This paper investigates the integration of experiential learning and virtual reality (VR) technology in geometry instruction to enhance students' deeper understanding of geometric concepts. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using VR in experiential learning activities in improving students' comprehension and application of knowledge in Mathematics. The research method combines an experimental model with two groups: one group engages in geometry lessons using VR, while the other follows traditional teaching methods. Data were collected through pre- and post-test assessments, student satisfaction surveys, and analysis of learning behaviors. Results indicate that the use of VR in geometry teaching helps students develop spatial thinking skills and fosters greater interaction during learning. The study also reveals that VR can enhance student engagement, improve memory retention, and deepen understanding of complex geometric concepts. These findings open new pathways for the application of modern educational technologies to improve Mathematics teaching quality in secondary schools.

As the global plastic waste crisis escalates, the exploration of innovative solutions to repurpose plastic waste becomes increasingly urgent. The adaptation of plastic waste as a modifier for bitumen in road construction—commonly referred to as "plastic roads"—presents a promising avenue. Our comprehensive review encompassed scientific literature, news articles, patents, a cost-effectiveness analysis, and interviews with industry representatives and researchers to identify existing knowledge gaps surrounding key aspects of this technology. Plastic roads and playgrounds are an innovative idea that aims to reduce plastic waste while providing durable infrastructure. For roads, plastic can be recycled and mixed with asphalt to create a strong, long-lasting surface. The benefits include improved durability, reduced maintenance costs, and less plastic waste going to landfills or the ocean. In playgrounds, plastic can be used to create safer surfaces, like those made from recycled rubber or plastic materials, which are softer and provide better shock absorption for children. Additionally, using plastic waste in these projects helps reduce the environmental impact of discarded plastics, giving them a second life in a useful way Plastic roads are made by mixing shredded plastic waste with bitumen, a material which is commonly used in road construction. This blend makes roads stronger, longer-lasting; it gives a second life to non-biodegradable waste this study underscores that plastic roads have immense potential but also considerable challenges that need to be addressed. By investing in research, standardizing practices, and continuously improving the technology, plastic roads can become a sustainable solution for plastic waste while contributing to the development of resilient infrastructure. Thoughtful policy-making and collaboration will be key to overcoming obstacles and ensuring that the benefits of this innovation are realized on a global scale.

Dental erosion and caries are prevalent oral health issues that can have significant consequences. This study aims to evaluate the role of antioxidants (green tea extract, vitamin C, and vitamin E) in reducing dental caries and erosion. A total of 150 participants were divided into one control group and three treatment groups (green tea extract, vitamin C, and vitamin E). The study assessed BEWE (Basic Erosive Wear Examination), DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth), and baseline demographics. Salivary samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels, and changes in scores were evaluated for participants receiving specific treatments. Statistical significance was determined using a paired t-test. All treatment groups exhibited significant reductions in BEWE and DMFT scores compared to the control group. Specifically, the DMFT for Group A (vitamin C) decreased from 4.2 to 2.8, for Group B (vitamin E) from 4.0 to 2.9, and for Group C (green tea extract) from 4.1 to 3.0. The treatment groups also showed significant decreases in BEWE scores, while the control group exhibited minimal changes. Antioxidants have the potential to serve as effective preventive agents in dental care, significantly reducing dental caries and erosion. Further research is needed to confirm long-term benefits and explore optimal usage.

Physical activity is essential for enhancing cognitive abilities and academic performance in children. Globally, only 40% of children meet recommended activity levels, with even lower rates in Sub-Saharan Africa due to systemic barriers such as underfunded schools and cultural misconceptions about the role of exercise. These barriers limit children's access to programs that could significantly improve their learning outcomes. This article utilises international and regional evidence to emphasise the positive impact of exercise on memory, attention, and overall academic achievement. This paper emphasises the need to integrate exercise into educational systems across Sub-Saharan Africa.

The hepatic tuberculosis is rare. The interest of this Knowledge consists in the diagnostic problems particularly in its primitive and macronodular forms. It touches all ages with a peak of frequency during 17 - 50 years old, and a female prevalence. The clinical picture is polymorphous but it is still dominated by the prolonged fever and the alteration of the general state.

