Eventhough Tuberculosis is widespread in India; parotid gland involvement is very rare. TB primarily affects the lung, but in about 15 – 20% of the cases extra pulmonary involvement can be seen. Here we present a case of TB parotid abscess in a 45 year old diabetic male patient

Abstract: Since the dawn of the era of innovation, the need for novel methods in making life easier has been interminable. The learning process shows no exceptions to this rule. One would argue for the classic methods in handling the trade of information between the teacher and the students, which has been unilateral. The introduction of problem based learning (PBL) process to the system of education is facing many struggles. In this student-centered active learning process, the teacher is just a guide focal point of education systems. Literature search strategy included electronic database searches, internet searches, hand searching, ancestry searching and networking. Objectives: The objective of this review article is to study the challenges, obstacles and critical incident in PBL tutorial groups. Problem base learning model is counteracting by a lot of educational, financial and psychological challenges and barriers.

In pharmaceutical industry, researchers aim at catering to the need of robust analytical methods for analysis of generic drug products. A simple, novel and efficient stability indicating HPLC method has been developed in a multi component drug formulation for simultaneous estimation of Salbutamol, Theophylline and Ambroxol in presence of their degraded products. This HPLC method uses Inertsil ODS C18 column HPLC column, phosphate buffer pH 6.3 and Methanol: Water: Acetate Buffer 60:35:05 v/v as mobile phase in isocratic mode with UV detection at 239 nm. The method was validated and found to be precise, robust, accurate, linear (range of 1‐6μg/ ml, 50-300 μg/ ml and 15‐90 μg/ ml for Salbutamol, Theophylline and Ambroxol respectively), and specific for degraded products ensuring suitability of the method for quantitative determination of Salbutamol, Theophylline and Ambroxol. The method is stability-indicating, and therefore qualified and reliable for demonstrating and detecting any expected change or degradation in the drug product during stability studies. The method developed here is found to be novel, robust and rugged enough to reproduce accurate and precise results under different method conditions

The present study was aimed to look for the effect of a natural compound i.e. Crocin on the viability of mature adipocytes and on inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. The 3T3-L1 cell line is one of the most well-characterized and reliable models for studying the conversion of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. 3T3- L1 pre-adipocytic cell line was used and differentiated into mature adipocytes using standard adipogenic media. The MTT assay was used for the assessment of cell viability whereas effect on adipocyte differentiation was visualised by Oil Red O staining. The changes in relative lipid content were monitored spectrophotometrically at 510nm. Mature adipocytes when treated with Crocin decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner. It also showed an enhanced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation as monitored by Oil Red O Staining. The western blot analysis revealed significant increase in the expression levels of AMP activated protein Kinase which is a key regulator of energy homeostasis. Thus, the crocin seems to affect multi-potent anti-obesity parameters and may have promising benefits for the treatment and prevention of obesity.

Blackfan-Diamond Anemia (BDA) is the only recognized form of congenital erythroblastopenia, its mechanisms of occurrence are still obscure. The unexpected discovery of a ribosomal protein "ribosomal protein S19 (rps19)" has made this pathology a star of ribosomopathies. This mutation is only found in 25% of patients. It presents a great clinical variability (typical and atypical form), but especially poses a real problem related to the complications and the therapeutic accessibility of which the allograft of the marrow remains the only curative means. We report an atypical case of BDA revealed by an anemic syndrome in an infant at the Hassan II University Hospital Center of Fez, Morocco

Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to determine the adaptations, yield potentials of some dry bean genotypes and some agricultural characteristics to the Central Anatolian ecology. The research was carried out in three replications according to the randomized blocks design for two years in 2015 and 2016 in a farmer’s experiment area in the center of Mucur district of Kirsehir province. It was determined that there were significant statistical differences between the genotypes in terms of all examined yield parameters. When the agronomic characteristics of the genotypes were evaluated together, it was found that K.1084, A.40, A.130 and GK.314 genotypes had very low values of yield parameters and Goynuk 98, Sahin 90 and A.27 genotypes were found to be more suitable for adaptation to Kirsehir ecological conditions than other genotypes. It was suggested that these genotypes should be laid emphasis on in terms of region.

