Competitive business environment organizations are facing today has prompted them to develop business strategies geared to improve performance in order to sustain competitive advantage. However choice of strategy alone cannot guarantee performance without considering the role of macro environment in that relationship. The study therefore sought to establish the moderating effect of macro environment factors on relationship between combined strategy choices and performance. Over and above the direct effect that moderating factors (macro environment factors) may have on company performance their moderating effects on the relationship between strategic choice and performance were tested. Overall, it can be concluded that the four components of company’s macro environment manifest and affect strategy-performance relationship in varying degrees. The findings imply that companies are environment dependent and to manage this company-environment interface, an appropriate strategy choice is necessary. The study also presents a clear link between environment-strategy-performance such that managers of such companies should consider in enhancing company survival and growth.

The study investigated effects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on performance of organizations by focusing on its four fundamental components: economic, social, political and philanthropic. Using 8 sugar manufacturing firms, the study findings indicated that corporate social responsibility to have a predictive power and it could explain variations in firm performance. Ability to explain variations in company performance was realized through sales volume by 18% (R2 = 0.180), capacity utilization by 16% (R2 = 0.160) while profitability after tax by 20.3% (R2 = 0.203). Findings of CSR performance results show that though CSR activities have been viewed to contradict companies‟ ultimate mandate of profit making and sidetracking organization core activities, statistical results from this study shows positive performance outcomes especially profitability. This may be attributed to positive company image and brand as a result of CSR activities.

Nutritional and industrial processes have increased the demand of oils and this in turn has led to the search for oils from different types of seeds for possible development and use. It is in this vein that the Tetracarpidium conophorumfruit nuts were extracted with n-hexane (soxhlet extraction at 650C). The proximate composition,antinutrient and mineral content of freshly harvested Tetracarpidium conophorum(African walnut)seed from 4 weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. Data obtained for the proximate composition at matured stage of fruits developmentrevealed significant high amount of fat(43.4±0.82) %; moisture(36.7±1.39) %; crude protein(30.1±1.38) %; carbohydrate (16.91±1.07) %;low crude fibre (2.59±0.64) %, and ash content(7.3±0.07) %[which contained higher amount ofminerals such as of Fe (130.81 ± 3.8) ppm, Mn (40.11 ± 1.00) ppm, Ni (2.92 ± 0.81) ppm, and Cu (12.01 ± 0.71) ppm, decrease inCa (1.082 ± 0.08) %, Cr and Cd were not detected throughout the period] at 20 WAA compare to immature stages of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 WAA. The level of antinutrientfactors are oxalate (0.46±0.05) mg/100g; Phytate (29.2±0.44) mg/100g and cyanogenic glycosides (0.17±0.07) recorded lower content, except tannins (90.5 ±3.93) mg/100gwhich recorded significant (p < 0.05) higher content at 20 WAA when compared with immaturestages in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 WAA. This study revealed the nutritional profile of the fruitnut as good sources of plant protein, carbohydrate and fat, with reduction in the level of some anti-nutrients in matured fruits which are potentials that could be exploited by food and pharmaceutical industries.

In a preliminary research, the authors reported that solvents extracts of Alstonia boonei (Egbu) possess strong antimalarial activity against NK-65 Chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected mice with aqueous extract having the highest decrease in mean percentage parasitaemia. This research is therefore aimed at evaluating the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of solvents extracts of the plant on kidney. The (LD50, oral) was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, oral doses of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts were administered and mice observed for sign of toxicity and death. In the second phase, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts were administered and signs accompanying toxicity and possible death of animals were also monitored. Sub-chronic toxicity studies were carried out to assess the effect of the solvents extracts on kidney function indices after 28 days of oral administration of the extracts at 150, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The (LD50, oral) of all extracts was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg which is practically non- toxic according to standard scale of toxicity. The result of sub-chronic toxicity study showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in mean levels of creatinine, urea and serum electrolytes in all extracts administered groups in a dose dependent pattern compared to normal control. However, histopathological analysis of the kidney tissues shows no pathological changes between test groups and normal control. Thus, solvents extracts of Alstonia boonei modifies biochemical parameters (Crea, Urea and Electrolytes) but within the context of duration of this research, no significant pathology was observed in kidney tissues. Alstonia boonei stem bark should be used with caution

The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) from four weeks after anthesis(WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroform-methanol 1:2 (v/v), and the methanol extracts of the fruit seeds were also prepared using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the fruits and oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher inoil 20 WAA (48.34±0.12%,46.9±1.03%,53.5±0.46%)and whole fruit extracts at 20 WAA (31.84±0.33%, 19.0±1.12%, 51.7±0.26%) respectively,but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12WAA in both the oil and the whole extracts. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil and whole fruit extracts had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially at 16-20 WAA relative to control values. African walnutextracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (122.7±2.58U/L), ALT (59.1±2.49U/L), ALP (20.4±0.15U/L) and GGT (229.0±0.36U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (129.3±0.64U/L), ALT (72.3±2.59U/L), ALP (34.4±0.08U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.27U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro andin vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

This work discussed expression of the energy and millennium relativity of energy in Einstein generalized special relativity and pression of direct modification of Newton kinetic energy by using Taylor series he four vectors energy momentum of total energy formula is derived through energy relation and Lorontz transformation.

