The transportation agreement in Indonesia is a reciprocal agreement, between the carrier and the sender. Article 468 of the Commercial Code, which regulates the carrier's responsibility for losses due to transportation and Article 193 of the UULLAJ which is a special provision regulating the carrier's responsibility in land transportation law, have weaknesses that have implications for legal disputes, legal uncertainty over damage or loss of goods being transported. The purpose of this study is to examine and find weaknesses in regulations on liability due to errors in the event of an uncertain event in land transportation that are currently not based on the value of justice and how to reconstruct the law. The author uses a constructivism paradigm with a socio-legal research approach that is descriptive analytical. The collection method and type of data used are sourced from primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative analysis method. The results of the study show that the Weaknesses in legal substance, weaknesses of Article 468 of the Commercial Code and Article 193 of the UULLAJ, weaknesses in legal culture/culture, namely the weakness of traffic supervisors from the Police and transportation and a culture of lawlessness in transportation. Reconstruction of the value of the principle of responsibility due to errors in the event of an uncertain event in land transportation includes strengthening regulatory compliance in logistics, creating compliance with business efficiency, utilizing the role of technology in ensuring compliance, utilizing insurance and customer protection. Reconstruction of norms is carried out on several articles including Article 468 to become (1) The transportation agreement promises the carrier to maintain the safety of goods to be transported from the time of receipt to the time of delivery. (2) The carrier is responsible for damage or loss of goods if the loss is caused by the error of the carrier or its agent. (3) The carrier is not responsible if the loss is caused by other factors such as the nature of the goods, the condition of the goods, or the sender's error. (4) The losses as referred to in paragraph (2) are calculated based on the actual losses experienced. Article 193 paragraph (1) of the UULLAJ states that the Public Transportation Company is responsible for losses suffered by the sender of the goods because the goods are destroyed, lost, or damaged due to the provision of transportation, unless it is proven that the destruction, loss, or damage of the goods was caused by the nature of the goods, the condition of the goods or the sender's error.

The pervasive use of polyethylene (PE) bags for cooking and storing staple Nigerian foods poses significant health risks due to heavy metal leaching. This study evaluates the migration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb) from transparent (TPB) and black (BPB) polyethylene bags into Garri, Semovita, Moi Moi, and Okpa under cooking conditions. Food samples, prepared using ingredients from Umuahia markets, were cooked in TPB and BPB, digested with nitric acid and aqua regia, and analysed via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results revealed alarming contamination: BPB-cooked foods exhibited higher metal transfer, with Pb in Okpa (0.4801 mg/kg) and Cd in Moi Moi (0.3150 mg/kg) exceeding WHO/FAO limits (0.3 mg/kg Pb; 0.1 mg/kg Cd). Significant correlations emerged between As-Sb (r = 0.974, p = 0.0256) in uncooked samples and As-Cd (r = 0.9932, p = 0.000672) in cooked foods, highlighting synergistic leaching risks. Transparent bags also exhibited elevated levels of contamination, although these levels were 20–30% lower than those found in BPB-cooked foods. These findings underscore chronic exposure risks, including carcinogenicity and organ damage. Immediate actions are urged: enforcing bans on non-food-grade plastics, promoting biodegradable alternatives (e.g., plantain leaves), and launching public health campaigns to mitigate dietary heavy metal exposure. This study provides critical evidence for policymakers to prioritize food safety regulations in Nigeria and similar contexts by emphasizing feasible transitions to sustainable packaging.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L., Pedaliaceae) is a one of the earliest oilseed plants highly prized in tropical and subtropical countries. In Chad, its yield remains low, averaged 500 kg.ha-1 and organic and/or mineral fertilization are used to increase its grain yield. The low production would be linked ether to lack of crop knowledge, changing agronomic conditions and probably to the lack of pollination services. The seeds contain very high oil contents and are rich in total phenolic compounds and antioxidants which give it unprecedented stability for its oils. Thus a two-year experiment (rainy season 2022-2023) was conducted at Bébédjia in Chad to assess the effect of different types of amendments and pollination by entomophilous insects on the oil content, total phenols and antioxidant activity of sesame seeds. The study was based on a split plot design with three replications. The two studied factors were studied: fertilization with six types of amendments (control, 0.050 t.ha-1 of mineral NPK fertilizer , 5 t.ha-1 and 10 t.ha-1 of compost, 5 t.ha-1 and 10 t.ha-1 of cow-dung manure) and pollination with two modalities (free pollination plot and insects protected plot. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that fertilization highly (p < 0.001) affected all the three studied biochemical parameters while the effect of pollination was significantly only for the antioxidant potential (p < 0.05). The effect of the interaction between fertilization and pollination was significant only for polyphenols content (p < 0.05). Among treatments, the highest seed oil contents were obtained for compost 10 t.ha-1 (52.77%) and cow manure10 t.ha-1 (51.34%). Highest rates of polyphenols and antioxidants were recorded for unfertilized control indicating that amendments reduced these biochemical traits. This study showed that insect pollination had little effect on these biochemical traits in contrast organic fertilizers at 10 t.ha-1 increased the seed oil content of sesame but reduced the polyphenols rates and the antioxidant potential.

