Abstract: The importance of discourse markers lies in the theoretical questions they raise about the nature of discourse and the relationship between linguistic meaning and context. Schiffrin described discourse markers as sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk and Blakemore as signals of procedural meaning. This paper examined these positions as regards the use of discourse markers in football commentaries. Drawing from a corpus data of televised football commentaries comprising of African and English football commentaries, it was discovered that the discourse markers go beyond the provision of cohesive relations and possess a core meaning which aids in utterance interpretation. This paper ultimately emphasizes the necessity of inference in understanding any discourse and concludes that pragmatic inferred meaning is essential for communication.

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureous and pseudomonas aeroginosa have been dedicated the attentions since its potential to create oral diseases. Therefore the control of these microorganisms can play a great role in oral health. To gain this goal there are some medical methods such as utilizing a mouthwash like chlorhexidine. Since the chlorhexidine has some side effects like changing the taste, there is a new formula of cetyl predinium (Halita) which can be an alternative to chlorhexidine. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine and Halita on reduction of Staphylococcus aureous and pseudomonas aeroginosa. In this in vitro study there were 3 groups of chlorhexidine 0.2%, chlorhexidine 0.02% and halite as for positive control, negative control and the case respectively. Each mouthwash was pure up into 5 tubes in 90 ml and then 10 ml of bacterial species (0.5 Mc Farland) were mixed in with a suab and after that the specimens were picked up after 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 seconds after mixing the bacterial species. The specimens were then cultured in plates in order to count the bacterial colonies. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17. The data revealed that the chlorhexidine 0.2% has a significantly great effect on staphylococcus and Halita showed the higher effect on pseudomonas aeroginosa. Nevertheless the overall results revealed that the halite and chlorhexidine 0.2% had a statistically significant difference in reduction of the bacterial counts. The study showed that the Halita can be an alternative mouth rinse to chlorhexidine 0.2% because of its less side effects.

Abstract: Medical education has undergone major changes from teacher centered to student centered, from discipline based to integrated, from hospital based to community based curriculum and is more focused on formative learning. Medical professionals are looking at aids to cope with the information overload. The processing capability of desktop and the communication attributes of the mobile phone has merged together to create a device which offers limitless access to medical resources. Physicians prefer a Smartphone, which has multiple functions to offer. They are making increasing use of mobile devices in support of their clinical practice and professional development, and their profile in medical education is also growing.

The experiment was aimed that the aspects of some plant growth parameters and yield and yield contributing traits of BRAC hybrid rice Aloron (Oryza sativa) in response to the effect of decomposed faecal sludge @ 10 t/ha and in combination with different doses of chemical fertilizers and compared with absolute control. Days to 80% heading, days to 80% maturity, total tiller per hill, panicle per square meter, plant height, panicle length, 1000 grain weight and yields were found statistically identical among the sole and integrated use of DFS with chemical fertilizer treatments. Excessive vegetative growth was observed when DFS was applied @ 10 t/ha. The highest grain yields were observed when DFS and recommended chemical fertilizer dose applied in sole but the highest grain yield was observed when DFS @ 10 t/ha along with ½ of the recommended chemical fertilizer dose was used. The average requirement of DFS irrespective of its rate, N, P and K variations, grain yield was about 9.256 t/ha and 9.108 t/ha with DFS in the year of 2013 and 2014 respectively. This implies that DFS can be utilized successfully for growing hybrid rice in Bangladesh.

Pregnancy in non – communicating rudimentary horn is very rare. Here is a case of 24 year old woman presenting with pain abdomen. After clinical, sonological and MRI scan revealed pregnancy in non – communicating rudimentary horn. Since it is acute abdomen, the patient was operated and excision of the rudimentary horn with pregnancy insitu. Timely intervention saved the woman’s life, thus preventing massive intra peritoneal bleeding secondary to rupture of the pregnant rudimentary horn

The present study was conducted on the crossbred Holstein cow presented with Bovicabovis infestation around the perineal and tail regions to establish new avenues in the field of therapeutic management of Bovicolabovis infestation in cows. The Kerosene oil was applied to the tail and perineum of the affected cattle and the area was subsequently washed with water. It was found that all the animals recovered well subsequently after the operation. The present study could be helpful for the field Veterinary Professionals in managing the cases of infestations of Bovicolabovis in cattlein an indigenous and cost effective way.

Abstract: Sugars belong to glycan/carbohydrate group of chemicals. Realisation of their sweetness was earlier as compared to its use as an energy source and an important dietary component. Although sugar is vital for defraying many physiological functions of our body properly, “Sweet tooth” or “Craving for sugar” is of common occurrence in children. Of late, we have realised that an excess consumption of sugar is harmful leading to various elements affecting our health, more so in children and women. So one should not only be careful while consuming excess amount of sugar (more than the recommended) in one’s diet, but rather advertently avoid it.

The actual situation in Ethiopian farmers is alarming and calls for an intensive work on assessing pesticide use and practice, educating the farmers on good pesticide managements; sensitize the local community about consequences in misuse of pesticides. In this study one of the largest Districts of Borena Zone in the Oromya region of Ethiopia was considered to survey the pesticide use and practice of farmers. Kebele based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using self administered questionnaires. A total of 413 study units were involved in the survey with response rate of 98 %. About 82 % of the study participants use chemical pesticides at different levels. Among the farmers who take part in spray operation, 92.48 % worn any ordinary suit with old rubber shoes during spraying and formulation. Based on the survey 75.22 % of the respondents claimed illness after pesticide spraying. Communities should adopt nopesticide policies and launch community education programs.