This study aimed to highlight on the influence of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental animals, from the recent articles regarding the cardiovascular effects of exposure to EMFs. EMFs might produce a variety of adverse in vivo effects such as heart problems, chest pain, and cardiovascular system disorders. Previous studies showed that an association between elevated magnetic field exposure and mortality of employer in electric utility industry jobs from arrhythmia-related causes and acute myocardial infarction influence heart rate variability by changing autonomic balance. EMF exposure can affect structure and function of cardiovascular system and may facilitate myocardial infarction by nuclear changing of cardiomyocytes. Exposure to EMFs induced pain or pressure in the chest area, heart palpitations, and/or an irregular heart beat. The symptoms resemble a heart attack and thus contribute to even more anxiety. Also, exposure to EMFs caused highly significant increases in the activeties of serum creatinine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino-transferase enzymes, and decreases in plasma calcium level and total anti-oxidant capacity. Rats exposed to EMF showed increases in blood pressure, the absolute and relative whole heart and left ventricular weights. On the other hand, the heart rate was significantly reduced in rats exposed to EMF.

Tasting salt or Monosodium Glutamate was invented by the Japanese over a century ago. The flavour profile known as Umami, or the fifth taste, after the four tastes of sweet, salty, sour and bitter, was discovered whilst working with sea weed. Umami is a meaty taste that is naturally present in cheese and ripe tomatoes. For more than a 100 years, the flavour of Umami has been artificially manufactured in factories all over the world, starting in Japan. The flavour profile presented by tasting salt offers both packaged and non-packaged food producers with an affordable and openly accessible alternative to flavouring their foods. Home cooks are also offered the product as they are able to openly purchase the salt off the shelf. Hence, a lack of regulation. Presently, tasting salt is present in thousands of food items all over the world, and its use is only increasing. Restaurants use the salt in their dishes as an inexpensive alternative to building complex flavour profiles using meat stock. At the same time, health concerns about the product‟s wide spread use have also been made apparent over the last two decades. Despite the legal system of almost all countries in the world not having put any restriction on tasting salt, the use of the product has been shown to lead to serious health concerns for humans. Hence, the need for ethical business practice to promote public health by going above and beyond legal compliance.

Abstract: Malaria is a major public health problem. In India, Malaria is the disease is responsible for very high morbidity and mortality. The Government has got the larger responsibility in controlling the Malaria; with the community involvement is necessary, so that the urban slum adults need Health education programme to reduce the incidence of Malaria and for the prevention of Malaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of STP on prevention of Malaria. A quasi experimental single group pretest posttest research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Malaria prevention at selected urban slum area of Gwalior city. The study was conducted on 50 adults selected by purposive sampling techniques. Tool was developed validity and reliability was calculated, after conducting pretest PTP was introduced and then posttest was done. The findings of the study shows that mean posttest knowledge score (19.54) of the subjects was higher than the mean pretest knowledge score (11.72), hence PTP on malaria prevention for adult was effective. After the detailed analysis of this study shows that PTP for Malaria prevention was very effective and could also are used for other setting and for other community setting.

The significance of effective leadership and management for the successful operation of schools and colleges has been increasingly acknowledged in the 21st century. The trend towards self-management in the United Kingdom and in many other parts of the world has led to an enhanced appreciation of the importance of managerial competence for educational leaders. Today, leadership is seen as central and essential to delivering the changes, improvement and performance that community increasingly expects of all organizations including schools. The changing manner of school management has undoubtedly created reforms in the field of education with change expressed in the evolution from exterior supervision of school work to the empowerment of school’s staff, principal’s and teacher’s roles. This study was initiated to look into the leadership style among school principals in governing school systems in Peninsular Malaysia. Secondary data consisting of various leadership styles used in administering teachers, transformational and transactional leadership and the correlation between leadership styles and organizational variables, relationship between value systems and school principal’s principles were performed. Numerous researches have highlighted the fact that leadership behavior is a predictor of its efficacy and leads to the examination of leadership evolution. In this study, leaders with a high moral value system tend to lean towards a transformational leadership style in governing school systems in Peninsular Malaysia and acknowledges a positive correlation between leadership styles and value systems in school administration.

