Digital Smile Design [DSD] has transformed esthetic dentistry by integrating digital technology, facial analysis, and restorative planning to improve treatment predictability and patient satisfaction. Conventional smile design techniques often lacked precision, reproducibility, and effective communication. The development of DSD has addressed these limitations through the use of digital photography, intraoral scanning, CAD-CAM systems, virtual simulations, and artificial intelligence. This review discusses the evolution, principles, technological foundations, clinical workflow, applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of DSD. The technology has enhanced interdisciplinary treatment planning in esthetic rehabilitation, orthodontics, implant dentistry, and full-mouth reconstruction while improving patient communication and diagnostic accuracy. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and cloud-based workflows are expected to further expand its role in personalized dentistry. Despite its advantages, challenges including high costs, technical complexity, and the need for long-term clinical validation remain. Overall, DSD represents a significant advancement toward a more precise, patient-centered, and digitally driven approach in modern esthetic dentistry.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is often framed within the received English common law system in Nigeria, with emphasis on arbitration, mediation, and conciliation as statutory or court-annexed procedures. Yet, long before the introduction of English law, indigenous Nigerian societies developed sophisticated mechanisms for managing conflict that prioritized restoration, social cohesion, and communal harmony. This paper examines ADR through the lens of Nigerian customary law. The study examined that customary ADR, characterized by flexibility, accessibility, voluntariness, and restorative outcomes, remains relevant and widely utilized, especially in rural and semi-urban communities. However, challenges including lack of formal enforcement, repugnancy tests, gender bias, and conflict with constitutional rights persist. The paper concludes that a pluralistic approach which integrates customary ADR into the formal justice system will enhance access to justice, decolonize dispute resolution, and preserve indigenous jurisprudence. Recommendations include statutory recognition, capacity building for traditional adjudicators, and harmonization with human rights standards.

One of the most important parasitic diseases in freshwater fish farming due to its clinical and economic importance, ichthyophthiriasis results from I. multifiliis (a ciliate obligate parasite) infection, also known as "white spot disease" or simply "Ich." This literature review is aimed at compiling the existing knowledge about the taxonomical position, biological features, and three-stage life cycle (consisting of the theront, trophont, and tomont) of the parasite under the influence of various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, and pH. In addition, the epidemiological features of the infection (host specificity, susceptibility factors, transmission methods, and seasonal prevalence) as well as host-parasite relationships (mechanisms of parasite entry, i-antigen-induced immune evasion, and host response) will be considered. Clinical features and histopathological changes for various cultured species are reviewed along with the diagnosis, which includes both traditional methods as well as molecular diagnostics like qPCR and ddPCR. It is emphasized that the disease creates significant financial loss, costing more than USD 1 billion annually on a worldwide basis. The effect of the disease is significant in aquacultures from Europe, China, and North America. Prevention and management of this disease include chemical treatment, salt treatment, biological control, immunostimulants, vaccine, and biosecurity. There is no method available which gives total protection. Latest innovations in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, novel treatment methods and DNA vaccines are also mentioned. The conclusion made by the authors is that sustainable management of I. multifiliis calls for an integration of various measures such as decreased use of chemicals, increased biosecurity, biological control, genetic resistance and precision aquaculture, with vaccine efficacy, drug resistance and climate change adaptation highlighted as key research areas.

Corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) has gained prominence due to growing stakeholders’ expectations for transparency and accountability in companies. This study, therefore, investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure on economic value added of financial services firms listed in Nigeria. A longitudinal research design was used on data obtained from companies with a population of forty-nine (49) firms publicly listed in financial services in Nigeria as at 31st December 2025, whose audited financial statements were available from 2013 to 2015. The total population was also purposely selected as the sample. The results revealed that the education initiative (EIND) and community responsibility disclosure (CMRD) have a negative effect on ECVA; EIND was not statistically significant, whereas CMRD was. However, there is an affirmative and statistically insignificant effect of health and safety disclosure (HSFD) on the economic value added of sample firms. In consonance with the results, this study recommends that corporate managers and directors align corporate responsibility with the host community's expectations to meet needs and enhance their reputation, thereby improving economic value.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as a vital component of modern justice delivery systems worldwide. Dissatisfaction with the adversarial nature, cost, and delay of litigation has led to increased reliance on ADR mechanisms that emphasize party autonomy, confidentiality, and preservation of relationships. This paper examines the major forms of ADR, including negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and hybrid processes such as med-arb and early neutral evaluation. It outlines the defining features, procedural frameworks, advantages, and limitations of each form. The paper argues that no single form of ADR is universally superior. Rather, the choice depends on the nature of the dispute, the relationship between parties, and the desired outcome. It concludes that a clear understanding of the forms of ADR is essential for disputants, lawyers, and policymakers to promote access to justice and decongest formal courts. The paper recommends continuous legal education, institutional support, and harmonization of ADR processes with cultural realities to maximize their effectiveness.

