Background: Diabetes during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), is associated with increased maternal morbidity. While both conditions pose risks, comparative data on maternal complications remain limited. This study compares maternal complications among non-diabetic pregnant women, those with GDM, and those with PGDM to identify differences in complication rates and inform risk-specific clinical care. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2004 to December 2005. A total of 150 pregnant women were enrolled and divided into three equal groups: Group A (non-diabetic), Group B (pregestational diabetes mellitus, PGDM), and Group C (gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM). Data were collected through questionnaires, clinical assessments, and medical records. Maternal complications during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum were recorded. Statistical analysis used SPSS, employing Chi-square and t-tests; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Maternal complications were significantly higher in diabetic groups (66% in GDM, 68% in PGDM) compared to non-diabetics (28%). Cesarean delivery was more frequent in PGDM (60%) and GDM (52%) than in non-diabetics (20%). Postpartum complications, particularly wound infection and endometritis, were more prevalent in the PGDM group. Intra-partum interventions, such as instrumental and operative deliveries, were also higher among diabetic pregnancies. Conclusion: Both GDM and PGDM significantly increase maternal complication rates, with PGDM posing a higher risk. Early screening, strict glycemic control, and multidisciplinary management are essential for improving maternal outcomes.

Adapted riding has proven to be a successful sports intervention, yielding significant functional, social, educational, and therapeutic outcomes. Adapted riding offers tailored horsemanship experiences for participants, including those with autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder appear to have motor difficulties based on standard motor assessments. It is also possible for them to present difficulties in executing standard motor tasks based on their age group. In addition, they experience challenges in controlling their posture, planning motor sequences, and mimicking movements, potentially hindering their ability to achieve age-appropriate motor milestones. The purpose of the study was to explore the possible benefits of adapted riding in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. For this purpose, a scoping review was performed. A total of 14 studies of recent years were examined. The age range was between 2 and 19 years, and the intervention programs lasted approximately 4 to 30 weeks. Results showed positive effects on motor, social, and behavioral areas, along with enhanced communication skills, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for this population. Notably, these programs resulted in advancements across several quality-of-life areas, such as reduced aggression and improved communication. Positive effects were also found on sensory seeking, sensory sensitivity, and focus, leading to less distraction and sedentary behaviors. Adapted Riding also had a positive impact on postural control, increased stability, and encouraged more participation in leisure activities. In conclusion, adapted riding is characterized as a valuable rehabilitative, educational, therapeutic and athletic method for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

This study investigated the reliability of three timber species from the Niger Delta—Mansonia (Mansonia altissima), Ububa Red (Berlinia grandiflora), and Angala (Rhizophora racemosa) as bridge beams to Eurocode 5 design rules. The strength classes for Mansonia, Ububa Red and Angala timber species were established in accordance with the provisions of EN 338 (2009). The study classified Mansonia as D50, Ububa Red as D60 and Angala as D70 respectively. The limit state functions were developed considering the failure of the beams in bending and shear respectively. Reliability analysis was used to assess the structural performance of each timber species, and sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying design parameters to observe their effect on reliability indices. The reliability indices were computed using custom MATLAB programs based on the First Order Reliability Method. It was shown that the reliability indices generally decreased with increasing beam span and live load on beams for both bending and shear failure modes respectively. The timber beams showed the capacity to support live loads of 11.5 KN/m, 14 KN/m, and 16.5 KN/m over a 50-year reference period, meeting the target reliability index of 3.8 recommended by Eurocode 0 (1978). It is also found that the reliability of the beam increased with increase in depth and width of the beams. For this period, required beam depths were identified as 350 mm for Mansonia, 325 mm for Ububa Red, and 300 mm for Angala timber beam respectively. It is also found that Mansonia, Ububa Red and Angala timber beams are very safe for a span of 6.8m, 7.5m and 8m respectively. The Mansonia, Ububa Red and Angala timber beams are generally very safe in bending and shear.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition that can complicate autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and infections. It is considered part of the spectrum of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and may affect both children and adults. Although MAS triggered by bacterial infections is uncommon, prompt recognition is crucial to ensure appropriate management. We report the case of a 7-year-old child admitted to the pediatric emergency department with severe Salmonellagastroenteritis complicated by MAS. The patient presented with persistent fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and signs of systemic inflammation. Laboratory investigations revealed pancytopenia, marked hyperferritinemia, and elevated liver enzymes, raising strong suspicion for MAS. Inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, were significantly elevated, and Salmonella was isolated through stool culture. Bone marrow examination did not reveal hemophagocytosis; however, its absence did not exclude the diagnosis due to known variability in this finding. Based on the clinical presentation and laboratory findings, a diagnosis of MAS secondary to bacterial infection was established. The patient responded favorably to intravenous antibiotic therapy and supportive care, with rapid clinical and biological improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering MAS in children presenting with sepsis-like symptoms and cytopenias, even when bone marrow findings are inconclusive, particularly in the setting of confirmed bacterial infection.