The synthesis and characterization of a novel zeolite-A/ZnO/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite were explored for the adsorption removal of heavy metals from pharmaceutical wastewater. The zeolite-A, ZnO nanoparticles, GO, and their composite were synthesized via hydrothermal, green, Hummer’s, and wet impregnation methods, respectively. The synthesized samples were characterized using some analytical tools. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of zeolite A, ZnO, and GO, with characteristic peaks aligning with standard crystallographic data. The composite structure displayed unique diffraction shifts, indicating the interaction between ZnO and the zeolitic framework. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological features of individual components and their successful integration within the composite. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping further validated the composition of the nanocomposite and homogeneity. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis demonstrated a high surface area of 115.70 m²/g for the composite, significantly higher than its individual constituents, alongside improved pore structure and volume. The adsorption performance was assessed for Cd, Fe, and Cr ions, showing superior removal efficiencies within 40–50 min, with maximum adsorption capacities of 107.92 mg/g (Cr), 98.28 mg/g (Fe), and 94.51 mg/g (Cd). Increased nanosorbent dosage and temperature positively influenced removal efficiency, achieving complete elimination at optimized conditions. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, confirming chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, while equilibrium data aligned with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The composite exhibited excellent stability and reusability across multiple cycles, demonstrating its potential for practical wastewater treatment applications and its sustainability for heavy metal remediation, offering a promising solution for mitigating environmental pollution from pharmaceutical wastewater.

Anthropometric characteristics are critical determinants of football performance, yet their associations with fitness outcomes remain inconsistent, particularly in understudied regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of 20 male football academy players in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, and explored correlations between these variables. Using a correlational design, standardized protocols (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry guidelines) measured height, weight, limb lengths, circumferences, and waist-hip ratio. Fitness tests included the Illinois Agility Test, 40-m sprint, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, sit-and-reach, standing long jump, and plank hold. Pearson correlations and regression analyses identified relationships between variables. Results revealed a mean thigh circumference of 52.77 ± 1.32 cm and Illinois Agility Test time of 17.87 ± 0.20 seconds. Thigh circumference significantly correlated with agility (r = 0.543, p = 0.013), with regression equation Y = 0.08x + 13.50 explaining 29.5% of variance (R² = 0.295). Conversely, limb length, weight, and calf circumference showed no significant associations with speed, endurance, or power. These findings align with studies highlighting thigh musculature’s role in agility, though contrasts exist in contexts prioritizing vertical power. The study higlights thigh circumference as a key predictor of agility in Nigerian youth players, advocating targeted lower-body strength training for talent development. Future research should explore biomechanical mechanisms and socioeconomic barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The present study focused on the phytochemical profile, isolation of bioactive components, and determination of the toxicity of Azadirachta indica seed extract. The crude extracts of seeds of A. indica were prepared by cold maceration in hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Phytochemical screening followed by column chromatography separated main fractions. Acute toxicity was studied using albino mice, administering doses to calculate LD50 and observing for behavioral and physical changes. A. indica seed extracts routinely produce a "brown gummy mass" that is dominated by non-polar chemicals, with hexane obtaining the highest extraction efficiency (28.55%), indicating phytochemical diversity and solvent selectivity. Ethyl acetate had the maximum ability to extract phenols and flavonoids, while methanol was efficient for tannin recovery; this clearly shows the influence of the degree of polarity on the solvent concerning phytochemical extraction. Hexane extract of A. The highest phytochemical diversity was observed in the seeds of A. indica, followed by methanol and then ethyl acetate. The 1H-NMR of compound Fa1 isolated from A. indica seeds confirmed the molecular structure, pointing out functional groups, methyls-and stereochemistry. The 13C-NMR spectrum of A. indica extract showed aliphatic, aromatic, and methyl carbons, giving important signals with significant chemical shifts due to functional groups. GC-MS of Fa1 from A. The A. indica showed complex structural features that included hydroxyl groups and alkyl fragments, confirming its bioactivity and possible interactions with biological systems. Hexane crude extract of seeds of A. indica showed minimal acute toxicity profile in albino mice. No mortality or symptoms were observed during a 24-hour observation period in doses as high as 5000 mg/kg. Whereas the ethyl acetate extract of A. indica seed showed no mortality at any concentration, the crude methanol extract in its crude form exhibited no signs of toxicity or fatality, even at 5000 mg/kg. This dictates its safety profile. Acute toxicity studies of A. indica Linn-seed extract fraction F1 in albino mice do not provide any evidence of any damage, even at high dosages up to 5000 mg/kg. Finally, A. indica seed extracts demonstrate varied phytochemicals and minimal toxicity, confirming their potential for safe bioactive uses.

