This study critically examines the involvement of extension and innovation strategies in advancing sustainable agriculture in Somalia. Agricultural extension services, which involve disseminating agricultural knowledge, information, and technologies to farmers, are essential for enhancing farmers' skills, practices, and decision-making abilities. The study explores the complex relationship between socioeconomic challenges-such as limited access to resources, infrastructure, and markets-extension strategies, and sustainable agricultural development in Somalia. A key obstacle identified is the inadequate infrastructure for mobile phone applications in agriculture, which limits the effectiveness and widespread adoption of farming technologies. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data was gathered from 211 participants across seven regions, including Southwest, Hirshabelle, Benadir (Mogadishu), Galmudug, Puntland, Jubaland, and Somaliland. The analysis assessed the demographic and educational characteristics of the participants and the impact of extension services and innovation strategies on sustainable agricultural practices. The variability in the support provided by extension services emphasizes the need for targeted improvements to foster sustainable agriculture and enhance food security in Somalia. Institutional challenges, including policy frameworks, governance issues, and capacity-building deficits, also impede the effective implementation of agricultural innovation and extension strategies. Additionally, resistance to change, cultural differences, and a lack of supportive policies hinder the adoption of new practices. Unpredictable weather patterns, overuse of natural resources, and extreme climatic events further complicate the success of sustainable practices. Despite these challenges, agricultural extension services play a critical role in facilitating the dissemination of knowledge, training, and community engagement for sustainable farming practices. The study underscores the need for strengthened infrastructure, improved governance, and targeted interventions to overcome existing barriers and promote sustainable agricultural development in Somalia.

This research aims to determine the limits of hudud in Islamic law so that law enforcement can run fairly. Allah's decree regarding hudud issues has been outlined in the Al-Qur'an in order to preserve social life based on Islamic rules. Hudud is a sanction given to violators of behavior that is contrary to Islamic teachings. In various cases, rebellion, robbery, wine, stealing, verbal abuse and adultery, all have provisions for punishment in the Koran. However, the role of Ulama in interpreting verses is very open to outlining the limits of sanctions for law violators. The existence of Islamic law certainly refers to the main teachings, namely the Al-Qur'an and hadith, then developed through Ijma' Ulama which can be implemented in society as a limitation of sanctions.

The Hindu Marriage Registration Act, 2012, marks a critical step in the legal recognition and protection of Hindu marriages in Bangladesh. Prior to its enactment, Hindu marriages were governed primarily by traditional customs and lacked formal legal documentation, leading to significant challenges, particularly in matters of inheritance, property rights, and gender equality. This article delves into the historical context of Hindu marriage practices, the legal implications of the new legislation, and its social impact, focusing on gender equality, women's rights, and family dynamics. By offering legal recognition to Hindu marriages, the Act provides a platform for resolving disputes, ensuring marital rights, and promoting social stability. However, challenges in the law's implementation, such as limited awareness, administrative hurdles, and cultural resistance, remain. This article also evaluates the role of the Act in advancing gender equality, especially in the context of marital disputes, and offers recommendations to address implementation issues, enhance legal accessibility, and improve the integration of the law into societal norms. In light of its mixed reception, the article proposes pathways for improving the effectiveness of the Act in safeguarding marital rights and promoting gender justice in the Hindu community.

Cervical cancer remains a global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite advancements in prevention and treatment, limited HPV vaccine coverage hampers cervical cancer elimination efforts. The HPV vaccine, recommended since 2006, has shown high efficacy, preventing up to 90% of HPV-related cancers. Recent innovations, such as single-dose vaccines, aim to enhance accessibility and affordability. This review highlights advancements in HPV vaccination strategies, focusing on equitable access, vaccine efficacy, and the path toward achieving the World Health Organization’s goal of cervical cancer elimination.

Menopause marks a significant transition in a woman's life, characterized by the cessation of menstruation and reproductive capabilities. This review examines post-menopausal quality of life (QoL) indicators across physical, psychological, sexual, and social dimensions. Challenges such as vasomotor symptoms, mood fluctuations, and sexual dysfunction are prevalent. However, interventions including lifestyle changes, healthcare support, and psychosocial strategies can enhance the overall experience of post-menopausal women. Understanding these determinants is critical for healthcare professionals to meet women's needs and improve outcomes during this phase.

