The world financial system is growing more volatile, and it is questionable whether the conventional reserve currencies will remain as strong as ever. This paper examines whether the euro can meaningfully challenge the U.S. dollar's dominance as increasing economic volatility and the appearance of new competitors like the Chinese Yuan raise this question. This study applies a qualitative and descriptive-quantitative study design. The analysis in this paper draws on empirical data from institutions including the IMF and the BIS. To guide the analysis, this paper uses three key theories: hegemonic stability theory, network effects, and institutional trust. While the U.S. dollar is still the main global currency, it's losing ground. Its share used to be above 70%, but now it's decreased to 53.6%. The euro, on the other hand, has maintained a consistent 20% share and has been remarkably stable. The euro gets its strength from the EU's reliable banking policies and a strong legal system. However, internal division stalls its growth as a global heavyweight. Specifically, the lack of a common fiscal policy and constant political disagreements among member states act as a drag on its overall performance. The Yuan is growing, but it still only accounts for about 2% of the world’s reserves. Despite China's massive economy, the currency is held back by 'red tape' and trust issues specifically, strict controls on moving money, government intervention in its value, and a general lack of transparency. This paper concludes that no single currency will take the lead in the future. Rather, the world is moving toward a multipolar reserve system where the dollar, euro, Yuan, and selected digital currencies will coexist.

The paper examines the impact of mobile health applications on patient adherence through a literature-based research approach. Key questions explored include the impact of mHealth on treatment compliance, the efficacy of app-based interventions, and barriers to adoption. The study aims to assess mHealth’s influence on adherence, identify success factors, and evaluate its potential to address healthcare gaps. The methodology involved a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and case studies from 2015 to 2023, utilizing qualitative and quantitative analysis to synthesize findings. Data were collected on app features, user engagement metrics, and adherence outcomes from databases like PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Results show that mHealth apps significantly improve adherence through reminders, educational content, and personalized feedback, with a notable impact on chronic disease management. Challenges such as low digital literacy and privacy concerns hinder efficacy. The study concludes that mHealth has transformative potential but depends on user-centered design, robust data security, and healthcare system integration. Contributions include a framework for optimizing app-based interventions and policy recommendations to support digital health adoption. Practical applications include reduced treatment gaps and healthcare costs, while limitations like sample bias and technological evolution highlight the need for longitudinal research. Future directions include investigating AI-driven personalization and cross-cultural adaptability.

Beta-thalassemia major (β-TM) is a prevalent hereditary condition. Because they are highly prone to infection, the patients will have higher rates of infection-related death and morbidity. Meteorin-like protein (METRNL) a minor secreted protein and weighs about 28 kDa, which comprise 311 amino acids. This study aimed to evaluation immune inflammatory markers METRNL in sera patients with β-TM groups. Thalassemia Unit" at the "Al Zahra Teaching Hospital" in Najaf, Iraq, registered 60 patients with β-TM, including children and adolescents. They were 28 females and 32 males, ages 7 to 20. during the January–March 2022 timeframe. In the current study, it is found a significant increase in serum levels of FSG, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well showed significantly lowered in BMI, HOMA-β, and METRNL in patients with β-TM as compared with control group. The linear regression analysis showed that the levels of FSG, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly negative correlation with METRNL. ROC curve form METRNL that might be diagnosis of patients with β-TM with an AUC (0.748), the cut-off value was 29.0025 (ng/mL) for serum METRNL (95% CI: 0.585-0.911; p=0.003), a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 78% were acquired for METRNL in β-TM patients. The lower serum METRNL levels in β-TM patients than the healthy group, may be used potential risk indicator of the patients' worse prognosis, for induces endothelial dysfunction and lead to inflammation in most organs tissues could be later outcome to heme induce damage.