The persistence of absentee land ownership underscores a critical challenge in Indonesia’s agrarian system. The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the legal prohibition on absentee land ownership in Sawarna Village and its implications for the rights and welfare of local farmers. Utilizing an empirical juridical approach with a structural approach, the study collects primary data through interviews with key stakeholders, including local farmers, community leaders, and officials from the National Land Agency. The findings reveal that absentee land ownership in Sawarna Village persists due to weak enforcement of agrarian laws, economic vulnerability of local farmers, and speculative land acquisitions by external investors. These practices have reduced agricultural land availability, marginalized local farmers, and disrupted community cohesion. Furthermore, the study highlights gaps in institutional coordination and limited community involvement in land governance, which exacerbate the problem. This research underscores the need for stronger legal enforcement, community empowerment, and collaborative policy reform to ensure sustainable and equitable land use in rural areas. By addressing absentee land ownership, the government can advance the principles of agrarian reform and foster inclusive economic development.

Job prospects and labor market conditions significantly influence choice of vocational course. Family enterprises, socioeconomic factors, and career counselling can influence trainees' choices. Guidance and information are crucial for informed decisions about vocational training. However, making wrong course choice leads to lack of work enjoyment, increase job stress and performing tasks poorly. A society's degree of poverty makes it harder for trainees to find work prospects. This study aimed at assessing the influence of job opportunities on the Choice of Course in Vocational Training Centres in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. Utilizing questionnaires and interview schedule, this research examines the factors that influence course selection among 2,386 trainees and 29 major managers in Taita Taveta County VTCs. The relationships between variables were found using a correlational research design. In the study, 714 trainees and 7 managers participated, who were stratified using the Stratified VTC approach. Collected data was coded into SPSS version 26 and analysed using descriptive (Frequencies and means) and inferential statistics (Regression analysis, the chi-square and ANOVA). Results indicated that employment opportunities insignificantly predicted course choice, F (1,706) = -.110, p > 0.05, which indicates that the employment opportunities played none significant role in shaping the course choice (b= -.579, p > 0.05) among the study participants. The study recommended that VTCs should focus on demand, marketable and direct job opportunities. Additionally, VTCs should have career offices for vocational guidance and counselling services.

Automated equipment has many benefits but analytical assessment of instrument is required for laboratory usage. This study evaluates the performance of Sysmex XN-50 slide-maker and stainer compared to manual technique. The primary goal of the study was to evaluate smear’s quality. Additionally, carry-over, repeatability, comparability using Passing Bablok Regression for white blood cells then sensitivity and specificity for red blood cells and platelets. Smear’s quality was acceptable except for one. There was no carry-over on the Sysmex XN50. Repeatability showed acceptable results. There was good agreement on white blood cells differential count including abnormal cells between blood films by the Sysmex XN50 and manually prepared blood films. Red blood cells and platelets were also comparable, the results were excellent, with sensitivity and specificity being very high. The results obtained in this study show the quality of the Sysmex XN50 device in a laboratory, it offers advantages due to its reliability and speed of preparation of blood smears.

Extremophiles are organisms that can thrive under extreme environmental conditions. In this study, isolated and identified fungal genera and their species from Red Sea saline soils in Upper Egypt were carried out. Soil texture, moistures content, organic matter, total dissolved salts and pH value of the soil in addition to some mono- and bi- equivalent elements were analyzed for the samples. 1% glucose-Czapek’s agar medium was used for isolation of filamentous fungi. A total of 42 fungal species + 3 varieties of 11 genera were collected and identified that have the ability to survive under extremophilic conditions. Majority of isolated species belonged to genus Aspergillus (15 sp. + 2 var. and 32.12% of gross fungal counts) and Penicillium (13 sp. and 54.05%), whereas Acremonium (1sp. and 4.60%) and Emericella (2 sp. +1 var. and 3.35%) were less. Nine species of 7 genera were listed in rare frequency of occurrence (≥ 10 % of the samples), with very low in counts (collectively, 5.03%). The organic matter content of saline soils had positive effect in flourishing of filamentous fungi with depression in pH value of the soils.