COVID-19 not only generated challenges but also brought new chances in the construction industry of Nepal. The goal of this research is to investigate opportunities created by COVID-19 in the construction industry of Nepal. For this, a total of 309 responses from clients, consultants and contractors were obtained. Principal Component Analysis was deployed and major opportunities obtained were technological transformation, and health and safety culture improvisation with variance of 31.46% and 20.14% respectively. It is recommended that policies should be prepared to make technology use and change adopted sustainable and long-lasting. Also, use of advanced technologies and scientific planning should be encouraged by the government and strategies should be prepared so that difficult situations like pandemic could also be utilized in fruitful ways.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant and, in extreme instances, a fatal condition. Notwithstanding comprehensive study, understanding of the etiology, particular processes, and regulatory pathways of the disease remains insufficient. Prior research has demonstrated that monoterpene derivatives had significant antidepressant properties. Nonetheless, its mechanisms remain inadequately comprehended. The objective of our research is to elucidate the mechanisms of monoterpene derivatives in the treatment of depression. Purpose: The aim of current investigation is to reveal the mechanisms of monoterpene derivatives in treating depression. Methodology: Scientific validation of the current investigation was done by computational based molecular docking study of selected lead molecules against NOS enzyme. Result: The molecular docking results indicating binding energies of -5.2, -5.75, and -5.5 kcal/mol for α-pinene, limonene, and carveol, respectively. The IC50 values are 0.12, 0.10, and 0.11 for α-pinene, limonene, and carveol, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that each selected lead chemical for additional investigation shown significant inhibitory activity against NOS, hence revealing its anti-depressant potential.

This study examines the significant role that women play in strengthening community economic empowerment and tourism through their involvement in micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Women-led MSMEs contribute not only to their families' financial stability but also to the preservation of local culture and the growth of sustainable tourism. Despite their contributions, women entrepreneurs continue to face challenges such as limited access to financial support, business training, and market expansion opportunities. This research explores how women’s specialized knowledge in traditional crafts, culinary arts, and eco-tourism influences economic development and tourism sustainability. Using a mixed-method approach, this study combines qualitative and quantitative data, including interviews and surveys with female MSME owners in Purbalingga Regency. The findings highlight that women’s participation in MSMEs directly boosts tourism by providing authentic and locally-driven experiences that attract visitors. Moreover, access to capital and skill development enhances their ability to innovate and scale their businesses, further contributing to economic resilience. The study also reveals that community economic empowerment serves as a crucial link between women-led MSMEs and the sustainability of tourism. Based on these insights, this research emphasizes the need for better financial inclusion, business mentorship, and policy support to empower women entrepreneurs. The findings offer practical recommendations for government agencies, financial institutions, and development organizations to create a more inclusive and thriving economic landscape where women-led businesses can flourish.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic declared by WHO, which has contracted more than 500 million people. Existing data on adverse effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines among university students are limited. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of adverse effects that may arise from administering COVID-19 vaccines to university students in Saint James School of Medicine. An online survey study was conducted among students from Saint Vincent Campus of SJSM to assess types of adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines received by the students. Of the 34 participants, 8 (23.5%) received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, 9 (26.5%) received Moderna, 16 (47.1%) received Pfizer, and one (2.9%) received Sputnik. Pain was the most common adverse effect for both doses, reported by 62.5% of Johnson & Johnson, 50% of Moderna, and 56.3% of Pfizer recipients. Swelling and redness were more frequently reported among Moderna (44.4% and 33.3%) and Pfizer (37.5% and 31.3%) recipients for both doses. Generalized adverse effects like fatigue and muscle aches were also common across doses. Fatigue was reported by 55.6% of Moderna and 37.5% of Pfizer recipients, while muscle aches were noted in 55.6% of Moderna and 46.9% of Pfizer recipients. Most adverse effects occurred within 24-48 hours, were more frequent and severe after the first dose compared to the second and resolved without the need for hospital treatment. Students experienced different adverse effects depending on the type COVID-19 vaccine doses. The effects were generally mild and were less common after the second dose than the first. There is a significant difference for redness in second dose for local reactions when compared between genders.

