Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder and is more common in persons with these conditions than in the general population. Excess weight is a major risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, and the clustering of obesity with these abnormalities in the metabolic syndrome correlates strongly with increased risk of coronary heart disease and premature death in all ethnic groups and regions of the world. Treatment with atypical, second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), particularly clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine, are known to promote weight gain, may lead to metabolic syndrome. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted at the mental health clinic in the Teaching Hospital Batticaloa (THB), SriLanka. Two-thirds of the population 29(63.1%) were found to be overweight 21(45.7%) and obese 8(17.4%).However, one-fourth of the population 12(26.1%) were under normal body mass index(BMI). Patients with mental illness, regardless of age or type of antipsychotic medication in use, were found to be at increased risk for many physical disturbances, including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and increased risk for coronary heart disease; and may benefit from clinical evaluation and adequate treatment, as recommended by international protocols.

The first tumor marker reported was Bence Jones protein in 1846 by precipitation of a protein in acidified boiled urine. The measurement of Bence Jones protein has been a diagnostic test for multiple myeloma. The first modern tumor marker used to detect cancer was human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), a marker used in pregnancy tests. High level of HCG in the blood may indicate the presence of a placental malignancy. After pregnancy if the uterus continues to enlarge; then a high level of HCG in the blood may indicate the presence of a cancer of the placenta called as Gestational trophoblastic disease. This marker is still used to help in their diagnosis & to monitor their response to therapy. The first success in developing a blood test for a common cancer was in 1965, when Carcinoembryonic antigen was found in the blood of some patients with colon cancer. By the end of 1970s several other blood tests had been developed for different cancers. Some proteins are secreted and/or cleaved into the extra cellular milieu and may represent valuable serum biomarkers for diagnostic purpose. This review is all about the various salivary tumor markers which help in diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

This study aims to predict the possibility of adopting zero-based budgeting (ZBB) system in Borno State. To ensure this, the study considered viability as predictor variable that was perceived to have contributed to adoption of ZBB in the state. ZBB has resurfaced as a prominent topic of discourse due to the economic downturn experienced in Nigeria as well as the failure of the existing traditional budgeting system to meet the economic objectives of the government. The focal point of discourse, therefore, dwelt on Borno state because it is adversely affected as a result of the revenue volatility witnessed in the country as well as the level of budget implementation with the existing budgeting system in the state experienced decade of monumental budget indiscipline at all levels of government. In view of this, Binary logistic regression was employed to examine whether the predictor variable have significant influence or not on the dependent variable, that is, the adoption of ZBB. Stratified sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 103 drawn from the total population of 139. The findings of the study established that the adoption of ZBB in the state is politically feasible and offers more appealing opportunities in minimizing costs and prioritizing government‘s needs while adding value to the operational efficiency in the budgeting system. It is therefore, pertinent to recommend the establishment of implementation plan that are consistent with synergistic principle and application of ZBB which ensure aggregate fiscal discipline and enhanced technical efficiency through transparency and accountability.

The adult earthworm Eudrilus eugenia are exposed to four sublethal concentrations such as 0.25gm/Kg, 0.5gm/Kg, 0.75gm/Kg and 1gm/Kg ZnO NPs. Biochemical and tissue damaging parameters are studied in Gut, Bodywall and Testis organs of both control and nanoparticles treated groups. The ANOVA results showed ZnO NPs treated groups results are significantly differed (p<0.05) than control group. Total Sugars, Total Cholesterol, Total Protein levels are significantly reduced whereas increased Urea, transaminase (GOT & GPT) and phosphatase (ALP & ACP) levels found in treated group organs. The results indicated that exposure of ZnO NPs through soil disturbed the basic biochemical compounds in tissues and their damages are indicated by increased enzyme levels.

