Background: Salivary gland lesions encompass various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions with overlapping clinical presentations, posing diagnostic challenges. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) serves as a minimally invasive, cost-effective technique for the preliminary assessment of such lesions. Still, its accuracy must be validated against histopathological examination, the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cytomorphological patterns of salivary gland lesions diagnosed through FNAC and to correlate these findings with corresponding histopathological results. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Histopathology and Cytopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonment, from January 2014 to September 2015. A total of 55 cases with both FNAC and histopathological reports were analyzed. Data were statistically evaluated using SPSS version 11.0. Results: Among the 55 cases, submandibular gland lesions were most common (45.45%), followed by parotid (38.18%) and minor salivary glands (16.36%). FNAC identified 23 non-neoplastic (41.82%) and 32 neoplastic lesions (58.18%), including 19 benign and 13 malignant tumors. Histopathology confirmed 22 non-neoplastic and 33 neoplastic cases. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign tumor, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignancy. Concordance between FNAC and histology was observed in 72.7% (40/55) of cases. FNAC demonstrated 92.9% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity, and high overall diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: FNAC is a valuable first-line diagnostic tool in evaluating salivary gland lesions, with high sensitivity and specificity. However, certain limitations—particularly in distinguishing low-grade malignancies and some benign lesions—underscore the importance of histopathological confirmation in inconclusive or suspicious cases.

Background: Proximal femur fractures, particularly intertrochanteric fractures, are common causes of morbidity among elderly patients. Surgical fixation using either a Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) or a Trochanteric Plate (TP) is the standard of care, although evidence comparing their functional outcomes remains inconclusive. This study aimed to compare the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of proximal femur fracture fixation using DHS and TP. Methods: This comparative observational study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedics, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 30 patients were equally divided into the DHS (n=15) and TP (n=15) groups. Patient demographics, intraoperative variables, complications, radiological union, and functional outcomes were assessed. Harris Hip Score (HHS) was used to evaluate function at 6 months postoperatively. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25.0, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean operative time was significantly shorter in the TP group (58 ± 12 min) than in the DHS group (65 ± 15 min, p<0.001). Radiological union at 12 weeks was slightly higher in the TP group (86.6% vs. 73.3%, p=0.37). Mean HHS was comparable (TP: 90.2 ± 7.5 vs. DHS: 87.5 ± 8.2, p=0.35). The complication rates were low and not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: Both DHS and TP fixation methods are effective in treating proximal femur fractures. TP fixation may offer minor advantages in terms of operative time and early union, but the functional outcomes at six months are similar.

Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role in safeguarding the unique qualities and reputation of products closely tied to their place of origin, extending beyond mere economic considerations to encompass cultural preservation and the maintenance of traditional production methods. Indonesia's current legal framework faces significant challenges and requires review and potential reconstruction to optimize the system and address complex issues such as the potential conflict between exclusive GI rights and trademark rights. This study employs an empirical juridical approach, utilizing field research based on interviews with key informants, and relies on both primary and secondary materials as its foundational sources. The results show that GIs function as powerful tools for product differentiation in both domestic and global markets, helping to highlight the uniqueness of a product, support local economic sustainability, and provide legal protection for a product's authenticity and reputation. However, Indonesia's efforts to achieve food self-sufficiency and strengthen its GI portfolio are hindered by the complex registration process, lack of legal certainty, and low legal awareness among local communities. Legal reform should aim to align with the socio-economic realities of communities involved in GI production, enabling GIs to serve as both legal identifiers of origin and economic tools that boost the market value of local products in domestic and international trade.