MTO1-related mitochondrial disease (Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency type 10, COXPD10; OMIM #614702) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic variants in the nuclear MTO1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that modifies mitochondrial transfer RNA so that mitochondria can synthesise their proteins correctly. It typically presents in infancy with lactic acidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and, in longer-surviving children, evolves into a multisystem disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy and optic neuropathy, a pattern termed ONCE syndrome (Optic Neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy, Encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and combined OXPHOS deficiency). We report a 12-year-old girl, the third child of consanguineous parents, with global psychomotor delay and persistent mild hyperlactataemia from infancy. Brain imaging showed symmetric T2 hyperintensity in both dentate nuclei with a cerebral lactate peak on MR spectroscopy. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous MTO1 missense variant (c.1402G>A; p.Ala468Thr), consistent with the molecular diagnosis of COXPD10, with both parents heterozygous carriers; an incidental heterozygous FBN1 variant (p.Arg609Cys) was classified as a variant of uncertain significance and judged unrelated. She developed myoclonic epilepsy at age 11, managed with lamotrigine, while echocardiography and ophthalmological examination remained normal at age 12. We review the molecular pathogenesis, genotype-phenotype correlations and treatment options for MTO1 deficiency, focusing on dichloroacetate as adjunctive therapy for lactic acidosis and cardiomyopathy, and place the case alongside the 2025 FDA approval of elamipretide for Barth syndrome and emerging gene-therapy approaches. Early genetic diagnosis and structured cardiac and ophthalmological surveillance are essential; prospective studies of dichloroacetate are needed.

The study was carried out to detection of H.pylori in [200] patients who attended two teaching hospitals in Baghdad. The diagnosis done by Immunochromatography methods. Stools and blood Samples was taken from each patient as well as other [30] healthy control matching in their age. The study included detection the Levels of Interleukin-27 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9in sera of the patients and the control. The result indicated presence of H pylori antigen in 115 cases 69 cases of males and 46 of females, Also, the results indicated increasing levels of Interleukin-27 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in patients’ sera in comparison with healthy control.

Suicidal thoughts in college students is a universal public health agenda with complex psychosocial antecedents and protective variables. Emotional competence (EC), an ability to notice, analyze, and regulate emotions are linked to lower suicidal ideation, although the role of intellectual competence is debatable. This study investigates the relationships between suicidal ideation, emotional competence, and academic competence (AICS) in a college sample in Lucknow, India. 300 college students were included for this cross-sectional study with Standardized scales included the Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), an Emotional Competence Scale (EC), and the Academic Information Competence Scale (AICS) were used. Categorical associations were checked using chi square statistics with effect size estimates (phi), and independent samples t tests were planned under certain assumptions. The study found a significant correlation between SIS and EC categories (χ² = 150.792, p <.001, φ = 0.709), indicating that higher EC was linked to lower suicidal thoughts. There were no significant relationships between SIS and AICS (χ² = 8.87, p =.353) or EC and AICS (χ² = 5.903, p =.665). In this study, emotional competence appears to be a strong predictor of lower suicidal ideation, although intellectual competence does not show a meaningful link. The findings suggest the use of emotional skill training into campus mental health interventions.