The purpose of present research work was to fabricate patient friendly, immediate release oral film of ondansetron hydrochloride using hydrophilic excipients. The film was prepared by solvent casting method. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 along with different plasticizers (peg 400 and pg) were scrutinized for film formulation. The auxiliary excipients used were sodium saccharin and sodium lauryl sulphate. The final selection was done with hydroxyethyl cellulose as a film former and peg 400 as a plasticizer for the film. The drug loaded films of hydroxyethyl cellulose were evaluated for thickness, uniformity in drug content, folding endurance, disintegration time, in-vitro drug release studies, tensile strength and drug-excipient compatibility studies. Taste masking was done by novel sandwich technology (placing the ondansetron hydrochloride film between two listerine pocket pack films). This approach can be used as platform technology for other formulations also. Optimization of film was done by 32 factorial design taking amount of hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium lauryl sulphate as independent variables, while disintegration time (dt), % cumulative drug release and folding endurance as response variables. Polynomial equations were derived. The validity of equations was checked by preparing check point batches. Response surface plots were constructed using design expert software. This exercise facilitates bio batch selection. Better predictive ability was achieved, when artificial neural network (ann) was used in place of regression analysis. Batch of3 containing hydroxyethyl cellulose showed disintegration time of 16 sec and 94.35 % drug release in 8 minutes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Acalypha indica. Number of resistant antibiotics is increasing and antibacterial activity testing is one of the steps to find treatment of diseases. Acalypha indica is well known medicinal plant and it is a wild plant. It was used as infection treatment for generation to treat several diseases such as asthma, and pneumonia.The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to Acalyphin isolated from the leaves of Acalypha indica plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of Acalyphin isolated was checked by TLC and column chromatography and total Acalyphin were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the Acalyphin was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 µg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. From the above investigation the experimental Acalypha indica plant may solve the multidrug resistant bacteria problem and further higher studies is need for qualitative study for the present investigation.

The pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary glands. It accounts for 45 to 65% of benign salivary gland tumors. It develops most often in the main salivary glands, especially the parotid, but it can also reach the accessory salivary glands, such as those of the palate or rarely the upper lip. We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the upper lip. Patient of 32 years, admitted in our formation for a painless tumefaction of the upper lip, evolving since 6 months. The clinical examination showed a subcutaneous nodule of the superior white lip, of firm consistency, mobile relative to the underlying planes, about 1 cm in diameter. Surgical excision was performed under local anesthesia with a cutaneous approach and removal of the tumor without breaking the capsule. Histological examination revealed a pleomorphic adenoma. Currently there has been no recurrence after three years of decline. The pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary glands, its preferential localization is the parotid gland, rarely in the accessory salivary glands. The labial localization is very rare. It mainly affects young adult males, often asymptomatic, slow-growing, of firm consistency, well circumscribed in most cases and closer to the mucosa in relation to the skin. Our case has the particularity of being subcutaneous, which posed the differential diagnosis with a tumor of cutaneous origin. The positive diagnosis is based on surgical excision with histological examination. The potential for recurrence is very important, the excision must be complete with a margin of safety avoiding the major capsular intrusion factor risk of recurrence, and prolonged surveillance is required for the search for recurrence or malignant transformation

Six cyanobacterial strains were isolated from pesticide exposed paddy field soil by enrichment method. The isolate exhibited unicellular and filamentous character and are designated and identified as JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum, JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea, JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis, JMCTTKC5-Oscillatoria ornata, JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus and JMCTTKC7-Phormidium tenue. The effect of 0.05% of lambdacyhalothrin was analysed on chlorophyll-a and protein content of the cyanobacterial isolates in mineral medium at different time intervals. The maximum level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis-39.3500µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus- 99.9µg/mL was recorded on the 9th day sample. At the same time decreased level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum-3.8597µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea 24.73µg/mL was observed on 13th day sample. From this above observation it was clearly noted that the selected isolates are capable of degrading Lamdacyhalothrin pesticide and used its metabolites as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for their growth.

Blood transfusion system is a basic necessity of health care delivery system. As off now more than 700 antigens and about 30 blood group systems have been identified. ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are most important tool for blood transfusion, parental testing, legal medicine and in population genetic study. It is immensely important to identify the working pattern of a blood bank of rural West Bengal as it will facilitate to generate appropriate policies for better service. The main objective of the study is to determine age and sex wise frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group pattern among blood donors and working pattern of newly developed blood bank and compare with other data from similar studies. Retrospective study was conducted at Blood bank of Khatra Sub-divisional Hospital, West Bengal over a period of one year. Blood group of the donors was determined by standard monoclonal antisera test by tube agglutination technique. Out of 1802 blood donors, 88.62% were male and 11.38% were female. 63 donors were deferred due to hypertension and diabetes. The commonest blood group observed was O+Ve followed by B+Ve and the rare one was AB-Ve. The study had a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for the patient admitted in the sub-divisional hospital of rural West Bengal and also necessary for the health planners while making efforts to face the future health challenges in this region

Presently an experiment was conducted so as to understand the moulting behaviour in freshwater crab Maydelliatelphusa masoniana in the laboratory conditions. Out of eight crabs only five could moult while three died during ecdysis. All the crabs exhibited the same pattern of moulting viz., appearance of double lining in pereiopods, the old carapace becoming light in colour follow by its split along the posterolateral margin of the dorsal side, anterolateral border of the ventral side and posterior border of the chelipeds and legs. A new pre-exuvial soft layer is formed below the old carapace. The whole process of moulting got completed within 20-25 minutes.