Background: Accidental haemorrhage (abruptio placentae) is a significant obstetric complication contributing to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of accidental haemorrhage among women admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2002 to June 2003. This study included 50 cases of accidental haemorrhage among 9,078 obstetric admissions at Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Results: The incidence of accidental haemorrhage was 0.91%. Most patients were aged 20–29 years (68.0%) and from a low socioeconomic background (76.0%). Parity distribution revealed that 48.0% had parity of four or more. Clinically, 40.0% of patients presented with a pulse rate between 90–110 bpm, and the most common systolic blood pressure was 80 mmHg (40.0%). Anaemia was moderate in 40.0% of patients, and the majority (52.0%) had haemoglobin levels between 51–60%. A significant proportion (40.0%) received no antenatal care. Mixed-type haemorrhage was the most common presentation (50.0%), while Grade II haemorrhage predominated (44.0%). Preeclamptic toxaemia with pregnancy-induced hypertension was identified as the leading risk factor (50.0%). Conclusion: Accidental haemorrhage remains an important clinical challenge in obstetrics, particularly among multiparous women with low socioeconomic status and inadequate antenatal care. Early detection and comprehensive antenatal screening are essential to reduce morbidity and mitigate risk factors.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) remains a prevalent hereditary disorder in various regions, including Saudi Arabia. Among its numerous systemic complications, sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) represents a major contributor to both morbidity and mortality. While the clinical manifestations of SCN have been well-documented, detailed histopathological descriptions are limited and dispersed across isolated case reports and small series. Notably, certain histologic alterations, although subtle, may carry important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the histopathological features associated with SCN, correlating them with underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation to enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical management.

Involuntary hospitalization for the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders is a necessity in modern scientific psychiatric practice. Hospitalization, in general, of the mentally ill is an important and complex issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of nurses working in the psychiatric field regarding involuntary hospitalization. In order to achieve this, a questionnaire on "Attitudes and perceptions of nursing staff working in psychiatric clinics and psychosocial rehabilitation structures regarding involuntary hospitalization" was created as a research tool. Results were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0. The results showed that the opinions of the respondents are consistent with those resulting from surveys, both in Greece and abroad. The majority agree with the process of involuntary hospitalization, while staff in psychiatric units are knowledgeable about the legislation governing this type of hospitalization. In conclusion, it is necessary to investigate the legal framework that governs involuntary hospitalization in Greece, as well as the conditions that prevail in the hospitals that accept such cases.

In the present study, a eco-friendly, low cost and biocompatible route to synthesize the NiNPs, has been proposed using the Pyrus calleryana (Callery pear) leaves extract, which is comprised of polyphenols, flavonoids and reducing sugar, which act as an excellent reducing and stabilizing agent. The as prepared NiNPs were characterized by various methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIF), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD proved crystalline tetragonal structure of NiNPs and SEM and AFM showed the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles with particlesized ranging between 18.75 - 32.43 nm. Functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic rings) essential in nanoparticle stabilization were characterized with FTIR, whereas UV-Vis, evidenced an absorption peak at ∼380 nm, corresponding to NiNP formation. The phytochemical composition of the P. calleryana extract was an important factor for nanoparticle synthesis as polyphenols and flavonoids served to nucleate and prevent aggregation. This research featured the potential of plant-assisted synthesis as a green approach for nano-synthesis and provided structural and functional attributes of bio-mediated NiNPs for environmental and industrial applications.

To investigate the nature of job commitment among Human Resource Manager according to job experience, and type of job. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a purposive sample of 100 managers. Job commitment were measured using the Organizational Commitment Scale (Mooday, Steer & Porter, 1979). The results of one-way ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in job commitment scores by human resource manages job type and job experience. However, significant job commitment were found based on job type ((F = 66.587; P < .01)), and job experience (F = 3.914; P < .01). Regression analysis further indicated that human resource manager’s job type and job experience were modest but significant predictors, explaining 39.5% (R² = .395, p = .001), and 14.2% (R² = .142, p = .001) of the variance in job commitment scores, respectively. Organizational commitment in human resource management was the main focus of this study. Despite the fact that this idea has been extensively researched in many academic settings, no study has been conducted in Bangladeshi private institutions as of yet.