Chronic Periodontitis is considered to be common dental disease with high tooth mortality as well as morbidity. Reports from different places around the world showed a prevalence of severe periodontitis in around 8-10% of the Population; Sweden 8%, England 7%, The Netherland 10%, Italy 9.6 % and Srilanka 8 %. The aim of the survey was to estimate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis among Saudi nationals in Aljouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 310 subjects were selected by stratified cluster sampling technique. They were examined in preselected areas of Aljouf region by using community periodontal index of treatment need. The impact of known risk factors for periodontal disease, e.g., oral hygiene habits, age and smoking. 53% of the subjects and 15.8% of the sextants. Shallow pockets were observed in 39.4% of the subjects and 38.4% of the sextants. Calculus was found to be present in 9.8% of the subjects and 48.8 % of the sextants. Calculus was maximum (53%) in group I (30-40 years) and minimum (21%) in Group IV (60 years and above). Periodontal disease was found to be highly prevalent in the study population (90%) and the periodontal treatment needs increased with advancing age. Nationwide surveys are recommended to assess the periodontal disease which helps in planning prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

Scientific discoveries put forth new trends in the education during modern times. These trends influenced all aspects of human society. Scienticism is considered modern day religion, ideology and are more relevant and applicable for contemporary society. The perception, all matter being composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms is the base of matter, from which every object has its existence. From its earliest in the second century of the hijra, kalam has always been enthralled with the theory of atoms. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss, elaborate and analysis with certain divergence the issue of atomism. The broad theory was generally endorsed by both the Mu‟tazilite‟s and Ash‟arites and their views, difference of opinion on the said issue, along with other medieval Muslim Scholars will be discussed at length. Their concept about the role of atom in matter formation in early Muslim scholar writings will serve the base for this paper.

This research paper analyses the impact of knowledge creation process on Mauritian business from a case study perspective. The knowledge creation process is a dynamic one since it comes from diverse areas. Firstly, the university or any training institution develops business courses that would help students benefit from job opportunities in firms which expected them to apply their knowledge at work. On the other hand, the knowledge creation process might come from the firm that urges the graduate to develop his knowledge and capabilities that should directly impact on the business. There is also a new approach whereby the university develops courses by integrating the student with the industry in a programme tailor-made for the organisation. This paper states that knowledge creation process should be developed in a dynamic way that integrates and addresses business needs in today‟s fast changing environment. Through a case study approach in three selected situations, using Nanoko‟s Taxonomy of knowledge creation as a framework, it reveals that the knowledge creation process is a two-fold dynamic practice and that its success depends on the inter-relationship between tacit and explicit knowledge.

There are various grafting materials used for socket preservation of the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically and histomorphometrically healing after tooth extraction with or without placement of a synthetic bone graft and determine the effect on alveolar ridge preservation following extraction. 30 subjects in need of extraction of non-molar teeth were recruited for this study. Recruited subjects were randomly assigned to the group A (with graft material) or control (without graft material) group B. Data were recorded at 6 months after socket preservation procedures. At 6 months, a surgical re-entry was performed; Clinical Measurements and bone core biopsies were obtained for histomorphometric analysis. The control group B had a mean reduction in ridge height of 1.26mm, whereas alveolar ridge height in the test group A was 0.73mm. The test group A was 7.33 ± 1.01 mm compared to 7.23 ± 1.13 mm in group B which were not statistically significant (p = 0.684). Histomorphometric analysis revealed total new bone volume in group A represented 65.6 ± 11% connective tissue 25.6 ± 10.18 % and 8.8% was occupied by residual graft material. The mean new bone volume in group B was 31.23 ± 7.24%, whereas connective tissue formation was approximately 68.78 ± 7.24 %. Both these values were statistically significant when compared with group A. There was no relation with residual graft material as there was no graft material used in group B. A positive response was observed when synthetic graft was applied to extraction sockets, suggesting that it may be useful for preservation of ridge height prior to dental implant placement.

Education has been directly equated with the overall development process of any human society. Basic or primary education being the foundation, is necessary not only for the sake of basic literacy and numeracy, but because it prepares children or human for future challenges. The more adequate and qualitative the primary education is given to children, the more equipped and industrious the children would become in the future. Therefore, good administrative planning and provision of primary level of education is crucial in achieving educational development. This paper examines Universal Basic Education (UBE) as a programme designed to provide primary education, outline it`s policy thrust and nature of implementation as well as assessing the ways through which the scheme can tackle the educational challenges facing the country, for an achieved sustainable development. Secondary data was used comprising the UBE documents and various litratures written by scholars on education and development in order to analyse and assess the relationship between basic (primary) education and sustainable development in Nigeria.