Stereotactic lesioning has re-emerged as a feasible option to deep brain stimulation (DBS) for severe Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in individuals with restricted access to device-based therapy. Although single-target lesioning of the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) or globes pallidus internus (GPi) effectively addresses certain motor disorders, dual-target lesioning within the same hemisphere is yet little investigated. To assess the effectiveness and safety of dual-target stereotactic lesioning (Vim + GPi) against single-target lesioning (Vim or GPi alone) in individuals with advanced Parkinson's disease and medication-resistant motor symptoms. A prospective observational research with 450 consecutive patients with advanced Parkinson's disease was carried out at two neurosurgical centers in Iraq. Patients underwent either single-target (n = 321) or dual-target (n = 129) radiofrequency lesioning. Outcomes were assessed using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and complication rates over a follow-up period of 1–2 years. Statistical comparisons were made using t-tests and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Dual-target lesioning yielded significantly greater improvement in tremor (↓ 85.7%), rigidity (↓ 75.7%), and bradykinesia (↓ 82.4%) compared to single-target approaches (all p < 0.0001). However, complication rates were higher in the dual-target group, particularly for speech (27.1% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.0016) and balance disturbances (37.2% vs. 17.1%, p < 0.0001). No notable variations were detected in age, illness duration, or baseline LEDD across the groups. In comparison to single-target ablation, dual-target stereotactic lesioning is associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects; nevertheless, it is significantly more successful in managing motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The meticulous selection of patients and the adjustment of lesion characteristics are essential to enhance benefits while concurrently limiting issues. In individuals unsuitable for deep brain stimulation (DBS) or seeking more comprehensive symptom relief, these findings advocate for the targeted application of dual-target approaches.

This study developed a machine learning-based failure predictive application software to improve the operational efficiency and reliability of turbo-compressors in gas injection plants. The Gas injection plant produced below maximum capacity due to failure problems of the Turbo-compressors, these affected the targeted oil production negatively. The unavailability and unreliable gas plant led to revenue losses. The failure analysis revealed that equipment and material issues, human factors, external factors, and management-related issues contributed to equipment failures. Machine learning techniques, specifically Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Boosted Trees, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were employed to develop the failure predictive application software. The results showed that the Efficient Linear SVM model achieved a true positive rate of 99.5% for detecting failures and 99.9% classification precision for non-failure events. The Boosted Trees model achieved a true positive rate (TPR) of 99.5% for detecting failures, although it demonstrated a 0.5% false negative rate, highlighting the need for further optimization and integration with ensemble techniques to minimize operational risks. The SVM model further showcased 99.9% classification precision for non-failure events and a minimal false negative occurrence. The nearly perfect R-values across training, validation, and test datasets, coupled with minimal MSE values at the optimal number of epochs displayed by the ANN model further confirmed that the model can generalize effectively to unseen data. The outcomes of this research yielded a highly effective, computationally efficient machine learning-based application software capable of reliably predicting turbo-compressor failures. The study concluded that the developed application software is a powerful tool for predicting failures in gas injection plants, supporting decision-making processes, and enhancing operational safety. Recommendations for future works included refining existing models, exploring additional feature engineering techniques, and evaluating the robustness of the models under varying operational conditions.

Penile strangulation is a rare event that requires emergency treatment. Metal rings are most commonly used on the penis for autoerotic or aggressive purposes or to enhance sexual performance. We report a case of a 19-year-old male patient undergoing psychiatric treatment at the Dalal Xél health center in Fatick, who was admitted to the emergency department of Kaffrine Regional Hospital (in Senegal), for penile strangulation by a metal ring. The ring had been placed at the root of the penis three days earlier. The patient had no urinary disorders. Treatment consisted of removing the ring and providing psychiatric care. However, to prevent urinary and sexual complications, treatment must be provided early. Through this observation and data from the literature, the authors report the subtlety of the management of this pathological situation, highlighting the psychotic context which favors this type of self-aggressive behavior.