The roots of Ipomea involucrate (IP) and Rauvolfia vomitoria (RV) and the leaves of Milletia aboensis (MA) are reportedly used for the treatment of mental illness. This study investigated the anticonvulsant potentials of these plants. Ethanolic crude extracts of IP and RV (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw, ip) and MA (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, ip) were administered to respective groups of mice (n=6). The positive control group received 30mg/kg bw, ip of Carbamazepine, while negative control group received 1% DMSO (vehicle). After 30 min, epilepsy was induced by injection of 4-Aminopyrydine (4-AP) (15mg/kg bw ip). They were observed for the next 30min. The ability of the extracts to delay the onset of trembling, hindlimb extension, seizure, and protect from death as compared to the untreated group was taken as a sign of anticonvulsant activity. Ethanolic crude extracts of MA, RV and IP possess anticonvulsant potencies in the order -MA>RV>IP; with MA protecting two-thirds of animals against death from 4-AP-induced seizures. The plant extracts have the potentials of tackling generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. MA and RV may exert their effects by acting on ion channels while IP is most likely to act via other mechanisms

Marine macroalgae produce a great variety of biological active compounds which cannot be scientifically characterized with in other organism’s biomass. These marine habitats have been scientifically reported for modern medicinal uses although rheteoratically associated to coastal communities’ healthy eating and folk medicine practice. In tandem to this, these marine macroalgae have highly potentiate themselves as a tangible source of functional ingredients that is industrial applicable. Globally various division of geochemical marine macroalgae flora taxa (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta) flourish. However, despite substantial optimised yield and empirical evidence of their health potential benefits, these macroalgae remained largely pharmaceutical and medical related industries innovative unexploited. Of these leads compounds, sulfated polysaccharides offer a wide range of physiological and chemical-biological activities that include antioxidative, anticoagulant, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Per se, the optimization of sulfated polysaccharides as functional food and Vis a Vis, as therapeutic agents is this millennium important research agenda. As such, this review extrapolates the bioprospect of sulfated polysaccharides (Sulfated galactans, Fucans, and Ulvans) from geochemical signature macroalgae potential context as functional food and as tangible source for drug discovery.

Purpose: We studied the association of pre-operative serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels with pathological variables, mainly extra-prostatic extension, in North African men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). Material and Methods: Preoperative serum SHBG levels were measured in 88 consecutive men who underwent RP. We analyzed potential association of preoperative serum SHBG level with extra-prostatic extension of a tumor in RP specimens via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In univariate analysis, preoperative serum SHBG level was observed to be significantly associated with extra-prostatic extension (p = 0.03) and with pathological Gleason score (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, serum SHBG level (p= 0.03) along with serum PSA level (p<0.001), biopsy Gleason score (P<0.001), and clinical stage (p= 0.04) was observed to be an independent predictor of the extraprostatic extension of the cancer. However, serum SHBG level was not found to be a potential predictor for pathological Gleason pattern (p=0.08). Conclusion: Our results showed that preoperative serum SHBG level may achieve independent predictor status for extra-prostatic extension, after accounting for routinely available preoperative parameters.

Obesity, a pathologic state characterised by excess fat reserves, is a serious health problem that increases the risk of numerous medical complications and mortality. The disease arises as a direct consequence of alterations in regulating energy balance in the body. The recent global rise in the prevalence of Obesity and unavailability of effective anti-obesity drugs has created an urgent need to understand and identify the important aspects related to the disease. In this review, we provide a perspective on the factors influencing Obesity, Obesity-associated disorders, pharmacological interventions and several other important concepts related to the disease.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive loss and damage of articular cartilage. Increased collagenase activity has a direct impact in the cleavage of type II collagen in osteoarthritis. Somatic mutations such as non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNVs) in coding regions have a role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including OA. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) is a critical target gene in the progression of osteoarthritis. Liver injury and regeneration have both been linked to MMP-13 gene expression. Analysis of MMP-13 gene was conducted using online bioinformatics tool, COSMIC and nsSNVs contributing to possible accumulation events that leads to osteoarthritic phenotypes were identified. The most frequently occurring missense mutation was found to be p.T280M; threonine to methionine that showed gain in function. Moreover, to get insight into the effect of mutation on protein structure and drug binding, MMP-13 three-dimensional structure was analyzed through COSMIC 3D. Structural analyses revealed amino acid substitutions located in hemopexin (HPX) domain. Hemopexin domains are thought to be required in the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via increased activation of pro enzyme and thus, increased collagen hydrolysis. Therefore, there may be a possibility to modify enzyme activity through antagonist molecules targeted to such alternative enzyme domains. For this reason possible drug binding sites were also identified using COSMIC 3D. An understanding of the mechanisms of activation of procollagenases is important to prevent cartilage destruction and could be utilized for the rational design of novel MMP-13 inhibitors.