The pervasive spread of Parthenium hysterophorus, a noxious weed native to the subtropical regions of the Americas, poses significant threats to biodiversity, human health, and environmental stability. Known by various names such as white head weed, congress grass, and Santa Maria feverfew, Parthenium has invaded numerous countries. This review highlights the adverse effects of Parthenium on agricultural productivity, native plant communities, and human and livestock health. The weed's allelopathic properties inhibit the germination and growth of surrounding flora, leading to substantial biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption. Parthenium's prolific seed production, rapid spread, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions facilitate its dominance, often resulting in the near-complete displacement of indigenous plant species. The health impacts on humans include allergic reactions such as dermatitis, bronchitis, and hay fever, while livestock consuming the weed suffer from alopecia, dermatitis, and reduced milk and meat quality. Effective management strategies are crucial for mitigating the spread and impact of Parthenium. These include physical removal, chemical herbicides, biological control agents, and the use of allelopathic plants. Despite ongoing efforts, challenges such as herbicide resistance and socio-economic constraints persist, necessitating continued research and integrated weed management approaches. Future directions should focus on understanding herbicide resistance mechanisms, exploring sustainable management practices, and leveraging emerging technologies like remote sensing and genetic engineering for precision management. Community involvement and public awareness campaigns are also essential for successful long-term control. This comprehensive review underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to manage Parthenium invasions and protect biodiversity, human health, and environmental integrity.

Quantitative analysis of biodiversity in district Palandri was undertaken from September, 2022 to May 2023 in district Palandri, AJK to collect data on the distribution and status of its wildlife. Point count method was used to observe the species in nine different habitats in the study area A total of 1049 individuals of 126 species of amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals are observed in the study area belonging to 23 orders and 57 families. The Aves group had the most species variety, with 87 species followed by Mammals that were the second most varied group, with 18 species. Reptiles and amphibians contained 16 and 5 species, respectively. The most abundant species were Indus Valley Toad (n=11), Bengal Monitor (n=13), Russet sparrow (n=41) and House mouse (n=14) were recorded in district Palandri, AJK. Calculated values of Shannon Wiener (H) and Simpson index (1-D) of the district Palandri were 4.60 and 0.99 respectively. Anthropogenic activities such as logging, Settlements, deforestation, forest fires, hunting, extensive grazing of cattle were the reasons for decline in vertebrate species. By implementing conservation strategies, we can help ensure the long-term survival of these species and the ecosystems.

Background: The rate of caesarean section (C-section) deliveries in Bangladesh has increased significantly in recent years. While C-sections are sometimes medically necessary, their growing prevalence raises concerns about overuse and accessibility. Various factors, including medical, social, economic, and institutional influences, contribute to the high rate of C-sections in the country. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the causes and factors influencing the rise of C-sections among pregnant women in Bangladesh. Methodology: This was a randomized prospective study conducted between 2018 and 2020 at Khalishpur Clinic. A total of 532 pregnant women were enrolled, and data were collected from patient records including demographic details, medical history, and reasons for undergoing a C-section. The study analyzed the frequency and distribution of various factors contributing to C-section deliveries, and statistical analysis was performed to identify the most common causes. Results: Among the 532 pregnant women, 413 (77.5%) underwent C-section, and 119 (22.5%) had a normal delivery. The mean age at delivery was 24.2 years (SD 4.6). The leading cause for C-sections was patient request, accounting for 41.5% of cases (n=171), of which 34.1% had no complications and 7.4% had minor complications. Other notable causes included premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (11.9%), post-dated pregnancy (9.7%), and previous C-sections (9.0%). Additionally, 27.6% of C-sections were performed due to other medical reasons. Conclusion: The study found a high rate of C-sections in Bangladesh, with a significant proportion being elective, driven by patient preference. This highlights a cultural shift towards viewing C-sections as a safer, more predictable form of delivery. The findings emphasize the need for improved prenatal care, particularly in rural areas, and greater public awareness regarding the risks and benefits of different delivery methods. Addressing both medical and socio-cultural factors is essential for reducing unnecessary C-sections and promoting safer, evidence-based childbirth practices.

