Abstract: This paper studies the performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio, spark timing, and equivalence ratio, spark ignition Ricardo E6 engine, fuelled with supplemented hydrogen to LPG. The results indicated that the higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) for a mixture of two gasses was (10.5:1). The brake power when the engine was fueled with LPG had higher than that when it was fed with hydrogen. However, when mixing two fuels, the brake power increased and became greater than that when fueled with LPG to a certain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 70%). After this limit the brake power reduced by increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio. At equivalence ratios between (Ø=1-1.1), the brake power got its highest value when mixing the two fuels. The results showed that the engine could be operated with very lean equivalence ratios with additional hydrogen. The brake specific fuel consumption reduced while the indicated thermal efficiency increased when hydrogen volumetric fraction was increased.

Abstract: World Health Organization defines palliative care as “An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual.” Hospice care, a model of palliative care, aims to help terminally ill patients cope with the psychological aspects associated with end of life while providing optimal symptom management. Faith and spirituality have a key role to play in end of life care which may allow patients to adapt to the accompanying stress better. Preferred place of death is also an important component of hospice care. While death at home may be associated with less emotional stress, this decision should take into account the quality of care that can be provided at home. In the developing world where there is a lack of formal setup of hospice care, physicians hold an additional responsibility of attending to all dimensions of a “dying” patient and assuming a holistic approach in the management of such patients.

The interest in energy conservation and management comes from the increased demand on energy in the present day. This issue has become necessary to achieve sustainable development of the society. Energy conservation means the change in the pattern of energy consumption and pursued to reduce the increasing growth in energy consumption. The case of rationalization of energy consumption needs clear mechanisms to address the problem of high consumption rates. Also, the attention should be paid to the transition to a sustainable energy sources that can save energy through natural sources rather than fossil fuels. The energy conservation enlightenment should be promoted among segments of society, whether individuals, families, institutions, and companies to ensure continuity for future generations. The goal of reducing energy consumption can be done in several ways, starting from the design of the building that gets use of the natural energy resources. The employment of thermal insulations at the outer wall is another type of energy conservation. Also, the replacement of bulbs with lamps that consume low power is one of methods of reducing energy consumption. In this paper, the focus was on electrical devices usually used in homes in Oman. Also, the number and types of the used lighting devices were measured, the energy consumed, the number of air conditioners, the number of working hours, and the monthly bill were followed up and recorded. We also conducted a questionnaire to measure the extent of people's knowledge of the importance of energy conservation and ways to preserve it.

Abstract: Jumper's knee (patellar tendinosis) is a common entity in athletes, who are involved in sports such as basketball and volleyball. Non-athletes with history of rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthropathies, and those on steroids treatment are predisposed to this condition. Patient presents with insidious onset anterior knee pain, swelling and feeling of “giving way.” In extreme cases, partial or full thickness tear may occur. MRI accurately delineates the extent of soft tissue and bony involvement. Treatment includes conservative management and surgical correction is required in refractory cases.

Simulation of a construction project area not even travelling there is an innovative idea to have real perception about that area with the innovation of cutting-edge technology of Oculus Rift. Visceral experience inside the imagery is also a new perception of being physically present in a non-physical world by using an Oculus Rift. Virtual simulation on any images and videos provide completely preoccupied environment for the purpose of having real perceptions without being present at that place. Oculus Rift, which is a virtual reality headset, is capable of maintaining six degrees of freedom of rotational and positional tracking to realize the real test of presence in the imagery sphere. Google street view, personal street view and Google Map enable accessing of any location on the earth and virtual reality can create the real perception without moving to the location. Therefore, this study is aimed to work out a cost effective and time efficient model of experiencing virtual site perception of reality without moving to that place. The technique of imagery analysis by using immersive visualization at any locations is implemented in the study. It is an analytical technique for making a comparison among different probable project suitability in a location. In this study, it is also developed a technique of identifying the most suitable location for a particular project by wearing head mounted display integrated with street view, satellite view and bird’s view. In the process, images are introduced by dragging and dropping from the extra features of Unity Engine software into the artificial world representing the reality of Oculus Rift.

The midline diastema is a space (or gap) between the maxillary central incisors . The space can be a normal growth characteristic during the primary and mixed dentition and generally is closed by the time the maxillary canines erupt. Researchers and clinicians now believe that multiple factors may contribute to a midline space including abnormal frenum, midline bony clefts ,oral habits, soft tissue imbalances, physical impediments, dental anomalies and/or dental/skeletal disharmonies, as well as normal dentoalveolar development. Most often, during the oral examination of the patient the dentist gives very little importance to the frenum. The frena may jeopardize the gingival health when they are attached too closely to the gingival margin, either due to an interference in the plaque control or due to a muscle pull. Orthodontic and anatomic approaches have led many authors to classify the type of the frenum exclusively according to the morphological means. The importance of various types of normal to abnormal frenii associated with diastema has not been distinguished in Indian population which is of concern to periodontist, orthodontist and restorative dentist. As of now there is no comprehensive review on diastema and frenum, a tiny fold that plays an important role silently , if found abnormal in location and morphogenetically, to and gains an interdisplinary attention in dentistry Hence a first attempt is made to present a comprehensive review on diastema and frenum in this paper.