This study investigates the trade dynamics between ASEAN and India focusing on agricultural trade between 2011 and 2023. It examines the expanding economic ties between the two regions, with particular emphasis on trade intensity, relationship, and variations. Using Revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and Trade Intensity Index (TII), the research shows that India has significant competitive advantages in oilseeds and grains, offering prospects for growth in these areas. The findings highlight India’s strong trade relationships with Vietnam and Myanmar as well as potential trade vulnerabilities. India's reliance on ASEAN for essential commodities, especially palm oil, is highlighted by its import dependency on Indonesia and Malaysia. This study also identifies emerging opportunities for Indian agricultural export in aquaculture and fisheries. India must focus on diversifying exports in fisheries and aquaculture to enhance its agricultural trade with ASEAN. Reducing import dependence is vital, especially through boosting domestic palm oil and alternative oilseed crops. Enhancements in trade policy and sustainable practices are necessary. Strengthening trade relations via targeted agreements and agricultural research will improve productivity and resilience, solidifying India's agricultural position in ASEAN markets

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (UVM) is a very rare abnormality resulting from anomalous arterio-venous connections in the uterus. Although rare, it causes potential life-threatening vaginal bleeding postpartum or following uterine curettage or abortions. Only a few cases have been reported in literature (less than 100). However, the incidence is assumed to be increasing due to increased availability of ultrasound scan and colour doppler studies for better detection. We present a case of a 39-year-old Para 3 woman with three previous caesarean sections (CS) who presented to our facility with vaginal bleeding associated tiredness, heart racing, lightheadedness of four days duration following surgical evacuation for missed abortion at nine weeks gestation.

N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic impurities most commonly found in groundwater, treated water, foods, beverages and consumer products. The recent discovery of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products and subsequent recalls pose a significant health risk to patients. Initial investigation by the regulatory agency identified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) as a source of contamination. However, N-nitrosamine formation during API synthesis is a consequence of numerous factors like chemistry selection for synthesis, contaminated solvents and water. Furthermore, apart from API, N-nitrosamines have also been found to embed in the final product due to degradation during formulation processing or storage through contaminated excipients and printing inks. The landscape of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products is very complex and needs a comprehensive compilation of sources responsible for N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, this review aims to extensively compile all the reported and plausible sources of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. The topics like risk assessment and quantitative strategies to estimate nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products are out of the scope of this review.

Operating room nursing interventions play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety and improving surgical outcomes. Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant concern in perioperative care, leading to increased morbidity, extended hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. The Review aimed to evaluate the Effectiveness of Operating room nursing interventions on Surgical site infection and patient outcomes. PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched, and research meeting criteria were included. Data were identified from all included articles, and themes were developed based on these data. PubMed and CINAHL databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published between 2018 and 2024. This scoping review synthesized evidence on the effectiveness of perioperative nursing interventions in reducing surgical site infections (SSIs) and improving patient outcomes. Thematic analysis was used to extract key intervention strategies, and a rigorous inclusion and exclusion process ensured the selection of high-quality studies. A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Findings indicated that implementing perioperative nursing interventions significantly reduced SSIs and enhanced patient recovery. Perioperative nursing interventions play a critical role in reducing SSIs and improving patient safety. Hospitals should integrate evidence-based nursing practices into surgical protocols to enhance infection prevention and optimize postoperative recovery.