Abstract: The double posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sign is characteristic MRI sign of bucket handle tear of medial meniscus in patients with the intact anterior cruciate ligament. Bucket handle tear is displaced vertical longitudinal tear with displacement of the inner fragment (resembling the handle of a bucket) into intercondylar notch parallel to posterior cruciate ligament with residual larger peripheral part of the meniscus resembling the bucket. On MRI, the double posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sign is seen as a low-signal-intensity band that is parallel and anteroinferior to the PCL on sagittal images. Double PCL sign is a highly specific indicator of bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus. However, knowledge of mimics of this sign which include few normal and abnormal structures in the intercondylar fossa, such as meniscomeniscal ligaments, ligament of Humphrey and Wrisberg (accessory meniscofemoral ligaments), loose bodies, fracture fragments, double-barrelled PCL is important to avoid fallacies. Primary treatment of bucket handle tear is arthroscopic repair.

Microorganisms are important sources of bioactive natural products with enormous potential for the discovery of new molecules for drug discovery, industrial use and agricultural applications. In this study, photochemical analysis of the extracts of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi from leaves of Irvingia gabonensis was carried out using recommended standards. Results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and glycosides. Extracts from all five cultures of the endophytic fungi gave a wide variety of phytochemicals, except saponin. From the results, the different natural products fractions are a potential in the provision of the basis for the synthesis of novel therapeutics that would aid in the fighting of life threatening diseases once resistance builds up. Therefore, the search for the secondary metabolites that could enable the synthesis of drugs should be encouraged. The potential value of investigating metabolite production by endophytic fungi from leaves of Irvingia gabonesis have been demonstrated from the result to be a source promising antimicrobial compounds against some human pathogenic microbes.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm of the endothelial cells that commonly occurs in conditions that may lead to severe immunosuppression, e.g. HIV/AIDS, malignancies or use of immune suppressing medications. The development of KS has been linked to infection with an oncogenic virus, the Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8), also known as KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV). Rarely KS also occurs in individuals with no clinical or pathological evidence of immunosuppression as described in the elderly male population of Mediterranean origin, the Ashkenazi Jews and younger population in parts of Central Africa where the oncogenic virus is endemic. Lesions in non AIDS KS are usually localized and typically involve the lower limbs. Widespread and generalized KS occur more in individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS. We describe a case of a HIV negative 51year old Nigerian male who presented with generalized cutaneous KS. Diagnosis was made by a combination of clinical description, imaging studies and histopathology. Clinical presentation of KS ranges from mild (localized cutaneous) to severe (generalized cutaneous and visceral) features. Treatment modalities are available for KS and use of any particular type of treatment depends largely on the distribution of lesions, visceral organ involvement and the presence or absence of immunosuppression. Treatment of KS, particularly cutaneous presentations does not restore the skin to its premorbid state however early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to achieve a significantly improved outcome

The present study is to evaluate the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in the methanol extracts of marine red alga Tolypiocladia glomerulata. The methanol extract of red alga T. glomerulata showed concentration dependent α-glucosidase inhibitory and with achieved maximum activity of 87.08 ± 0.01% at a concentration of 900 µg/mL in a manner IC50 = 608 µg/mL. Similarly the dose dependent effect was observed against α- amylase enzyme with 81.25 ± 0.02% of inhibition at 900 µg/mL (IC50 = 543 µg/mL). The above results were compared with that of the standard drug Acarbose. It can be concluded that the methanol extracts of red alga T. glomerulata exert an effective antidiabetic activity and considered as a potential candidate for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract: The arterial supply of the interventricular septum was studied by macroscopic and radiological examination after injecting radio-opaque material in 50 human hearts. During macroscopic study many intercoronary anastomoses were found in different regions of heart though they were short in length, small in caliber and thin walled. At radiological examination, the small septal arteries arising from the posterior interventricular artery and large septal arteries from the anterior interventricular artery were observed. The secondary branches from the main septal arteries displayed diverse patterns on the right and left sides of the septum. During radiological study, it was also recognized that the short septal rami from the posterior descending artery were distributed over the posterior or inferior one-third of the septum except its apical zone while the anterior descending artery through its septal branches supplied the ventral two-thirds of the septum and whole of the apical portion. Straight intercoronary anastomotic vessels were clearly discernible within the interventricular septum during radiological examination.

In Côte d'Ivoire very few studies have been devoted to the exploration of iron status among school-age children. This study aims to evaluate iron status in children aged 5 to 11 years in good health in three canteens of three municipalities in of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). A total of 103 students, including 42 girls and 61 boys were selected for this study. Blood samples were taken in each of these children in order to investigate some parameters of blood count and determine some biochemical parameters of iron status. The mean values of various biological parameters of iron status were normal in accordance to physiological reference values from the literature with the exception of hemoglobin in boys which is below normal rate. All parameters did not indicate significant differences between girls and boys (p > 0.05). Our study indicated that in children about two out of three have abnormal iron status. Abnormal iron status is composed respectively by 3.9% of iron deficiency, 8.7% iron deficiency anaemia, 22.3% of simple inflammatory anemia and 23.3% of inflammatory anaemia associated to deficiency martial. Iron deficiency anemia was the only type of nutritional anaemia noted in this work. In addition, we observed two types of anaemia of inflammatory origin.

Abstract: Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a disease involving excessive deposition of adipose tissue within epidural space of spinal canal, most commonly associated with exogenous steroid usage. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with a low backache, weakness, and claudication. Diagnosis is usually made on MRI showing compression of dura by excessive epidural fat. Severe cases may show stellate or ‘Y’ sign. Increasing incidence of obesity and more common use of steroids has led to increased incidence of SEL over years. The main mode of treatment is conservative with surgery reserved for refractory cases.