Over the past four decades, India’s cropping pattern has experienced profound structural changes, with crop diversification emerging as a defining feature. These transformations, spanning the period 1980–81 to 2023–24, have been driven by a combination of economic reforms, climatic variability, technological advancements, and policy interventions. A marked shift has occurred from a cereal-centric production system toward a more diversified agricultural base that increasingly includes horticultural crops, pulses, oilseeds, and other commercial crops. The study highlights the role of government initiatives, innovations in agricultural technology, and changing climatic conditions in shaping these dynamics. To investigate the determinants of diversification, explanatory variables such as percentage of irrigated area (PIA), road density (RD), agricultural credit (AC), and fertilizer use per hectare (FUPH) are examined. These infrastructural and technological factors together explain the evolving trajectory of cropping patterns across India.

Urinary tract infections [UTIs] are more frequently linked to Proteus mirabilis. To isolate P. mirabilis, 100 urine samples were taken from patients at the City of Medicine Teaching Hospital in Baghdad City who had recurrent UTIs. and look into the ureC gene's distribution. The purpose of the current study was to examine the ureC genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from UTI patients and how they differed among bladder cancer patients. Patients with urinary tract infections [UTIs] provided one hundred urine samples. Fifty urine samples from patients with bladder cancer were included in the first group, while fifty urine samples from patients without the disease were included in the second group. The age range of the groups was 15 to more than 65. Using biochemical testing, the gram-negative bacterial species responsible for UTIs were examined and identified. Gender, age groups, and bladder cancer were among the variables linked to UTIs that were investigated. The P. mirabilis isolates were identified based on the morphological and biochemical features of the cultures, and the diagnosis was confirmed using the VITEK 2 compact system. The polymerase chain reaction [PCR] method using ureC genes was used for final identification. The distribution of P. mirabilis by age was significant, with a higher distribution in the 50–55 age range. IL-6: control 13.2+2.8 pg/ml, patients with urinary tract infections [UTIs] and with bladder cancer 12+1.9, patients with urinary tract infections [UTIs] with non-bladder cancer 13.5+4.1. IL-8 levels were: control 1542+123.2 pg/ml, patients with urinary tract infections [UTIs] and with bladder cancer 2542.8+265.8, patients with urinary tract infections [UTIs] with non-bladder cancer 3212+231.2

Luteolin (LT), a flavonoid known for its health benefits was investigated for possible ameliorative effects against hepato-renal toxicity induced by diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups; One and two served as control and intoxicated groups, groups three-five were intoxicated and treated with LT at 10, 20 and 40mg/kg, respectively and group six received LT only (20mg/kg). The LT was given orally three times a week while Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (50mg/kg) and CCl4 (0.5mL/kg) were administered intraperitoneally once a week for four consecutive weeks. Toxicants exposure significantly increased the activities of serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) by 28% and 30%, and levels of serum urea and creatinine by 15% and 28%, respectively. The intoxication increased lipid peroxidation by 81% and 25%, and also decreased superoxide dismutase by 16% and 17%, and reduced glutathione by 31% and 25% in the liver and kidney of rats, respectively. In addition, inflammatory markers, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide increased in the liver by 650% and 49%, and in the kidney by 367% and 11%, respectively in the intoxicated rats. Histology of liver revealed necrosis and multifocal hepatocellular coagulation while glomerular atrophy and tubular epithelial necrosis were seen in kidneys of intoxicated rats. Interestingly, LT pretreatment significantly attenuated markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver and kidney of intoxicated rats. In conclusion, luteolin may serve as chemotherapeutic agent to mitigate the adverse effects of chemicals on the hepato-renal tissues of animals.

Alchornea laxiflora is a shrub belonging to the family of Euphobiaceae and is widely distributed in tropical Africa. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activities, in vivo antioxidant activities, anti-toxicity potentials of Alchornea laxiflora root extract, possible hepatoprotective effect against methylcholanthrene-induced cancer and the hepatoprotection compared to cyclophosphamide using adult Wistar rats. N-hexane root extract of Alchornea laxiflora demonstrated appreciable in vitro antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging ability compared with reference standards. Oral administration of the extract at varying doses (50, 100, and 200mg/kg body weight) was shown to significantly decrease (p<0.05) the effect of liver damage on methylcholanthrene-induced (50mg/kg) cancer when compared to the group administered cyclophosphamide (20mg/kg body weight) by reducing the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline Phosphatase (AST, ALT and ALP) in the serum. In the 3-Methylcholanthrene administered groups (50 mg/kg), there was significant increase (p<0.05) in Malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content when compared to the positive control. Animals administered with Alchornea laxiflora (50, 100, 200mg/kg) showed a significant increase in GSH content and significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level relative to the animals administered cyclophosphamide. The result from the histological assay showed that there was no observable lesion in groups administered Alchornea laxiflora when compared to the negative control which showed plates of hepatocellular atrophy. These findings suggest that Alchornea laxiflora root has potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported anticancer activities.