Weed infestation is one of the major threats to crop growth and yield.Weed control is the method of limiting weed infestation so that crops can be grown profitably. Metsulfuron methyl + Chlorimuron ethyl is a new post-emergence herbicide in Bangladesh. Field trials were conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur during Aman, 2014 and Boro, 2014-15 to evaluate the efficacy of Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 2% WP on weed suppression and performance of transplanted rice. Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 2% WP @ 15, 20 and 25 g ha-1 were applied and Pyrazosulfuran ethyl @ 125 g ha-1, weed free and unweeded control were used for comparison. Visual observation indicated that this herbicide possesses high selectivity and not toxic to rice plants. The results revealed that the major weed flora associated with the transplanted rice was mainly comprised of two grasses, two sedges and three broadleaves in Aman, 2014 and two grasses, two sedge and two broad leaves in Boro, 2014-15. The most dominant weeds were Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Scirpus maritimus and Monochoria vaginalis in both the growing seasons. Application of Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 2% WP @ 20 g ha-1 was most effective to suppress weed density and dry masses in both the seasons resulting increased grain yield more than 30% as compared to unweeded control. Therefore, Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 2% WP @ 20 g ha-1 should apply at one to two leaf stage of weed may be recommended for effectively control weed in transplanted rice.

Abstract: This study aimed to calculate body fat of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women according to different measurements. It investigated correlation between estradiol2 (E2)and testosterone (T) levels and type of obesity, correlation between skin tan and body mass index, correlation between E2 and T levels and food intake, and impact of high caffeine consumption on infertility. Thirty-two infertile PCOS women were included. Different body fat distribution measurements were calculated. On cycle day 2, E2 and T levels were measured. There were recognizable differences in number of obese PCOS women according to different body fat measurements. No significant increase was in E2 and T levels (p=0.41, p=0.18, respectively) for android obese compared to gynoid obese. No significant association was between BMI and skin tan (p=0.57). Notable increase was in number of brown-colored obese compared to white-colored obese. No significant increase was in E2 and T levels for mixed food consumers compared to vegetarian (p=0.82, p=0.11, respectively). Type of infertility and caffeine intake were independent factors. Out of seven high caffeine consumption secondary infertile, five complained from spontaneous miscarriage. Obesity adversely affected fertility. Brown-colored was more susceptible to obesity. Inadequate food intake participated in infertility. High caffeine intake increased susceptibility to spontaneous miscarriage.

Access and use to the right kind of information and possession of correct and relevant information resolves various problems faced by individuals in the slum and also helps them in decision making. Limited access to the right information at the right time deprives the slum dwellers the right to development. The information needs of the slum dwellers are not adequately identified and therefore the limited information resources they access and use are usually based on the assumption of information provided, through the public, from among themselves, NGOs, CBOs, the churches and the private sector. Therefore the aim of the study was to evaluate access and use of community information services to Kibera slum dwellers and to suggest the ways in which these services could be enhanced. Examine Information seeking habits of the slum dwellers in Kibera i. Assess the existing information resources and services ii. Establish the extent to which information resources and services meet user needs iii. Identify the format in which information is repackaged iv. Find out Challenges faced by accessing and using of information v. Suggest how access of information services by slum dwellers can be enhanced The major findings of the study were that Kibera slum dwellers faced various challenges which include high cost of information materials, Poor knowledge of existing information resources, poor marketing of information, lack of internet access, distance, language barrier, inadequate and outdated information sources that inhibited effective access and use of information. Recommendations were made based on the research findings.

Aim of the present work was to prepare the colon-targeting pH dependent microcapsules of Thymoquinone for the treatment of colorectal cancer. pH dependent polymer Eudragit L100,and S100 were used to formulate the microcapsules by solvent evaporation technique using two methods. Microcapsules were evaluated for particle size, shape, flow properties, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, percentage yield, drug content, and in vitro drug release behaviour, in vivo targeting efficiency. The formulated microcapsules were discrete, almost spherical with somewhat folded and invaginated surface, and with good flow properties. Thymoquinone loaded microcapsules demonstrated good entrapment efficiency (of 86.438% in method 1 and 92.49% in method 2). Result of in vivo targeting efficiency showed that the formulation can able to target colon effectively. Formulation done by method 2 gave most promising result compared to first method. It is concluded from the present study that pH dependent Eudragit microcapsules are promising carriers for oral colon-targeted delivery of Thymoquinone for colorectal cancer.