The objectives of this cross-sectional study were: To conduct a reflective analysis on the issues surrounding the pedagogical supervision of continuing education trainees; To assess the degree of satisfaction among these trainees regarding the quality of guidance provided by their pedagogical supervisors. The trainees’ perceptions of pedagogical supervision were collected through a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. It was developed based on recommendations from the literature and underwent both internal and external validation of its content. The surveyed trainees expressed their opinions in response to the items administered. In total, twenty-eight (28) Physical Education and Sports teachers all continuing education students at the Higher Institute of Physical Education and Sports undertaking internships at three (3) colleges in Brazzaville (CEG 28 Novembre in Moukoundo, CEG Bayonne in Nkombo, and CEG Ibaliko in Massengo), constituted our research field. These were the institutions where the students were assigned for practical training. The results of our study show that 87.50% of the continuing education students surveyed believe that discussions with supervisors are very important. This positive perception is explained by the fact that nearly all the students 95% reported enjoying freedom of expression during these discussions, which fostered a sense of trust. In this regard, our study is of great utility to education policymakers, who may use its findings to take appropriate measures aimed at improving teaching and learning in schools. Acknowledging that this study only scratches the surface of the broader issue of pedagogical supervision for student-teachers, we believe it would be worthwhile to pursue further research exploring this same issue from different perspectives in order to build a more complete picture of the current situation.

Middle Eastern cinema has received increasing attention in academia for its cultural and gendered narratives, but family systems' emotional architecture in such films has received little attention. Filling this gap in the literature, this research applies Murray Bowen’s Family Systems Theory to examine intergenerational emotional processes in Wadjda (2012), the first feature film by a Saudi woman. In this study, I utilized qualitative, doctrinal methodology and applied deductive scene-based codes from Bowen’s eight constructs, which focused primarily on emotional differentiation, triangulation, projection, and societal emotional process. Findings suggest Wadjda’s resistance extends beyond a symbolic or superficial act of defiance, whereby she is able navigate maternal fusion, paternal absence, and societal constraints through her emotional processes associated with features of agency, autonomy and relational clarity. In social and familial systems, her portrait of agency exemplified systemically embedded agency that serves as a form of supported emotion-regulated defiance. By drawing on cultural and feminist film analysis with Bowen’s clinical theory, I challenged traditional perceptions of social family systems, providing a different lens to view emotionally supportive family systems as active sites of gendered negotiation. The contribution from this study extends family systems theory beyond a therapeutic sense, offering another approach to understand how emotionally enabled dynamics provide resistance in patriarchal societies. Specifically, it became apparent that depictions of agency in patriarchal cultures through an emotional systems framework may provide a deeper analysis of resistance than only through a symbolic critique.

Despite the government's effort to implement a Competency-Based Curriculum in technical and vocational training institutions, institutional factors remain a significant obstacle in this process. These challenges collectively impede the successful execution of CBET programs in the region and warrant a closer examination of the influence of institutional factors on its implementation. This study adopted a descriptive survey design employing a mixed methods approach. The sample included 363 respondents, comprising 335 trainees, 23 trainers, 3 technicians, and 2 principals. The findings indicated that while a majority of respondents acknowledged the availability of sufficient teaching and learning resources for CBET (56.4%), there was a widespread perception of a lack of clear implementation guidelines (74.6%). Moreover, institutions were found to have insufficient policies for CBET (71.9%), and insufficient learning infrastructure (57.8%). Notably, most institutions were not actively engaged in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of CBET (70.4%). In this case, the study established that there was positive correlation between institutional factors and implementation of CBET in Meru County (r = .286; p = .000). Consequently, the study recommended that institutions should prioritize the allocation of adequate resources, including teaching and learning materials, workshops, and infrastructure, to support effective CBET implementation. Also, institutions should emphasize the development and communication of clear guidelines and policies to all stakeholders. Additionally, the study recommended the establishment of regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms—conducted at least biannually—to track CBET implementation progress and identify specific areas for improvement. It further advised fostering structured partnerships with government agencies and industry stakeholders through formal agreements and joint initiatives, reviewed annually, to strengthen institutional support for CBET.

