Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is a follicular type cancer, constituting the dominant histological type of all malignant neoplasms affecting the thyroid gland. His prognosis is generally favorable. The situations where this cancer becomes refractory to the action of radio-metabolic therapy are a real challenge for any clinician. The surgical resumption whenever possible, the use of chemotherapy with tyrosine kinase inhibiting agents, and external radiation therapy are the pillars of management in this type of cancer. We expose through three observations this issue and we discuss the approach toward this clinical situation.

The study was performed on 31 blood samples collected from children (14 males and 17 females) from Different governorate they were suspected to infection with visceral leishmaniasis were they visited the central public health laboratories in Baghdad their ages ranged from (6 month – 9 years). All data were collected to each patients which included (name, ages and clinical sign and symptoms. All sera were tested by Immunofluorescent Antibodies Assay (IFAT) while interleukin -40 detected by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The results Indicated that (19) patients with fever, (22) patients with Hepatosplenomegally and (9) patients with different sign and Symptoms. only (8) out of 31 patients produced specific antibodies to visceral leishmaniasis by IFAT Assay. Also, the results indicated increase significantly the level of interleukin -40 in patients in comparison with healthy control.

Executive Review in the formation of regional legal products as strategic supervision to realize good regional regulations. This study aims to analyze and examine the process of supervision of regional legal products using the ROCCIPI method. This study found that the ROCCIPI method is very effective in the formation and supervision of regional legal products, both from the regulatory and implementation aspects. The problem that will be discussed in this study is how the supervision of regional legal products is based on the ROCCIPI method. The method used is normative legal research using the statute approach and theoretical approach related to the supervision of regional legal products based on the ROCCIPI method which will be analyzed qualitatively descriptively.

Child, Early and Forced marriages have been common practices among many ethnic groups in the world. However, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and milestone in adult life. Sadly, the practice of force and early marriages gives no such cause for celebration especially when the groom and most especially the bride are compelled to get married without their consent. This has been the case with most of the Muslim Communities in Cameroon. The phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages have being so rampant among the Muslim communities in Pre and Post Independent Cameroon. Most Muslim parents in Cameroon hide behind Muslim or Sharia law as pretext for sending their girls children to married early. In the three Northern Regions of Cameroon as well as the other Regions down South, the Western Region and the Anglophone Regions, where there is high concentration of Muslims, force and child or early marriages are still being practice, despite the sensitization done by government, NGOs and some foreign partners against those practices. This has constantly ragged or retarded the socio-economic development of the girl child in particular and the Muslim Community in Cameroon at large. The analyses employed critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework. Data gathered both from the primary and secondary sources were analyzed through the chronological, descriptive and analytical methods. Based on the sources used, we arrived at the conclusion that most victims of forced and child or early marriages in the Muslim Communities in Cameroon are victims of customs and not Muslim or Islamic law. It is now left on the government and Muslim authorities to do a lot of sensitizations and carry out, why not repressive measures to make sure that the phenomenon of forced and child or early marriages among the Muslim Communities came to an end.