Staff development is crucial as it equips workers with life long survival skills on their jobs. Staff development also bridges the gap between the teachers’ available acquired skills and the new teaching skills required in the curriculum. Staff development is therefore concerned with the expansion of knowledge and skills of teachers so that they contribute to their growth in relation to their jobs and improve student learning through enhanced performance by the teachers. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of school based staff development programmes in Zimbabwean secondary schools using the quantitative paradigm. The study employed the survey descriptive design. The target population comprised all schools in Gweru District using a sample of 220 teachers and heads composed of 112 females and 108 males. All the information was collected using a questionnaire which had both close-ended questions and open-ended questions. The study revealed that lack of follow up evaluation sessions to staff development programmes affect the effectiveness of staff development design and implementation. The study also revealed that time allocated to staff development programmes was not adequate resources. The study recommends that there should be adequate resources to effectively plan and implement staff development programmes and that staff development programmes must be allocated enough time for them to be effectively carried out.

The Murrel fish (Channa striata) is a of freshwater fish species, native to South Asian region and it contains high nutritional values. The murrel fish is a good source of Omega fatty acids and proteins, omega fatty acids and proteins helps to speed up the healing processes. For the present study Murrel Fish is purchased from local market of Aurangabad (MS) India. The fatty acid composition of oil extracted from Murrel fish has been investigated. Fatty acid composition of the oil is determined by Gas Chromatography. It is found that the Murrel Fish is rich in Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, and Linoleic acid. Arachidonic acid, Behenic acid & Ricinoleic acid are also found in Murrel fish.

Chondroid syringoma is a rare benign skin tumor that is mainly located on the face and neck. It is characterized by a high risk of recurrence, hence the interest of complete excision and prolonged surveillance. A 42-year-old patient presenting with a subcutaneous benign eyebrow tumor, 8mm in diameter. After the enucleation of the tumor, the anatomo-pathological examination objectified a chondroid syringoma. No recurrence after a decline of 3 years. Chondroid syringoma is a rare tumor of the sweat glands, located mainly at the level of the face and the neck, the treatment is based on a complete exeresis of the tumor. The knowledge of this pathology is important because the possibility of recurrence or malignant transformation exists, hence the interest of a prolonged surveillance

Nowadays, Aquatic pollution has become a global problem. Fishes are sensitive to a wide variety of pesticide chemicals. The effect of Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide on behaviour and histopathology of black molly, P. latipinna is studied. The 96hr LC50 concentration is found as 0.035ppm. 1/10th of the concentration 0.0035ppm is used for this study. Decreased swimming activity, excessive secretions of mucous around opercular region are observed in Cypermethrin exposed fishes. The gill histopathological changes observed in at 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th day of 0.0035ppm exposure exhibited gill lamellae includes less affected and less damages in the gill structures, curling and fusion and shortening of gill lamellae, severe necrosis in primary and secondary gill lamellae, club shaped secondary gill lamellae. Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide becomes toxic to the aquatic organisms even in low concentration.

Cypermethrin, a broad spectrum insecticide, has been extensively used for pest management and animal husbandry practices. Previous studies have shown that cypermethrin has teratogenic effect on rat foeti born to exposed dam or buck with no information on its effect on their haematological profile. The present study was aimed to assess the haematological profile of rat offspring exposed to beta cypermethrin during the perinatal period. Fifteen pregnant animals (Day 0 = day of mating, average body-weight = 190g) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A (Control) received 0.5ml olive oil, Group B (15 mg/kg β-cyp) and Group C (30 mg/kg β-cyp,) by oral gavage from gestational day (GD) 1 – post natal day (PND) 20. The litter size and foeti weights were taken on PND 0, 7, 14 and 21. On GD 21, blood samples were collected from 5 pups from each group for haematology. β-cyp caused a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, platelets and red blood cell count. Significant (p< 0.05) decrease in foeti weights were observed on PND 14 and 21. It is concluded that β-cyp has a dose-dependent toxic effects on the haematology of albino rat offspring exposed during the perinatal period