Background: Menstruation is a universal and normal phenomenon during the reproductive age of females. Adolescent is an essential period where females are preparing and adjusting themselves to manage their menstrual bleeding in safe and clean way. Menstrual hygiene forms a definite part in the life, of the development of the girl’s child in schools and the general development of women of boarder the context. Globally there were 1.2 billion adolescent girls in the year 2009 which forms eighteen percent of the world’s population. In Bangladesh, there are approximately 27.7 million adolescents and 13.7 million girls, one-fifth of the total population. Aim of the study: The aimed was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding the menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at Yakubia Girl’s High School, Bogura. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study design was used and sample size 120 that was simple random sampling technique followed those who meet the inclusion criteria and to assess the knowledge and practice regarding the menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. The study was conducted from December, 2024 to May, 2025. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire which composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on menstrual hygiene. Result: The findings of the current study reported that the average knowledge score 60% were moderate and 40% were low level of practice regarding the menstrual hygiene. A possible reason for this could not be the wide availability of water and soap in schools and other facilities. Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene is an essential component of adolescent health, playing a pivotal role in individuals' overall wellbeing and development. The menstrual hygiene practices in Bangladesh can help policymakers and program developers design effective interventions to improve menstrual hygiene, such as promoting education, providing access to affordable hygiene products, and improving sanitation facilities for adolescent girls

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented demands on healthcare systems worldwide. Nurses, as frontline caregivers, play a critical role in the management, prevention, and control of COVID-19 infections. Adequate knowledge among nurses is essential to ensure effective patient care and reduce transmission risk in healthcare settings. Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding COVID-19 patient management in a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh and to analyze factors associated with their knowledge levels. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study design was used and sample size 320 that was convenient sampling technique followed those who meet the inclusion criteria and to assess the state of knowledge of nurses in COVID-19 patients’ management in a tertiary level hospital at Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur. The study was conducted from January 2020 to December, 2020. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire which composed of two parts: Demographic variables, and knowledge on management based information on covid-19. Result: The findings revealed that the highest, 45.3% from 36 –5 years age group and 93.1% nurses were female, in educational qualification were diploma in nursing 86.6 %, and 85.3% were married and 53.8% were less than 5 years working experiences. This study's main findings revealed the average 52% respondent’s knowledge was good, as well as 28% respondent’s knowledge was fair, and 20% respondent’s knowledge was poor about covid-19 management. Regarding the association, the finding was a significance association present between nurse’s work experiences and level of knowledge of nurses on prevention and control of COVID-19 (χ2 = 23.06, P<.003). On the other hand, there were no significance association between nurse’s educational qualification and level of knowledge of nurses on prevention and control of COVID-19 (χ2 = 8.47, P<.076). It’s may due to their clinical experiences. Conclusion: The findings suggested for improving the situation of nurses about health care associated knowledge by training, higher education, seminar and workshop of COVID-19 patient management in a tertiary level hospital and providing comprehensive psychological support to the nurses in order to prevent stress disorder.

The neuropsychiatric conditions; depression and anxiety develop from oxidative stress together with neuroinflammation. The research evaluates if lutein ameliorates anxiety and depression symptoms in rats exposed to scopolamine. 36 male Wistar rats (105g - 153g) were distributed randomly into six distinct groups. Group 1: Negative Control, Group 2: Scopolamine only treated group, Group 3: Scopolamine + Lutein (20mg/kg), Group 4: Scopolamine + Lutein (40mg/kg), Group 5: Scopolamine + Lutein (60mg/kg), Group 6: Scopolamine + Imipramine (standard drug - 10mg/kg). Scopolamine was administered intraperitoneally and lutein orally. Statistical analysis was conducted through one way ANOVA with Post hoc Fischer’s LSD. The experiment used P<0.05 for multiple comparison significance detection. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione (GSH) levels in Group 2 decreased substantially (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001) when compared to control, Groups 4, 5, 6 which improved the SOD and GSH levels toward normal levels. Catalase decreased dramatically (p < 0.0001) in Group 2 but treatment in Groups 4 and 5 elevated significantly (p < 0.01). These outcomes establish that Lutein protects against scopolamine induced oxidative stress, behavioral deficits and neurotoxicity. The research established that lutein treatment produced positive results for reversing both oxidative stress conditions and neurotoxicity effects and behavioral deficits provoked by scopolamine. Scopolamine caused a decrease in antioxidant enzymes levels which Lutein treatment at middle and high doses (40 and 60 mg/kg) successfully countered by restoring biomarkers, boosting neurotrophic signals for better behavioral results.