This enquiry undertook a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of President Hakainde Hichilema’s inaugural speech rendered as a text on 24th August, 2021 at Heroes Stadium in Lusaka, Zambia. The research was a micro-level analysis of linguistic features prevalent in the inaugural speech, and the collective and individual significance of linguistic choices made in the context of the text and to Zambia as a whole. Considering the multi-faceted theoretical disposition of CDA, the study utilised Fairclough’s (1989) 3 Dimensional (3D) Model to CDA which proposes a textual connectivity of discourse at three-levels of analysis. The study appealed to the descriptive research design encompassing the qualitative approach complemented by the quantitative approach nested in the constructivist and positivist paradigms of reality and knowledge generation. The findings of the study established that President Hichilema used conjunctions, auxiliaries, pronouns, antonyms and synonyms but never used any collocations or proverbs. It was further established that Hichilema’s use of each type of linguistic feature had some significance. Overall, conjunctions were used to talk about beings of the same status and to connect ideas, reveal mutual inclusiveness, add ideas, show gratitude to both local and international observers, manifest two opposite states of affairs, give confidence to his audience to accept him as the new president of Zambia, and assert the cause of change in government. Auxiliaries were used to express lamentations and commitment to promises made. Furthermore, pronouns were used in the inaugural speech to show confidence and command, express possessiveness and avoid discoursal repetition. Antonyms and synonyms were chosen to show negation and comparison. In addition, the numerical analysis revealed that Hichilema was statistically intentional in his use of coordinating conjunctions, first-person plural pronouns and synonyms. The findings of the study connote that inaugural speeches are unique and serve different purposes according to their context.

Since nursing leadership is acknowledged as a critical determinant of health care outcomes, this study assesses job burnout, embracing emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, as well as overall job engagement among leaders in the nursing field. Notably, the study proposes to compare the nurse leaders’ well-being by evaluating job burnout as occupational exhaustion (OE), depersonalization/loss of empathy (DP), and personal accomplishment assessment (PA) indices of work-related well-being in Prince Sultan Military Medical City in Riyadh. The cross-sectional design of the work includes 177 participants being nurse leaders, with the help of instruments such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Work Engagement Scale. Studies show that 53.7% of the respondents had moderate job burnout, and 24.9 % had high job burnout. Consequently, 49.7% of the nurse leaders described moderate work engagement and 35.0% strong. The co-relational analysis depicts an insignificant negative coefficient between job burnout and work engagement. However, the evidence of the study revealed that age and work experience have positive and direct effects on job burnout and that age, work experience, and marital status have positive indirect effects on work engagement. This paper underscores the importance of preventing and mitigating burnout among nurse leaders to improve the well-being of the workers with the view of increasing patient outcomes amid enduring workforce scarcity in healthcare. Potential strategies to enhance the role resources for promoting the adaptive functioning of nurse leaders at work are examined.

Strength evaluation of building components by analysis and in-place load testing is recommended in cases where the degree of suspected deficiencies in design, materials or construction cannot be readily determined. In the study, the purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of prestressed concrete hollow core slab (HCS) units carrying dead and live loads as composite members with topping concrete. The first test was conducted on HCS-300 panels, some of which were already installed in the buildings. A monotonic loading test on the ground at the construction site was performed on a non-composite panel to evaluate the actual composite panel's performance. In accordance with the project's quality procedures, to verify the performance of the HCS-400 panels, the second test was decided to be performed on HCS-400 composite panels in the precast plant prior to starting the mass production. The paper describes the application of monotonic loading test procedures and acceptance of test results according to the American ACI 318 standard.