This paper uses the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to optimize essential antenna parameters for maximum communication system performance. The research concentrated on improving antenna performance through performance indicator enhancement, including energy concentration and gain, while optimizing return loss, beamwidth, and efficiency to support reliable distant communications, especially under difficult operating conditions. The optimized parameters of the VHF air-to-ground antenna system reached 76.73 MHz frequency along with 45.00 dB gain, 10.00 degrees beamwidth and 0.92 efficiency, which demonstrates broad operational coverage while preserving low power dissipation. The impedance matching is effective because a return loss measurement shows 5.00 dB. The investigation applied the optimization structure to optimize a 5G millimetre-wave (mmWave) antenna system for dealing with propagation issues caused by high frequencies. The system achieved optimized parameters at 33.00 GHz frequency with 29.61 dB gain and 5.00 degrees beamwidth while maintaining 0.98 efficiency, proving its ability to handle dense deployments through minimal interference mechanisms and maximum spatial utilization capacity. The antenna's high return loss value of 28.14 dB demonstrates the signal integrity performance. A DE algorithm optimization succeeded with a validity cost of 1.173050, which confirmed its precision in calculations and demonstrated a steady MAE reduction, which proved the algorithm had reached its correct solution path. Findings from the research show that the DE algorithm optimizes antenna design problems in VHF frequencies and future 5G systems with both efficiency and robustness. The developed research findings deliver practical and methodological contributions to antenna optimization, enhancing energy efficiency and system performance for upcoming wireless communication networks.

This paper examines the overall quality of healthcare in Saudi Arabia and then explores the relationship between the health insurance (public and private) and the overall quality of health care. By reviewing publications such as journals, books, internet articles, presentations, dissertation, online sources and the fourth, this research is conducted by literature review methodology. We are interested in the following research questions: 1) What is the influence of health insurance on gaining access to quality health care services? 2) How can health insurance help in enhancing patient satisfaction and reducing financial distress and medical debts? And 3) What is the role of health care insurance in providing opportunities for timely medical interventions and reducing the cost of medical care? This study discovers that there has been an improvement in the quality of health care services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia because of the private and public health insurance policies. It can be concluded from the study that Saudi Arabia has come far enough in providing the health care insurance to its pilgrims and also the employees from the foreign countries but there is always a place to make changes and introduce policies that can help everyone irrespective of the regional differences, socio-economic differences or religious differences, and everyone can get the best quality of health care. We propose an integrated theory of factors impacting on the quality of healthcare in the context of Saudi Arabia.

This study examines the effect of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) modification on the brittleness and stiffness of bituminous concrete mixtures and develops a regression model to predict the brittleness ratio (SR). Experimental results reveal that adding LDPE significantly increases stiffness, with brittleness ratios ranging from 1.998 to 3.169. While higher stiffness improves resistance to permanent deformation and rutting, brittleness ratios above the critical limit of 3.0 indicate a risk of premature cracking, especially at low temperatures. This highlights the need to optimize LDPE content to balance stiffness and ductility. A regression model was created to predict brittleness based on proportions of granite (Z₁), sand (Z₂), bitumen (Z₃), and LDPE (Z₄). The model showed good statistical validity, with an F-calculated value of 1.382 (below the critical 2.48 at 5% significance) and an R² of 70.38%, explaining a significant portion of brittleness variability. The Mean Absolute Percentage Deviation of 7.2% between predicted and experimental values confirms its accuracy within acceptable engineering limits. These findings suggest that LDPE-modified bituminous concrete offers improved mechanical performance but requires careful LDPE dosage control to avoid excessive brittleness. The validated model serves as a practical tool for designing durable, sustainable asphalt pavements balancing stiffness and flexibility across diverse environments.

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a compound sickness origin via a fundamental interaction compound which is un inheritable factor–environment in addition defined through inflaming toward neurodegenerative the cells of the central nervous system stop working or die demonstration. Alteration the pathologic process and the line of multiple sclerosis due to different molecular modification, which including rises in interleukins, chemokines, NO, species of activated oxygen, self dertermining radicals and glutamate. Material & Methods: This study included 37 patients taking (5 males ,32 females) and 25 healthy controls. Blood samples were obtained from the biological treatment Unit for neurological diseases in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the period from November 2023 to March 2024. The serum was isolated by centrifuging blood samples at 1000g for 5 minutes. Human TNF-ɑ levels were quantified using an ELISA kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Inc., USA;133Hu, Lot. no. L240214179.Following the manufacturers protocol. Results: The results of the present study showed that patients with M.S. had higher levels of TNF-α 34.33 pg/ml while control group had lower levels of TNF-α 28pg/ml, there were a significant difference between patients, P=0.028. Conclusion: Patients with M.S. had higher levels of TNF-α than their levels in control group, provided a fundamental indication that an increment of TNF-α happen topically inside the central nervous system of patients with M.S.