Tennis is a physically demanding sport that requires quick movements, rapid changes of direction, and powerful strokes. Core stabilization is essential for maintaining good posture, generating force, and reducing injury risk. This interventional study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of core stabilization exercises on lumbopelvic rhythm, speed, and agility in adolescent tennis players. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of core stabilization exercises on lumbopelvic rhythm, speed, and agility in adolescent tennis players. 45 participants (Age 15.66 year’s ± 1.14 years) of both genders: 31 male (height 154.23± 6.67CM weight 48.30±6.36kg) (B.M.I 20.04±1.39) and 14 female (height 15.79±1.05 CM weight 49.29±5.41Kg) (B.M.I 20.54±1.67) with 6 months to 2 years of tennis experience were included in this interventional study. Participant’s pre and post data were collected for lumbopelvic rhythm (Schobers test), speed (30 m sprint test) and agility (T- test). The study results showed significant improvements in lumbopelvic rhythm, speed, and agility among the participants following the core stabilization exercise program. These training programs can enhance athletic performance and reduce injury risk.

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors (RDFs) are on the rise in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Dyslipidemia, which is often found, can be linked to changes in eating habits. Material and Methods: We performed a prospective descriptive and analytical study to evaluate cardiovascular RDFs in patients who presented with dyslipidemia in general practice. Results: In the 58 patients included, the mean age was 54.15 years ± 13.85 years. The female sex was predominant with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.41. High blood pressure was found in 68.96% of cases, diabetes mellitus in 32.75% of cases. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.65 kg/m2 with extremes of 17.57 and 49.99 kg/m2. The mean waist circumference was 95.94 cm with extremes of 62 and 170 cm. According to NCEP ATP III, 28 women had a waist circumference ≥ 88 cm or 48.27% and 3 men had a waist circumference ≥ 102 cm or 5.17%. The lipid abnormalities were distributed as follows: LDL cholesterol > 1.6 g/l (93.10%), HDL-cholesterol < 0.4 g/l (24.13%), total cholesterol > 2 g/l (96.55%), triglycerides > 1.5 g/l (32.14%). The most common electrical abnormalities on ECG were subepicardial ischemia (8.62%), right bundle branch block (5.17%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (5.17%). The overall cardiovascular risk was elevated in 30.62% of patients. Metabolic syndrome was reported in 82.75% of cases. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia may be the bedrock of latent elevated cardiovascular risk, especially if it is associated with other factors. Prevention involves screening and good awareness by the general practitioner.

Detergents are amphiphilic compounds with crucial roles in the extraction, purification and stabilization of integral membrane proteins and in experimental studies of their structure and function. One technique that is highly dependent on detergents for solubilization of membrane proteins is solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where detergent micelles often serve as the best membrane mimetic for achieving particle sizes that tumble fast enough to produce high-resolution/high-sensitivity spectra. The best quality NMR spectra use detergents with partial or complete deuteration, which eliminate interfering proton signals from the detergent itself and eliminate potential proton relaxation pathways and strong dipole-dipole interactions that contribute line broadening effects. Another technique for which deuterated detergents have been crucial to obtain structural information about membrane proteins in solution is small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Use of a deuterated detergent exploits the intrinsic neutron scattering length difference between hydrogen and deuterium, such that detergent is matched-out in D2O and only signal from the membrane protein remains visible in the scattering profile, simplifying data analysis. We provide an updated review on the properties, chemical synthesis and applications of detergents that are commercially available and/or that have been synthesized with partial or complete deuteration, and that have been used in NMR or SANS studies on membrane proteins. Specifically, the detergents are sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), lauryldimethylamine-oxide (LDAO), n-octyl-β-D-glucoside (β-OG), n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) and fos-cholines including dodecylphosphocholine (DPC). We also consider effects of deuteration, detergent screening and guidelines for detergent selection.