The purpose of this study is to see how inclusive leadership impacts organizational competitiveness and corporate reputation as a mediating variable in the digital era. The ever-evolving digital era demands organizations to adopt a more inclusive leadership approach in order to increase competitiveness and maintain corporate reputation. Inclusive leadership is becoming increasingly relevant because of its ability to manage diversity and create a work environment that supports innovation. This study uses a quantitative approach with a path analysis model to examine five hypotheses related to organizational competitiveness and corporate reputation: inclusive leadership, organizational competitiveness, inclusive culture, and corporate reputation. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of how inclusive leadership shapes an inclusive culture and how it impacts organizational competitiveness and corporate reputation. The results of this study can be a reference for organizational leaders who are developing more inclusive leadership strategies to face challenges in the current technological era.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria, characterized by extensive oil and gas activities, frequently experiences gas flaring, a significant environmental concern. This study aims to investigate the temporal variations in environmental quality near the Kokori-Erhoike Flow Station in Kokori Community, Delta State, with a focus on assessing pollution levels in air, water, and soil. Samples were collected from various strategic locations around the flow station, including air, water, and soil samples. Samples were analyzed for a range of parameters including Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), heavy metals (such as zinc, chromium, cadmium, lead, and copper), and physicochemical properties like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity. The analytical methods employed included Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for heavy metal analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS) for TPH. Significant findings revealed elevated levels of PM10, and PM2.5 in the air, particularly during the June period, with PM2.5 concentrations exceeding WHO limits. Water sample analysis indicated high concentrations of TPH, especially in the June period, with levels rising from 1.67 mg/L to 2.91 mg/L at specific locations. Heavy metal contamination in water samples showed concentrations of lead (Pb) up to 0.54 mg/L and cadmium (Cd) up to 1.42 mg/L, surpassing WHO guidelines. Soil samples also exhibited high levels of heavy metals, with cadmium (Cd) concentrations up to 1.72 mg/kg and lead (Pb) concentrations up to 10.46 mg/kg. Pearson's correlation analysis highlighted strong positive correlations, such as between cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (r = 0.876, p < 0.01), and zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) (r = 0.821, p < 0.01), suggesting common pollution sources, such as industrial discharges and agricultural runoff. The findings of this study indicate significant environmental degradation in the vicinity of the Kokori-Erhioke Flow Station due to gas flaring activities.

The study assessed the impact of Odogwu bitters on biochemical indices of rats. In this experimental study, 16 adult male rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into four (4) groups. Groups 1-3 were given 100, 200, and 400mg/kg of Odogwu bitters. Group 4 served as the normal control. Serum liver enzyme activity, kidney function enzyme activity, Lipid profile test and haematology tests were carried out. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS, ANOVA, and LSD tests. Elevated levels of ALT and AST in rat plasma indicated potential liver tissue stress due to herbal exposure, aligning with findings from similar herbal studies. However, at higher doses, a reduction in these enzyme levels was observed. Conversely, ALP levels increased significantly with the highest dosage, suggesting potential liver damage. Elevated levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid in the treated groups indicate potential adverse effects on renal function. Urea, vital for waste nitrogen transport and maintaining osmolarity, showed significant alterations, suggesting potential kidney stress. Similarly, increased creatinine levels, a marker of muscle metabolism and renal health, imply compromised kidney filtration. The disturbance in uric acid metabolism, crucial for various physiological functions, points towards potential renal impairment. Haematological results showed a concentration-dependent increase in hemoglobin levels, potentially supporting hemoglobin synthesis. Platelet counts exhibited a dose-related decrease, suggesting an influence on platelet production or function. Red blood cell levels were maintained, possibly due to antioxidant compounds protecting against oxidative damage and stimulating blood cell production. White blood cell levels remained steady, indicating potential immune-boosting effects. Different doses of Odogwu herbal bitters influenced lipid metabolism in Wistar albino rats, with Group 2 showing a reduction in TG levels and Group 3 having the lowest total cholesterol (TCHO). Groups 2 and 3 also had increased HDL levels, while the control group exhibited the lowest LDL levels, suggesting varied effects of the bitters on lipid profiles. The findings collectively suggest a detrimental impact of Odogwu bitters on kidney indices in the studied animal model and could be toxic at a higher dose upon consumption on the liver. But for the lipid status, Odogwu herbal bitters may influence lipid profiles, their effects are not uniformly beneficial across all parameters.