Sports is a widely accepted and celebrated event in the world today, yearly learning institutions especially the colleges and universities everywhere are gearing participation to their extramural sports engagements, investing on high quality facilities and equipment, hiring known and excellent coaches and trainers, scouting new potentials, planning and doing rigid trainings, monitoring the health and the conditions of the student-athletes to ensure positive performances for the competitions and championships. The purpose of the study is to investigate the level of sports commitment of the student-athletes in a Higher Education Institution (HEI) in the City of Manila, Philippines. Where in the “Sports Commitment Model” was adapted from the study of Scanlan et.al (1993 and cited by Human Kinetics Journal @ 2024) that composed of 1) sports enjoyment, 2) involvement alternatives, 3) personal investment, 4) social constraints and 5) involvement opportunities. Descriptive research is the methodology design to scientifically gather information that provides a detailed and accurate picture of the characteristics and behaviors of the respondents. Questionnaire checklist is the main instrument to gather data. 103 student-athletes enrolled in the SY 2023-2024 were the respondents of the study from the different sports discipline classified into individual/dual combative (52 athletes) and team sports (51 athletes respectively). Sports enjoyment and involvement alternatives of the respondents showed the high level of commitment, while personal investment, social constrains and involvement opportunities just moderately committed. School administrators, coaches and trainers put more emphasis on student-athletes enjoyment and involvement alternatives to keep them motivated and committed in their chosen sports.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, offering glycemic control and additional health benefits, including weight loss. Despite their increasing clinical importance, public awareness regarding these medications and their potential risks and benefits remains unclear, particularly in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess awareness levels toward GLP-1 anti-diabetic medications among adults in Madinah. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Madinah City, Saudi Arabia using a semi-structured survey that included knowledge about obesity and GLP-1 medications, and perceptions regarding their use, efficacy, and safety. Participants were categorized based on their awareness levels (poor, moderate, or high). Statistical analysis was performed to examine the association between participants' characteristics and awareness levels, with significance determined at p < 0.05. Results: This study included 260 participants, with nearly half holding a bachelor's degree (n=129, 49.6%). Approximately a quarter had prior knowledge of obesity medications (n=64, 24.6%), with the internet being the most common source. Most respondents (75.4%) believed that not everyone could use anti-obesity medications, and 66.5% recognized that a specific BMI is required for their use, with 28.1% selecting body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 as the threshold. A majority (74.6%) acknowledged that these medications work through multiple mechanisms, and 84.2% believed they could reduce 3–8 kg annually. Side effects were widely recognized (82.7%), with 73.1% associating them with pancreatitis and 61.9% with thyroid tumors. Additionally, 73.5% considered these medications ineffective without diet and exercise. When asked about personal use if recommended by a doctor, responses varied, with 23.5% willing, 23.1% unwilling, and 53.5% uncertainty. Awareness levels were not significantly associated with education (P=0.552), though those with a bachelor's degree showed the highest awareness. Prior knowledge of obesity medications showed a borderline association with awareness levels (P=0.061). Conclusion: Awareness regarding GLP-1 anti-diabetic medications in Madinah is moderate, with knowledge gaps concerning their safety and appropriate usage. Targeted educational initiatives are needed to improve public understanding and ensure informed decision-making, particularly addressing misconceptions about risks and benefits. This is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing potential misuse.

The integration of pharmacy, laboratory and nursing practices has become increasingly vital in enhancing therapeutic outcomes within the healthcare system. As the landscape of healthcare evolves, both professions have expanded their roles beyond traditional boundaries, focusing on patient-centered care and collaborative practices. Interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and nurses is fundamental in addressing the complexities of patient care. By working together, these professionals can develop integrated care plans that consider all aspects of a patient's health, leading to improved outcomes and enhanced patient satisfaction. Ongoing education and training for both pharmacists and nurses are essential to keep pace with emerging trends and innovations. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, the collaborative efforts of pharmacy, laboratory and nursing will be crucial in ensuring that patients receive comprehensive, high-quality care, ultimately enhancing therapeutic outcomes and improving overall health.

Background: The medical devices sector in India plays a crucial role in the country's healthcare system, ranging from simple bandages to complex devices like CT scans. Materiovigilance is a system for monitoring adverse events related to medical devices. The program empowers healthcare professionals to report adverse events, ensuring patient safety and improving the overall quality of healthcare through systematic surveillance and data analysis. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare professionals toward materiovigilance and evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on these aspects. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective questionnaire study was conducted for a period of six months at a tertiary care teaching hospital with a sample size of 307 healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals from Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental and Physiotherapy were included in the study. Base line data was collected by administering questionnaire. Educational intervention was provided to the same study participants and post interventional data was also collected. Chi-square test was used to test the significance of impact of educational intervention. Results: The collected data showed that 94.46% (290) were under the age group of 18-28. Before the intervention, only 36.16% (141) were aware of the term materiovigilance which increased to 100% (307) after the intervention. Before the intervention, 65.47% (201) did not know where the NCC of MvPi is located and 16.94% (52) gave the wrong answer, whereas after the intervention 88.6% (272) participants gave the right answer. Conclusion: Our study identified a significant knowledge gap in materiovigilance among healthcare professionals before the educational intervention. After the intervention, participants demonstrated a substantial increase in their knowledge and awareness of medical device-related adverse events (MDAEs).

