smokers (who consume 11-19 cigarette sticks per day) consist of thirty study subjects and Group A3- light smokers (who consume 1-10 cigarette sticks per day) consist of thirty study subjects. Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level of all study subjects were estimated and recorded. Results: Mean age of the study subjects in group A1, A2, A3 & B were 33.88 years, 34.60 years, 34.60 years and 29.80 years. There was a significant increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP level in heavy, moderate and light smokers when compared to nonsmokers, but the increase was more significant in heavy smokers when compared to moderate smokers, also moderate smokers when compared to light smokers. Conclusion: This study revealed that significantly higher level of serum hepatic enzymes with smokers when compared to that of non smokers. This significantly higher level was also seen in heavy smokers in comparison to moderate smokers, moderate smokers in comparison to light smokers.