This is a retrospective study of 11 cases of traumatic dislocation of the fibular tendons in footballers, collected from the archives of the Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery at Avicenne Hospital, University Hospital Center of Rabat, from 2016 to 2025. The aim of this work is to study the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and surgical characteristics of this entity. Dislocation of the fibular tendons is a rare lesion, accounting for less than one percent of ankle injuries. The mean age of our patients was 25.8 years. All patients were male (100%). The impairment was exclusively unilateral (100%), with no preferential side. The etiologies were dominated by sports activity. A total of 85.7% of cases had a prior medical history, predominantly ankle sprains. Imaging confirmed the diagnosis and allowed classification according to Davis and Eckert. All patients underwent surgical treatment based on the creation of a fibro-periosteal flap, supplemented by systematic immobilization for 6 weeks in a resin boot. At a mean follow-up of 5 years, ligament stabilization was achieved in the entire study population within 6 to 8 weeks, with resumption of sports activity at 3 months.

This study examines how knowledge management affects Akwa Ibom State SMEs' work quality. The knowledge management aspects included in the study were knowledge creation and knowledge acquisition. Cross-sectional survey research was used for this study. The study's population included 9,483 SMEs registered in Akwa Ibom State. The sample size was 384 using the Krecjie and Morgan (1970) table. Data was collected with a standardized Likert scale questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The inferential statistics used a simple linear regression procedure. The study's results indicate that knowledge creation had an R-value of 0.571, but knowledge acquisition had an R-value of 0.406 concerning work quality. Thus, it was concluded that knowledge management significantly improves the quality of work produced by SMEs in Akwa Ibom State. Since knowledge creation is necessary to guarantee the promotion of competitive advantage in their operations, it was suggested at the conclusion that managers of SMEs should make sure that knowledge is created inside the company in order to improve performance. SMEs should also create policies that support knowledge management techniques. Through staff learning and training, their companies will be able to enhance their performance.

Background: Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia are inherited hemoglobinopathies that produce systemic metabolic derangements chronic hemolysis, iron misdistribution, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial activation, and nutrient depletion. Conventional hematologic therapies reduce acute morbidity but often leave biochemical vulnerabilities unaddressed. Objective: To present a systems biology, evidence based clinical review of Nephesh Dam™, a multi nutrient integrative formulation designed to support erythropoiesis, redox balance, mitochondrial function, membrane integrity, endothelial health, and iron regulation in SCD and Thalassemia, and to align clinical recommendations with Edenic Hebrew Pastoral Medicine principles. Methods: A structured synthesis of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, mechanistic biochemical studies, and clinical guidelines was performed for each ingredient. Evidence was graded by study design and relevance to hemoglobinopathy pathophysiology. Pastoral Medicine statutes supplied by the author were used to frame ethical and implementation guidance. Results: Individual components show varying evidence strength: L glutamine (phase 3 RCT) reduces vaso occlusive crises in SCD; silymarin demonstrates hepatoprotective and iron modulating effects in adjunctive thalassemia studies; lactoferrin improves iron handling and gut barrier function in pediatric anemia trials; ferrous bisglycinate offers improved tolerability and absorption in iron deficient populations. Antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactors (ALA, riboflavin, thiamine, ribose) provide mechanistic support for redox and energetic recovery. Synergistic networks address methylation, glutathione cycling, mitochondrial energetics, membrane phospholipid repair, endothelial NO bioavailability, and iron buffering. Safety priorities include iron stewardship, hepatic monitoring, and herb–drug interaction vigilance. Conclusion: Nephesh Dam™ is a mechanistically coherent, clinically grounded integrative formulation that addresses the biochemical drivers of hemoglobinopathies. Controlled adjunctive clinical trials are warranted to evaluate clinical endpoints (pain crises, transfusion frequency, organ biomarkers)