With the advent of the digital intelligence empowerment, the demand for English majors has undergone profound changes in the new era. Traditional single-skill language training no longer meets the demands of “New Liberal Arts” education, making the integration of “humanistic literacy, digital proficiency, and innovative thinking” essential for cultivating interdisciplinary talent. Against this backdrop, Chinese colleges and universities urgently need to cultivate new interdisciplinary talents that meet the demands of the times. This paper focuses on the teaching philosophy and course objectives of Advanced English I under the context of digital intelligence empowerment, and explores the teaching design process of smart classrooms based on the Taba model. By integrating digital technology and intelligent tools, the course content and resources are optimized, aiming to construct a “personalized” learning path for every student. This reform exploration promotes the transition from “knowledge assessment” to “competency mapping” and the transformation from “instrumental English” to “value-based English”, nurturing future-ready foreign language professionals.

In-flight medical emergencies (IMEs) are unforeseen acute medical events, though rare demand prompt recognition and effective treatment intervention due to their unpredictable nature and high risk of dismal prognosis if not appropriately manage promptly. These emergencies pose significant challenges for cabin crew and any medical professionals mid-air due to limited medical resources onboard. These events present diversely, from syncope and seizures to dyspnea, chest pain, traumatic injuries and sudden death, often causing fear and distress among everyone onboard. Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment intervention, poor outcomes, and costly flight diversions. Consequently, a thorough understanding of IMEs is crucial for both cabin crew and medical professionals. This requires sound theoretical knowledge, focused history-taking, a high index of suspicion, clinical skills, competencies, meticulous physical examination, clinical reasoning, investigation with point of care devices, well-defined management strategies and treatment protocols, comprehensive cabin crew training and retraining, effective use of telemedicine and technological applications, and research specific to IMEs. With growing air travel volume, an aging global population, and a rising prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases, IMEs are expected to become more frequent. This necessitates optimizing emergency responses and preparedness measures, to enhance passenger safety and reduce flight disruptions. This review explores various aspects of IMEs, including their aetiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, management, and the vital roles of cabin crew and any medical professionals present, along with the pressing need for integrating training program and curricula on IMEs in medical, allied health and flight attendant institutions worldwide. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of in-flight clinical vigilance, the supportive role of telemedicine, and the impact of onboard automated external defibrillators in improving passenger outcomes. Ultimately, strong and continuous collaboration between the medical and aviation sectors is essential for a safer travel experience for everyone.

Now a days the significance of Yoga & Naturopathy are being realized by human being for health. The true and right meaning of Yoga & Naturopathy is conceived by intellectuals and common people may be different. People of the modern era are pre-occupied with the meaning and essence of Yoga & Naturopathy. It could be renouncing the worldly matter and lead an acetic life and limiting our desires. Some view it is as nothing but some physical exercise and postures and some take it as breathing techniques which leads to sound mind & body. All these meanings are superficial and can be considered as an fair attempt to know only the profit of Yoga & Naturopathy in this materialistic world, where everything is looked upon as source of profit or loss. But the true meaning of Yoga & Naturopathy are beyond that both are about understanding the human health and it’s potential. Yoga & Naturopathy both are important factors of human health which brings consciousness among ourselves to realize our true nature a science of right living and significant force in the development of personal health. By the principles of Yoga & Naturopathy in to or varied lifestyle, we can systematically balance the physical, mental and emotional dimensions of our health. Yoga & Naturopathy are the natural way to cure and maintain our health.

Watermelon Seeds oil was extracted using two techniques: chemical Soxhlet extraction and mechanical pressing. The percentage yields were found to be 37.3% and 26.0%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the oil were determined, and the following values were obtained: Peroxide value 6.78 Meq O2/kg, Saponification value 191.10 mg KOH/g, and iodine value 104.22/100g. According to the fatty acid profile, the oil contains approximately 70.5% unsaturated fatty acids, mainly represented in Linoleic acid and oleic acid, with percentages of 50.31%19.62%, respectively, and 29.5% saturated fatty acids