Background: The term toxoplasmosis is reserved to describe the clinical or pathological disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii and T. gondii infection for an asymptomatic primary infection or persistence of the parasite in tissues (chronic or latent infection). Objective: To evaluate the significance of detecting Toxoplasma gondii antigens in diagnosing and predicting the prognosis of acute toxoplasmosis, assessing its potential role in early intervention and treatment monitoring. Materials and Methods: The samples of the present study consisted of 39 women,31 of them infected with toxoplasmosis and 6 of them did not have toxoplasmosis, their age range was between (17-41) years, the blood samples were collected from Central Public health Laboratories (CPHL) in the period from (May 2022 to November 2022). Human Toxoplasma gondii ELISA kit is for the qualitative determination of Toxo-gondii in human serum. Results: The results of the present study showed in Table (1) since there were 26(96.3%) of housewife women had IgG Abs of T.gondii, while there was 1(3.7%) of employment women had IgG Abs of T.gondii , there were a significant differences between job categories and antibodies (IgG Abs) of T.gondii P=0.32. Conclusions: IgG Abs and IgM Abs of T.gondii presents more in housewife women than employment women. The Ag of T.gondii present in aborted women more than in non-aborted women. The Ag of T.gondii present more in women who had IgG Abs of T.gondii more than in women who had IgM Abs of T.gondii.

This paper addresses the concept of sustainable urban design by examining three prominent theories: New Urbanism, Compact City, and Green Urbanism. It analyzes the application of these theories through three significant urban projects: Celebration, Florida (New Urbanism), Hammarby Sjöstad (Compact City), and Atlanta BeltLine (Green Urbanism), based on six core principles of sustainable urban design, including mixed-use integration, sustainable mobility, social equity, environmental efficiency, quality of life, and urban resilience. The analysis reveals that the application of these principles faces considerable challenges. For instance, Celebration demonstrates success in improving public spaces and supporting sustainable mobility but fails to address social equity and environmental responsiveness. Hammarby Sjöstad, on the other hand, integrates urban density with sustainable systems, but economic challenges remain in fully implementing environmental solutions. Atlanta BeltLine offers a strong example of how green urbanism can repurpose old infrastructure into green networks, although social challenges, such as real estate inflation, threaten its social equity goals. The paper concludes with a discussion on the gap between theory and practice, highlighting how social and economic factors play a significant role in limiting the realization of sustainable urban design goals. Finally, it emphasizes the need for collaboration between urban planners, designers, policymakers, and local communities to develop flexible design solutions that balance environmental, social, and economic considerations. This research underscores the complexity of sustainable urban design, emphasizing the importance of adapting theories to real-world challenges in order to create cities that are resilient, inclusive, and sustainable for future generations.

This work is set out to make an appraisal of the contributions of World Trade Organization (WTO) towards enhancing trade in developing countries. Many developing countries have joined the WTO in order to protect themselves against the unfair market practices common in international trade. Developing countries represent the majority members of the institution and participate actively in the WTO trading system. The WTO has provided in its agreements, some Special and Differential (S&D) treatment to developing countries. It is rather a paradox that most of these provisions to a greater extent have not been effective towards enhancing trade in developing countries. The objective of this work is to examine the extent to which the WTO has contributed towards enhancing trade in developing-member countries. The method adopted in this research is doctrinal wherein, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The findings reveal among others that, the S&D treatment provisions accorded to developing countries who are vulnerable members of the institution have not been effectively implemented. The WTO lacks an efficient mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of its rules. It is therefore recommended that, the WTO should put in place an effective mechanism to ensure that developed member countries comply with the S&D treatment accorded to developing countries. The organization should equally provide more assistance (tariffs reduction) to developing countries to enable them achieve their economic growth and development. Developing countries on the other hand should establish transparent domestic trade policies necessary to implement the WTO rules.