With the advancements in technology, several features are now available for diagnosing heart diseases. However, large data sets have some limitations such as limited storage capacity and long access and processing times. Early diagnosis of heart problems is vital for medical treatment. Heart disease is a severe illness that is on the rise in both developed and developing countries, leading to fatalities. This disease causes the heart to not provide enough blood to various parts of the body, hindering its normal functions. Diagnosing this condition early and accurately is crucial to prevent further harm and potentially save lives. Diagnosis for various forms of heart disease can be detected with numerous medical tests, however, predicting heart disease without such tests is very difficult. Many researchers analyzed the risk factors of this disease and proposed machine learning models for the early detection of heart patients. However, these models suffer from the high dimensionality of data and need to be improved to obtain highly accurate results. The proposal was tested using five different standard data sets from the UCI repository. Our proposal consists of two main processes: the first is the data preprocessing process, and the second is the prediction process. In data preprocessing, the data is prepared for the prediction process, and three different feature selection methods (e.g., PCA) are applied to select the most relevant features from the data. In the prediction process, ten different prediction techniques (for example, Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Classifier (SVC)) were applied to over-employed datasets. The techniques used were evaluated using four evaluation metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. For this research, we collected the dataset from the UCI repository (Kaggle) and used Random Forest Classification algorithm for predicting heart disease. The predictive model achieved an accuracy of 89.4 percent using Random Forest Classifier’s default setting to predict heart diseases. Furthermore, the research focuses on the opportunity for training and testing using our model with a larger dataset and modifying different hyper parameters for further improvement. The results show that the LASSO method as a feature selection method with RF as a prediction technique produced the best accuracy (100%). Accuracy (99.57%) was obtained for Decision Tree (DT), Gradient Boosting (GB), AdaBoost (AB), Decision Tree Bagging Method (DTBM), Random Forest Bagging Method (RFBM), K-Nearest Neighbors Bagging Method (KNNBM), AdaBoost Boosting Method (ABBM), and Gradient Boosting Boosting Method (GBBM). The accuracy of SVC, Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Support Vector Classifier Bagging Method (SVCBM) was very similar to each other (98.73%).

The purpose of this study is to find and analyze the weaknesses of the legality of the ratification of the results of the identification of victims who died due to mass disasters in the application of the Disaster Victim Identification procedure and to reconstruct the legality of the ratification of the results of the identification of victims who died due to mass disasters in the application of the Disaster Victim Identification procedure based on the value of justice Using the constructivism paradigm, the sociological legal approach method to solve research problems by examining secondary data and primary data by finding the legal reality experienced in the field and qualitative descriptive methods. The results of the study indicate that the legality of the ratification of the results of the identification of victims who died due to mass disasters in the application of the Disaster Victim Identification procedure is not yet based on the value of justice, due to the lack of distribution of DVI police doctors. Weaknesses in legal substance are Article 157 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, Article 473 of Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 concerning Implementing Regulations of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Article 21 of Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 38 of 2022 concerning Medical Services for Legal Interests. Weaknesses in legal culture where legal culture will be aware of disasters and the importance of identification are still lacking. The reconstruction proposed by the author is to regulate those who have the right to issue identification results in DVI operations for mass disasters are DVI Police who have DVI Commander expertise certification which guarantees that the identification results are in accordance with the science used, so that they can be legally accounted for.

Introduction: In nursing education, students are emboldened to identify their own learning needs in their journey of studying the course, evaluate self-motivation in acquiring new information, and process learning outcomes. This study determines the SDLR in terms of self-management, desire for learning, and self-control domains among nursing students at King Khalid University (KKU) Saudi Arabia. It includes female students enrolled in lower years. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-correlational methods were used to investigate the research. Frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were employed to measure and examine values using IBM SPSS statistics version 25. Fisher's exact test (FET) was utilized to explore the probability of associations between the participants' demographics and SDLR scales. The Spearman rho (rs) correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the strength of association between variables. The Cronbach's alpha (α) reliability coefficient for the translated tool was .829. Results: The respondents strongly agree they can be trusted to pursue their learning, being confident in their ability to search out information, and being disciplined. Wanting to learn new and enjoy and learn from their mistakes predominates their responses. In self-control, the respondents strongly agree they can find information, make their own decisions, and are responsible for their own decisions/actions. Age in years is statistically significant to the self-directed learning readiness scale. The variable on self-management vs. self-control shows a very high positive correlation. Conclusion: The self-directed learning readiness scale of students unequivocally places them to respond positively and develop more knowledge and skills embedded in the institution.