Background: Blood group antigens play a critical role in transfusion medicine, affecting the safety and effectiveness of blood transfusions. Among these blood groups, the Kidd blood group system, which includes Jka, Jkb, and Jk3 antigens, is particularly significant due to its implications in delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and its genetic variability across different populations. Objectives: This study compared the prevalence of Kidd blood group phenotypes among Saudi and non-Saudi blood donors in the regional blood bank in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The goals were to understand the distribution of these antigens and assess the level of genetic integration between the two groups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 311 blood donors, comprising 155 Saudis and 156 non-Saudis. The phenotypes analyzed included Jk(a+b+), Jk(a-b+), Jk(a+b-), and Jk(a-b-). Data were collected from the regional blood bank in Riyadh, and statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests to compare phenotype distributions between the groups. Results: The study found that the most prevalent phenotype was Jk(a+b-), occurring in 47.74% of Saudis and 44.23% of non-Saudis. The least common phenotype was Jk(a-b-), observed in just over 1% of non-Saudis and less than 1% of Saudis. The prevalence rates for Jk(a+b+) and Jk(a-b+) were similar between the two groups, suggesting a high level of genetic integration. No significant differences were found in the distribution of these phenotypes between Saudi and non-Saudi donors, indicating substantial genetic similarity and intermingling. Conclusions: The results suggest that the regional blood bank in Riyadh has a homogenized population concerning Kidd blood group antigens, facilitating the development of donor databases that include comprehensive antigen profiles. These databases can enhance the precision of blood matching and reduce the risk of transfusion reactions. This study highlights the importance of genetic diversity in developing personalized medicine strategies and adapting transfusion protocols to local and regional antigen profiles.

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the water supply system as well as hygiene and sanitation measures in schools. Materials and methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in ten schools in the commune of Mangobo from October 5 to November 5, 2024. Direct observation was used to collect data based on an observation and interview grid. Entered in Excel, the data were imported into STATA 15 for statistical analyses. Results: The schools in the private and official networks were dominant. The majority had fewer than 1500 students, fewer than 20 teachers, and more than 20 classrooms. The schoolyards were enclosed with temporary materials. A large number of schools do not have puddles of water in the courtyard and are not littered with waste. However, an average level of classroom maintenance and overall sanitation was observed. All schools had a source of drinking water from the water distribution authority, available in the courtyard in 3/5 of the cases. The establishments had latrines in 3/5 of the cases, the vast majority of which were separated by category with a locking system. Disinfection materials were less available. The overall condition of the latrines was good in the vast majority of cases. Six out of ten schools had handwashing facilities, but water and soap were consistently available in three out of five cases. Conclusion: It is important to take into account the need and functioning of hygiene and sanitation facilities to ensure sanitary conditions in schools.

Diplomatic relations between Cameroon and Saudi Arabia dates back to a very long period of time. That is to say during the pre - colonial and colonial periods. However, real or official diplomatic relations began in 1966 with the two countries establishment or opening of diplomatic missions or consular service, with resident Ambassadors appointed to each other’s administrative or political capitals. Beginning from that period, Cameroon Saudi Arabia relations has been so beneficial on both side up till date. This study examines the role Islam and hajj in the dynamics of Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations, which are hajj-driven and how the constant movement of pilgrims to and from Saudi Arabia intensifies the relations between the two states. Islam and Hajj remains the main issues around which Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations revolve; Saudi Arabia happened to be one of the first states with which Cameroon established diplomatic relations in 1966. Hajj prepared the ground for a link between colonial Cameroon and emergent Saudi Arabia, meanwhile hajj holds a great potential for trade relations between the two countries culminating into enhanced economic diplomacy. This practice originated from hajj being the basis of the first diplomatic mission. The hajj has rubbed positively on the duo relations for enhanced South - South relations and is relevant to the global concern for terrorism, peace and security. The study demonstrates how the role of Islam and hajj in Cameroon - Saudi Arabia relations can opens a new vista in South - South relations. It shows how cultural events involving two or more states can draw them closer diplomatically.