Compaction of subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement. It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, it compacted with heavy equipment until the material forms a dense layer of interlocking aggregate. To perform well, subbase aggregates must be strong and durable, and must meet very specific graduation requirements. The main aim of this study is finding the effect of changing energy of compaction on the subbase. the sample of subbase is under class B after testing it by sieve analyses test, the physical properties as (specific gravity, elastic limit, plastic limit &max dry density) have been tested, the sample tested under different energy of compaction (modified proctor test and standard proctor test ) and found the effect of energy on (dry density, void ratio, porosity).

Gingival recession is the displacement of the gingival margin apical to the cemento-enamel junction resulting in the exposure of root surface which puts the patient at risk for dentine hypersensitivity, root caries, abrasion/erosion of roots etc. The etiology can be inflammatory periodontal disease, developmental anatomic abnormalities (aberrant frenal attachment, thin bony plate), toothbrush injury, tooth malposition and iatrogenic factors. Besides, gingival morphology plays an important role in causing gingival recession. The present study aims at assessing the co-relation between gingival biotype and occurrence of gingival recession. A total no. of 20 patients with 30 recession sites were clinically examined for the type of gingival recession present followed by the assessment of gingival biotype after administration of topical anaesthetic agent. Based on the findings a correlation between the incidences of gingival recession will be assessed with that of the biotype through Pearson co-relation test. A statistically significant co-relation between gingival biotype and occurrence of gingival recession was found with higher no. of incidence of recession in patients with thin biotype. A clinician’s knowledge in identifying gingival biotypes is paramount in identifying the indirect causes of recession. Patients with thin biotype are susceptible to higher incidence of gingival recession.

In this paper, we analyze the geotechnical properties of the natural soft soil and its mixture with different nano materials at different percentages by conducting different number of experiments. The main objective of our work is to find whether the nano materials and their percentage level will increase the soft soil geotechnical properties or not. To accomplish this process, initially the natural soil sample is collected and the different geotechnical properties of the collected sample are computed. Then, the nano materials with different percentages are added to the natural soil sample and obtained the corresponding geotechnical properties for the mixture soil sample. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to find the optimal geotechnical properties value in different nano materials with different percentages. The developed mathematical model shows the geotechnical properties levels of nano mixture soil for unknown experiments. Finally, a fine tuning model process is conducted to check whether the nano material mixture of the natural soil will increase its geotechnical property or not. In this way, our proposed technique finds the optimal geotechnical property value for the unknown experiments and also produces an accurate result in fine tuning process. The implementation result demonstrates the geotechnical properties results of natural soil and nano mixture soil under different experiments. Our proposed technique shows that the geotechnical property values of the nano mixture soil are high compared to the natural soil. Moreover, the developed mathematical model is better to find the optimal geotechnical property value for unknown experiments.

The aim of this study was to determine provoking factors of clinical anxiety among dental students from trainers and students’ perspective. A cross-sectional study was conducted among junior dental students of Taibah Dental College and their trainers using the 38-item modified Moss and McManus clinical anxiety questionnaire. Totally, 123 students and 27 clinical trainers participated. In 5 out of 32 situations significant differences in anxiety were reported by students and trainers (P< 0.05). Dental students reported higher level of anxiety than clinical trainers when they are presenting cases in clinical sessions, helping in a faint, failure of local anaesthesia injection and not meeting the requirements before the exam. However, clinical trainers were more anxious than dental students when they get involved in arresting postoperative bleeding (P< 0.05). Clinical trainers shared largely the same perspective with dental students on the following clinical anxiety provoking situations: when they getting diagnosis wrong, inadvertently hurting the patients, are dealing with psychiatric patients, treating medically compromised patients, coping with uncooperative patient, dealing with fainting patient, fracturing a tooth, extracting wrong tooth, causing accidental pulp exposure, fear of patient’s satisfaction, tearing of the cheek/lips due to catching on a dental burr, getting infected by patients, and giving wrong treatment (P>0.05). It was concluded that clinical trainers and students have great similarity in their perspective on the clinical anxiety provoking situations with slight differences. Clinical trainers’ anxiety dramatically increased with the most risky clinical conditions such as getting infected by patients, arresting postoperative bleeding and dealing with psychiatric patients.

Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are the most important alternative fuels for gasoline in spark ignition engines, for many reasons, such as large world reserve of these gasses, high heating value, high octane number, low emissions emitted from burning them in engines, and their small prices compared with gasoline. The practical study conducted with these two fuels to operate single cylinder with variable compression ratio, speed and spark timing Ricardo E6/US, and its performance was compared with that resulted from running the engine with gasoline. The results appeared that the HUCR (higher useful compression ratio) for gasoline was 8:1, 10.5:1 for LPG and 13:1 for natural gas. Results appeared that spark timing was advanced when using NG more than other used fuels, because of its low flame speed propagation. The study conducted that brake power of LPG and NG were less than that for gasoline at CR=8:1, but they became closer when the engine operated at HUCR for each fuel. The results showed that specific fuel consumption for NG less than that for LPG, which was less than that for gasoline on a mass basis. Also, the exhaust gas temperature for NG was found to be less than LPG, and it was for LPG less than that for gasoline.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the changes in mechanical properties of stainless steel, nickel titanium and beta titanium archwires after clinical use and sterilization. Thirty wires each of Stainless steel, Nitinol and Beta titanium (3M Unitek) were tested in as received (Group A), as received and autoclaved (Group B), and clinically retrieved then autoclaved conditions (Group C). A sterilization protocol of 134 0C for 18 minutes was performed using an autoclave. Mechanical properties were tested using an universal testing machine and the load deflection data was plotted as stress-strain curves from which ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus as well as 0.2% offset yield strength was calculated. Ultimate tensile strength of Group C archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group A and B archwires (P<0.001). Elastic modulus of stainless steel and beta titanium Group C archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group A and B archwires (P< 0.001). Elastic modulus of Group Band Group C Nitinol wires showed significantly higher values when compared with Group A archwires (P = 0.03 and P =0.02 respectively). Yield strength of Group C beta titanium archwires showed significantly lower values when compared with Group Aarchwires(P< 0.001). Autoclave sterilization did not affect considerably on mechanical properties of any archwire. Ultimate tensile strength of all archwires were significantly reduced after intraoral exposure.

Hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major gynecological surgery worldwide and prevalence of hysterectomy varies from country to country, region to region. Hysterectomy may be total -removing the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus; often called complete hysterectomy or partial hysterectomy/subtotal hysterectomy - removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact; also called supracervical hysterectomy. The objective of this study is to know the most common pathology causing abnormal uterine bleeding by studying histopathological findings in hysterectomy specimens and also to know the commonest age group undergoing hysterectomies. In our study involving 200 cases most common age group underwent hysterectomy was 40-49 years followed by 30-39 years group and least hysterectomies done in group 70-79 years. Type of hysterectomy performed most commonly in this study was supracervical or subtotal hysterectomy. Most of lesions were seen in the endometrium 84 cases (42%), Myometrium 59 cases (29.5%), cervix 33 cases (16.5%) and ovary 24 cases (12%). Hysterectomy still remains the widely used treatment modality in developed and developing countries. All hysterectomy specimens should be sent for histopathological examination regardless of the pre-operative microscopic assessment, especially in malignant disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase comprises a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in an alkaline environment. This enzyme plays an important role in the bone metabolism. Alkaline Phosphatase acts as a byproduct and its serum level directly corresponds to the osteoblastic activity. The aim of the present study was to measure the serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase levels to detect the rate of bone resorption. In the present clinical study, serum and saliva samples were collected from the female patients between the age groups of 30-70 years and subjected for the biochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase and calcium in semi-auto analyzer and were analyzed statistically. Serum and salivary alkaline phosphatase and calcium levels were decreased gradually with progressive age. By the present study, we concluded that levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium will decrease with advancing age and saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool alternate to serum.

The objective of this study is to determine the association of biofilm formation, extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL] production and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among uropathogenic Escherichia coli [UPEC] isolates. The present study was conducted on 137 UPEC isolates (counts > 105cfu/ml) from UTI cases. In all these isolates biofilm formation was detected by microtitre plate [MTP] method, ESBL production by combined disc diffusion technique and antibiotic susceptibility testing [AST] by Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method. The data was analysed by using Medcalc software package. Chi-square test was applied. Among 137 UPEC isolates, 48 (35%) were biofilm producers [BFP’s]and 89 (65%) were biofilm non producers [BFNP’s] by MTP method. Of the total number of137 isolates, the highest number of strains were susceptible to amikacin followed by gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cefepime.Among 137 isolates, ESBL producers were 28 (75%) of which 21 (75%) were BFP’s also, which makes a total of 49 (35%) (ESBL+Biofilm) and BFNP’s were 7[25%]. ESBL non-producing E.coliwere109 (80%), of which 32 (29.3%) were BFP’s and 77 (70.6%) were BFNP’s. The ability of biofilm formation was significantly higher in ESBL producing strains than that of ESBL non-producing strains (p<0.05). The ability of biofilm formation was found to be higher among ESBL producing stains of E. coli. Higher resistance rate was noted among biofilm producers to almost all the antimicrobial agents except few than non-biofilm producers.