Dental caries is the localized destruction of dental tissues by bacterial activity; the carious lesion is the result of demineralization of enamel-and later of dentine by acids produced by plaque microorganisms as they metabolize dietary carbohydrates. This study was conducted in two schools in Khartoum state, aimed to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal pathogens from dental caries infected school children. A total of 50 male students were enrolled in this study. The age ranging from 6 to 14 years, with mean of 10.9 + and 2.5 SD. (62%) of participants said they suffer from tooth pain and 19 (38%) of them visited the dentist before. According to eating habits majority of the students 48 (96°) drink milk, 47 (94%) eat sweets/candy, 38 (76%) eat crisps and 35 (70%) take soft drink. Samples were cultured and isolated bacterial and fungal pathogen were identified microscopically and by biochemical tests. Culture results were as follows: 41(82%) of samples showed bacterial and fungal growth, of those positive culture 34 (68%) showed bacterial growth, 1 (2%) fungal growth and 6 (12%) mixed growth (both bacterial and fungal). Streptococcus mutans 27(54%) was the predominant bacteria followed by Enterococcus faecalis 11(22%), Lactobacillus. spp 1(2%), and staphylococcus aureus 1(2%). Seven of the specimens (14%) showed growth of candida albicans. There was no statistically significant association between age/consumption of sweet food and microbial isolation. Significant association was detected between microbial growth and brush change (P. value = 0.041) but not with frequency of teeth brushing. In conclusion, Streptococcus mutans was the predominant bacterium isolated from caries lesions, followed by Enterococcus faecalis. The disease was mostly caused by bacteria, with only one type of fungus, Candida albicans, being isolated. No association was found between the microbial cultures and age, sugar intake, or oral hygiene. The frequency of brush change has significant association with microbial isolation.

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationships between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness performance among adolescent male football academy players in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Understanding these associations could inform player development and training strategies in youth football. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical design was used to assess 20 male football players aged 15–25 years. Anthropometric variables measured included height (170.62 ± 3.16 cm), weight (62.95 ± 1.92 kg), waist-hip ratio (0.83 ± 0.01), body fat (%), and limb lengths. Fitness attributes evaluated were speed (40-m sprint), agility (Illinois agility test), endurance (Yo-Yo test), flexibility (sit-and-reach), core strength (plank test), and power (standing long jump). VO₂max was estimated using the Siri equation, with Body Density derived from the Jackson and Pollock 3-site formula. Results: The players demonstrated moderate agility (17.87 ± 0.20 sec), sprint speed (5.71 ± 0.06 sec), and VO₂max (35.25 ± 6.12 mL/kg/min). Notably, goalkeepers’ height and VO₂max were perfectly correlated (r = 1.000, p = 0.008), and lower limb length significantly correlated with VO₂max (r = 1.000, p = 0.030). Midfielders' lower limb length strongly predicted sprint speed (r = 0.886, p = 0.019). Other correlations across positions were weak or not statistically significant. Conclusion: Anthropometric traits, particularly limb lengths and height, significantly influence select aspects of physical fitness in football players, varying by playing position. These findings support tailored conditioning programs based on player morphology.