Background: The use of substances for recreational and other non-medical purposes is alarming in the society. The trend of substance use globally has been phenomenally startling in the last five decades, and has assumed epidemic and worrisome proportions in recent times. A significant number of these substances are used in the treatment of diverse clinical conditions. Objective: The work discussed the protocols for rehabilitation and recovery from substance addiction, strategies for prevention, principles underlying the treatment of substance use disorder, and the various therapeutic measures for containing substance use disorder. Method: The literature search included databases of google scholar, directory of open access journals, cross reference, pubmed, web of science, etc. Articles on substance abuse and addiction were identified and reviewed for selection. The keywords used in the search were: drug abuse, drug addiction, substance abuse, substance misuse, drug dependence and drug use disorders. There was also a scan of the references of identified journal articles. Only works written in English were extracted. Result and Discussion: One hundred and eighteen journal articles and other materials were sourced, while thirty-six (36) articles and other works were identified, extracted and reviewed. Findings show that substance abuse is not immune to any societies. It is a global problem and is responsible for millions of crime and criminality, and their sustenance, as well as many of the deaths, especially violent crimes (e.g., domestic violence, sexual assault, gangsterism, robbery, banditry, insurgency, etc.) in many countries. Substance addiction is preventable and can be treated. No single modality of treatment adequately fits all forms of substance addiction. Relapse frequently occurs during rehabilitation and treatment programmes, and sometimes after many years of abstinence from substance use. Conclusion: The indiscriminate and inappropriate use of legal and prohibited substances is now a serious public health and social concern. Addiction is the most severe form of substance use disorder. It is a chronic and complex, but treatable disease that affects the human brain structure, function, and behaviour. Prevention reduces the scourge of the menace through public health enlightenment programmes. Several modalities are available for treating substance use disorder, and they include psychotherapy or talk therapy (e.g., counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, guided self-help, etc.), medical detoxification, pharmacotherapy, and traditional (herbal) remedies. None of these therapeutic approaches works for everyone. In most cases, a combination of these treatment modalities is used during therapy of substance abuse and addiction. Treatment disrupts the cycle of addiction, which is often times prolonged and intensive.

Assessment of lipidemic status is crucial for predicting cardiovascular risk. However, few studies have compared lipid profiles in our population with other ethnicities. In this pilot study, we investigated and compared the lipidemic status of individuals of Indo-Aryan (Bangladeshi) and Cushitic (Somali) descent to explore potential genetic, lifestyle, and environmental influences on lipid metabolism. We enrolled sixty participants (30 Bangladeshi and 30 Somali) and measured the lipid profiles - including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG) using standard spectrophotometric methods, apolipoproteins using standard immunoturbidimetric methods while the formula was applied to calculate LDL cholesterol (LDL-c). Bangladeshi subjects were older (26.1 ± 2.1 vs. 23.4 ± 2.3 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher body mass index (22.6 ± 3.2 vs. 19.4 ± 2.6 kg/m², p < 0.001) compared to Somali subjects. Compared to Somali, the percentages of HDL-c dyslipidemia was higher (80.0% vs. 43.3%, p = 0.017), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (23.3% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.052) and hypercholesterolemia (20.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.254) and elevated LDL-c (16.7% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.424). TC and LDL-c levels did not differ significantly between the groups but higher triglyceride levels were observed in Bangladeshi individuals (145±113 mg/dL vs. 78±36 mg/dL, p = 0.003) compared to the Somali group. ApoA1 levels were similar between groups, but ApoB levels were higher in the Bangladeshi group, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.408). On adjusting confounding variables, lipids and lipoproteins showed no significant association with ethnicity except HDL-c (β = 5.023, p = 0.020). In conclusion, despite similar apolipoprotein A1 and ApoB levels, the Bangladeshi ethnic group has lower HDL cholesterol compared to Somali adults, suggesting a greater cardiovascular risk relative to the Somali group.

Research suggests that there is an existing disparity among children starting compulsory education, many of whom struggle to meet its demands. This study explores the perceptions of parents of Grade One children in public schools in Oman on school readiness, addressing a context of a diverse early childhood education landscape, where access is predominantly private. A survey design using questionnaires is employed to explore school-readiness conceptualisation, influencing factors, challenges encountered, and the impact of early childhood education (ECE). The findings suggest that school readiness is a complex and multifaceted concept shaped by the interplay of various stakeholders in the research context. They emphasise the significance not only of ready children but also of ready parents, teachers and schools in shaping readiness. Additionally, the research stresses the importance of children starting compulsory education equipped with academic proficiency and familiarity with the schooling system. This indicates a pedagogical shift towards an academic-centric stance and the educationalisation of ECE in Oman, reflecting global trends. However, despite these expectations, this research suggests that children continue to face readiness challenges, including gaps in academic knowledge, school adjustment issues, and limited social skills. ECE emerges as a crucial factor in supporting school readiness, shaping academic knowledge, facilitating smooth transitions, and nurturing social-emotional well-being, despite the persistent disparities. Addressing these disparities necessitates ensuring equitable access to high quality ECE and addressing the multifaceted socioeconomic, cultural, and resource-related barriers to readiness.