Background: Location of placement of the graft either dorsally, dorsolaterally or ventrally for the treatment of long segment anterior urethral stricture has become an issue with different series reporting different outcomes. Regarding dorsolateral and dorsal onlay technique, there are various published articles worldwide. In Bangladesh, there are limited study regarding the issue though there are lots of patients suffering from urethral stricture disease. Objective: Objective of the study is to compare the outcomes of these two techniques. Method: Present Quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Urology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital & KMMCH, Rangpur, Bangladesh, during the period of October 2022 to September 2024. Total 50 patients with long segment (>2 cm) anterior urethral stricture were included in present study. Among them 25 patients underwent dorsolateral (group-A) and another 25 patients underwent dorsal onlay (group-B) urethroplasty. Patients were followed up for 06 months. Result: Mean ± SD age of group-A and Group-B were 43.72 ± 7.64 and 44.08 ± 7.56 years respectively (p >0.05). Mean ± SD of length of stricture of group-A and Group-B were 4.25±1.28 and 4.22±1.31 cm respectively (p >0.05). In Group-A and Group-B preoperative mean Peak urine flow rate on uroflowmetry (Qmax) were 6.68±1.35 and 7.00±1.46 ml/sec respectively (p >0.05). Mean post-operative Qmax were 20.00±3.20 & 20.52±4.38 ml/sec in Group-A, and 19.39±3.13 & 19.19±4.93 ml/sec in Group-B, on 1st and 2nd follow up respectively (p >0.05). There was statistically significant difference of mean Qmax in the same group before and after BMG urethroplasty. Success was defined as peak urine flow rate on uroflowmetry ≥15ml/sec with no stricture diagnosed on RGU & VCUG and urethroscopy, and no need of any post-operative urethral intervention. Re-stricture developed in 2 (8.0%) cases in Group-A and 4 (16.0%) cases in Group-B which needed urethral intervention. Success rate was 23(92%) cases and 21(84%) cases in group A and group B respectively (p >0.05). 02(8.0%) cases in Group-A and 03(12%) cases in Group-B had wound infection, 1(4.0%) case in Group-A and 3 (12%) cases in Group-B had chordee. Urethrocutenous fistula developed in 1 (4.0%) case in Group-A and 3 (12.0%) cases in Group-B; results between the two groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Outcome of dorsolateral buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty was comparable with dorsal onlay urethroplasty in present study. Well controlled randomized study with adequate sample size and follow up may reveal more divergent outcomes.

Herpes zoster or shingles is a re activation of the Varicella zoster that entered the cutaneous nerve endings during an earlier episode of chicken pox, travelled to the dorsal root ganglia, and remained in a latent form. Nerves most commonly involved are C3, T5, L1, L2 and first division of trigeminal nerve. The condition is characterized by occurrence of multiple, painful, unilateral vesicles and ulceration which shows a typical single dermatome involvement. In this case report, we present a patient with herpes zoster involving unilateral ulcers over the right side of the hard palate.

The ancient sages provided extensive information about the causes of ailments and even detailed the possibility of hereditary transmission channels and methods for curing them. Ayurveda is a natural medicine system that was developed in India over 5,000 years ago and uses herbs and other materials to treat health issues. Examining the contributions of ancient Indian medical scientists Sushruta, Charaka, and Patanjali is the study's main goal. Method: The study is descriptive in nature and is mostly based on information gathered from books and other secondary sources like journals, Hindu scriptures, and online search engines like e-libraries, e-books, e-articles, and different website-based information, reference materials, wikipedia, Buddhist writings, medical related ancient books, stories of Greek travelers to India, ancient scriptures, etc. Results: Indian medical knowledge travelled over the world and was retained in certain regions where it was used in a modified form while maintaining its originality. In conclusion, Sushruta, Charaka, and Patanjali had a major influence on India's medical systems in antiquity. Their important findings and innovative theories still have an impact on how we advance medical procedures.

Background: Dengue fever, a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes, significantly increases morbidity and mortality rates, and its incidence has risen rapidly globally over the past two decades, posing severe public health challenges. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue fever among patients with clinically suspected acute febrile illness at Kalkaal Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: This retrospective study involved patients who attended outpatient clinics at Kalkaal Hospital in Mogadishu (Somalia) between November 2022 and December 2023 to determine the prevalence of dengue fever among patients with clinically suspected acute febrile illness. Logistic regression data analysis was used. Findings: A total of 199,779 patients attended Kalkaal Hospital outpatient clinics during the study period. Of the 4,507 patients who showed dengue symptoms, 264 (5.9%) were positive. This study showed that patients aged <18 years were three times more likely to have dengue fever when compared with those aged ≥18 years (odds ratio: 3.33, 95% confidence interval: 2.57–4.31, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study reveals a 6% dengue fever burden among study subjects, with males and those under 18 years old showing higher infection susceptibility. However, this is a single-center study, and future research involving more regions and hospitals may yield more conclusive results. Therefore, we recommend promoting dengue vector control surveillance.