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that play a crucial role in bone resorption. The imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation results in osteoporosis. Therefore, substances that can suppress osteoclast formation are potential candidate materials for drug development or functional foods. There have been reports that extracts or purified compounds from marine micro- and macroalgae can suppress osteoclast differentiation. Symbioimine, isolated from the cultured dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp., had suppressive effects against osteoclast differentiation in osteoclastlike cells. Norzoanthamine, isolated from the colonial zoanthid Zoanthas sp., has been shown to have anti-osteoporosis activity in ovariectomized mice. In response to marine extracts, the fucoxanthin- rich component from brown algae has been shown to have suppressive effects against osteoclast differentiation. An extract of Sargassum fusiforme has recently been shown to have anti-osteoporosis activity. This extract suppressed both osteoclast differentiation and accelerated osteoblast formation in separate in vitro experiments. In this study , we have undergone an in-silico interaction study of the each target proteins , namely TNFRSF11B, LRP5, RANKL, NOX4 , ER,PTH1R , sclerostin, NR3B1, HDAC with both reported anti-osteoporosis drugs (namely Calcitriol, Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate, Zoledronate, )and phyto-chemical compounds (Symbioimine Norzoanthamine fucoxanthin, Largazole, dieckol, 1-(30,50-dihydroxyphenoxy)-7-(200,400,600-trihydroxyphenoxy) 2,4,9-trihydroxydibenzo-1,4,-dioxin , Biselyngbyaside, ikarisoside A, bolinaquinone,) obtained from algae. Interaction of phytochemical compound with target proteins shows better binding affinity as compared to drug molecules like Calcitriol and Alendronate. Thus, these marine algae and their extracts may be sources of marine medicinal foods for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Immune cell activation is a feature of COVID-19, that leads to cytokine storm which causes neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, related to psychiatric symptoms due to the depletion of neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, and glutamate which play a major role in adult neurogenesis. ACE2 receptors are expressed in the hippocampus and decreased neurogenesis in this region is a major factor behind the neuropsychiatric disorders. SARS-CoV-2 can affect the brain indirectly through neuroinflammation and altered neurochemical signaling and even mild COVID-19 infections can lead to sustained microglial activation, which disrupts neural networks and impairs cognitive function. The long COVID-19 may be associated with cognitive dysfunction in those who recovered and immunological response may affect synaptic pruning and reduced anterior cingulate cortex volume at one year after COVID-19. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection or PASC, commonly known as Long COVID is a significant public health concern and "brain fog" is one of the most debilitating cognitive impairments, affecting memory, concentration, and executive function occurring in 88% of cases. Brain fog may be linked to persistent changes in neurotransmitter levels, particularly involving dopamine and serotonin which play an essential role in cognition, attention, and emotional regulation. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the chemokine CCL11, is linked to cognitive impairments in patients with persistent symptoms. Neuroprotective agents that support neuronal health, such as antioxidants and mitochondrial enhancers and noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic and direct current enhance cortical excitability are investigated in cognitive recovery. Evaluation of the currently predominant VUM (a Variant Under Monitoring), LP.8.1, and the most recently designated NB.1.8.1, is increasing as 10.7% of global sequences reported recently due to minor mutations in spike protein. In May 2025, TAG-CO-VAC (Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine) advised that the monovalent vaccines targeting against JN.1 or KP.2 lineages are highly appropriate.

This study examines the suitability of piezoelectric floor mat systems for harvesting energy in high traffic areas like the student centers. The study is aimed at solving the problems of small energy production, toxic materials and the ability to scale up current piezoelectric energy harvesting systems. The study involves experimental simulation of using 40 piezo transducers, a 2W02G rectifier, two 2F, 5.5V super capacitors for energy storage, an ND0603PC booster amplifier for output regulation and two LiPo batteries in series, to supply stable power to a case study Centre. Both the supporting circuit diagram and MATLAB/Simulink simulation were utilized to show that this system works well for independent power generation. Simulations and tests on circuits reveal that the system delivers an average output power greater than the required standard, 400–600 μW per step versus 134.2 μW per step. Rectifying the energy from 1,000 steps yields AC voltages varying from 20–80V which are then changed to DC at 18–75V. At the beginning, the super capacitors charge with 5–6V to last for 10–30 seconds before leveling off at 3.7–5.5V and the LiPo batteries provide about 5–20 mAh after being active for 10 minutes. Trials show that the device produces constant electricity under various stress tests, showing good conversion, storage and release of energy for powering small electronic devices. The results confirm that piezoelectric floor mats can be used affordably to produce energy anywhere in busy areas, thereby aiding efforts to make urban environments and the planet more sustainable. In the future, more experiments and improvements are required for deploying the technology on a wider scale.

Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are widely used for birth control. There are reported adverse effects associated with HCs and liver and kidney function in people on hormonal contraceptives. Limited studies exist to establish these reports; it is however crucial to elucidate any potential associations between these medications with liver and kidney dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate the impact of hormonal contraceptives on liver and renal function. For this study, a total of 50 participants were used; 25 of the total participants are women of reproductive age, using hormonal contraceptives, while the other 25 participants are women of reproductive age, not using hormonal contraceptives. The participants were recruited from Orita-Obele and Arakale health centers, Akure, Ondo State. The results showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in both creatinine and urea levels when compared to the control, but no significant increase (p>0.05) in both sodium and potassium ion concentrations. A significant increase (p<0.0001) in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT) activity, along with a significant increase (p<0.01) in bilirubin level, were observed in the case when compared with the control group. The results suggest that the alterations observed in kidney and liver function of subjects on hormonal contraceptives may indicate potential impairment. Understanding these interactions is crucial for ensuring the safe use of hormonal contraceptives and managing any potential risks to liver and kidney health, thereby guiding clinicians in prescribing these medications and monitoring their effects.

The development of resistance to various antimicrobial agents by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites poses a major challenge to the medical field in treating the infections they cause. Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore new and innovative antimicrobials. A promising solution lies in the use of natural products, such as essential oils, as antimicrobial agents. Herbs and essential oils have been used since ancient times in various aspects of life, including perfumes, cosmetics, agriculture, and industry. In medicine, these essential oils have demonstrated numerous applications, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, fungicidal, and antitumor activities. Essential oils present a viable alternative to synthetic chemicals due to the presence of biologically active compounds, such as phenols and terpenes, that inhibit or prevent pathogen growth. This review paper aims to explore the importance of essential oils, their components, and the mechanisms they use to combat pathogens. It will also highlight their role as a potential solution to multidrug resistance and discuss future prospects.

Nigeria is home to numerous distinguished poets who craft classical poetry inspired by ancient Arab traditions. One notable modern Nigerian poet is Dr. Muhammad Mansur Jibril, a lecturer in the Department of Arabic Language at Bayero University in Kano, and the author of the poetry collection titled "The Flower of Joy." This collection features sixty-five poems spanning various genres, totaling one thousand two hundred thirty-four [1234] verses, many of which describe the poet's travels within Nigeria and abroad. The themes addressed in this collection include didactic poetry, divine love, pride, satire, praise, flirtation, and elegy. This study will specifically focus on travel poetry. The aim is to analyze the construction of travel poems within the collection, highlighting the extent of the poet's creativity in this genre and positioning this creativity from a regional to a global perspective. The research employs an inductive and analytical approach, structured as follows: the concept of construction among linguistics, the notion of poetic construction among critics, the aesthetics of the openings, the aesthetics of the conclusion in the poems of the collection, the aesthetics of the poem's sections, and finally, the conclusion along with a list of references.

Taking cost-effective and efficient medical and wellness care at a beautiful location while enjoying a great vacation is profound as medical and wellness tourism. The medical and wellness tourism sector can play a decisive role in the growth of the economy, GDP, employment, and foreign exchange earnings of any country in the world. Unani medicine is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine being practiced in many countries, including India, under the patronage of the Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India. The principles of treatment employed in the Unani system are four-branched, which include dietotherapy, regimenal therapy, pharmacotherapy and surgery. Of them, the first three modes may be practically applied in the establishment of medical and wellness tourism centres in Unani medicine. Due to its holistic approach, this system of medicine has high potential for the treatment of many chronic ailments, viz., osteoarthritis, liver diseases, vitiligo, obesity, psychosomatic disorders, etc., to name a few, through its unique detoxification therapy called regimenal therapy. Various regimenal procedures, viz., cupping, hirudotherapy, irrigation therapy, etc.; many modified diets, like barley water, honey water, etc.; and certain special pharmacotherapeutics, such as munḍīj va mushil (concoctive & purgative) therapy and muqwaviyyāt (tonics), are useful for the treatment of various illnesses. Incorporation of these detoxification regimens, dietetics, and drug therapy may exert a significant influence on the outcomes of cosmeto-therapeutics, rejuvenation of mind, neuro-rehabilitation, etc. These are some of the core areas where the Unani system may play a stellar role in boosting medical tourism. Hence, the Ministry of Tourism in collaboration with the Ministry of Ayush may devise such ways and means to further strengthen the already existing Unani medical and wellness centres to attract foreign as well as domestic tourists for their healthcare issues.